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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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    <item>
      <title>THE DESIGN OF STREET LIGHTING PILOT PROJECTS FOR KANSAS CITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two recently completed street lighting pilot projects were sponsored by the city of Kansas City and Kansas City Power and Light Company and designed by Clanton Engineering Inc., of Boulder, Colorado. Common to both projects is the comparison of metal halide and high pressure sodium light sources. In addition, several different street lighting methods and techniques are used within each of the pilot areas to provide data for lighting evaluation purposes. City officials and citizens from over 85 different surrounding communities can now visit and examine the projects and make better informed decisions about street lighting in their municipalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462984</guid>
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      <title>STREET LIGHT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT GUARANTEES PUBLIC PARTICIPATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/424920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Arlington County, Virginia has long realized the safety aspects of street lighting and believes that street lighting will require continued improvement and increased budget consideration. In 1994 Arlington County developed a Street Lighting Program Policy and Guide for future planning and implementation of its street lighting program. Policy developers began with an evaluation of available street lighting: Mercury Vapor Lamps, Metal Halide Lamps, High Pressure Sodium Lamps, Low Pressure Sodium Lamps. Street light conversions and lighting styles are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Apr 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/424920</guid>
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      <title>SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS: COMMERCIAL AND HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION. (LATEST CITATIONS FROM THE INSPEC: INFORMATION SERVICES FOR THE PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING COMMUNITIES DATABASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/382101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bibliography contains citations concerning sodium vapor lights and lighting systems.  Manufacturing, properties, voltage variance, gas makeup, materials and performance are presented. Applications of sodium vapor lights to roadways, public space, and buildings are discussed.  Lighting effects on plant growth and light quality are also considered.  Fluorescent and halide lights are presented in separate bibliographies.  (Contains a minimum of 45 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/382101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SODIUM VAPOR LIGHTING. (LATEST CITATIONS FROM THE U.S. PATENT DATABASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/382048</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bibliography contains citations of selected patents concerning sodium vapor lights.  Manufacturing methods, electrode structure, mixed gas lamps, lamp assemblies, and lamps for specific functions such as automobile headlights and medical apparatus are presented.  (Contains a minimum of 152 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/382048</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF ISO-FOOTCANDLE CURVES FOR HIGHWAY LIGHTING. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/368049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently used Iso-footcandle design curves were developed by the state in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  The primary objective of this project was to develop Iso-footcandle design curves from modern roadway lighting fixtures, independent of manufacturers' data.  Iso-footcandle curves are graphical representations of the amount of light falling on the roadway from lighting fixtures or luminaires.  These curves, or lines of constant light level, were produced from production fixtures that were reported to meet the specifications of the Texas Department of Transportation.  During the course of the project, 75 separate production and experimental curves were produced from high and low pressure sodium luminaires.  Roadway and underpass fixtures made up 40 of the curves and high mast, 100 feet or over, made up the remainder.  Fixtures from five major manufacturers were evaluated.  The production fixture curves, which are included in the appendix of this report, will serve three purposes.  The first is to be as a design aid in determining fixture type, illumination levels and locations from transparency template copies of these curves used in conjunction with highway plans.  The second is to evaluate the published photometrics of lighting manufacturers and cooperatively resolve any discrepancies between their laboratory data and that of production units in real world installations.  Thirdly, atypical, experimental lighting systems were developed and measured during this project for which no manufacturer curves are available.  Roadway lighting design software from three luminaire manufacturers was evaluated during the project and results compared to those obtained at the Proving Ground, producing, for the most part, favorable results.  Investigations made into improving multi fixture, high mast installations in the areas of economic efficiency, greater separation, increased light levels, better uniformity and less critical aiming are described in this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/368049</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>SEEING THE LIGHT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/371251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies recently completed in Belgium by J. Van Ginderacht (Ministry of Public Works) and G. Van Heystraeten (Road Research Centre) show that when lighting was installed, night-time accidents were reduced by 30 percent and fatal accidents were reduced by 40 percent. The research showed that lighting yields a twofold result. From a human viewpoint, it cuts road fatalities, and economically speaking, it considerably reduces the direct annual loss due to road accidents. Article also discusses sodium and metal halide/mercury lighting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/371251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMING OUT OF THE DARK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/364389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new lighting system is helping rural towns in Utah light streets for a fraction of the usual cost.  The town of Paragonah was originally fitted with mercury vapor lamps in the 1940s.  The lamps drew so much current that the 350- resident town could only afford to light 6 of the 22 lamps in operation.  Severely lowered lighting also affected safety and security in such towns, and maintenance of the system on a full time basis was too costly.  The situation was assessed and the decision was made to change the system to high-pressure sodium lamps which are much more efficient. Mercury vapor lamps convert 13% of energy to light, while HPS lamps convert 30% of energy to light.  The 400-watt mercury lamps were replaced with 150-watt high-pressure sodium lamps.  Also, mercury vapor lamps were puitting out only 55% of their rated lumens at the end of their rated life, while HPS lamps put out 80% of their rated lumens at the same point.  The savings in Paragonah have been beyond what was expected when the project started.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Feb 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/364389</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LIGHT TRESPASS: CAUSES, REMEDIES AND ACTIONS. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE CIE/MBE SYMPOSIUM "LIGHTING AND SIGNALLING FOR TRANSPORT", BUDAPEST, 22-23 SEPTEMBER 1986</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/355991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Light trespass is the result of light that does not reach its destination, or that is reflected after having reached its destination or is scattered by the media in between source and destination.  Light trespass may disturb people for whom the lighting actually is designed, resulting in glare and other disturbances.  Several remedies are known and are applied on a limited scale to reduce light trespass, such as the application of low-pressure sodium lamps and the use of careful light control.  However, to combat light trespass and its negative effects, further research is needed.  Also a further consideration of the matter within the lighting profession seems to be required.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/355991</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HOW TO SELECT ROAD LIGHTING FIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/307841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When selecting lighting fixtures for highways, safety is the primary concern, but a number of other factors must also be considered.  These include:  cost efficiency, style of fixture, brightness, glare and color, height of poles and spacing between them, distance of light emitted, lamp type and expected length of service.  This article provides information on the four main types of roadway fixtures that are generally used on streets, ramps and highways:  offset roadway luminaires, horizontal luminaires, rectilinear luminaires and post-top luminaires.  Also discussed are location and placement, and types of light sources that are available with each style of luminaire.  Two inserts accompany this article:  "Luminaire Selection Tips" and "Pole and Luminaire Placement".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/307841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELIGHTING THE WAY TO BETTER SECURITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/306821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A parking garage in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was being victimized by time and vandalism.  The facility was constructed in 1971 with fluorescent lighting, which had now become inadequate.  Teenagers were vandalizing the garage under the cover of darkness due to low lighting levels. Options included renovation of the luminaires and lighting management.  This article presents the details of a lighting management plan developed by Entech Engineering Associates, Reading, Pennsylvania, for the Lancaster garage.  They recommended high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps and developed cost data showing the substantial savings to be had with such a system over a renovated fluorescent lighting system. When a metal ashtray hitting the lens of an HPS lamp couldn't break it and when the luminaire suspensions were specified to be capable of handling a 160-pound load, both by actual test, the new system was considered safe from vandalism by the teenagers.  An investment of just under $115,000 has paid for itself in a little over one year. Lessons to be learned from this project concern designing for function, getting qualified assistance, and learning the basics of lighting options.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/306821</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF LIGHT SOURCES ON HIGHWAY SIGN COLOR RECOGNITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/306972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A wide variety of light sources is used for externally illuminated highway signs.  Some of these light sources change the color appearance of signs at night.  This study evaluates acceptable alternative light sources for illuminating highway signs.  Light sources investigated included incandescent, fluorescent, metal halide, mercury, high pressure sodium, and low pressure sodium lamps.  The metal halide lamp performed best overall and is recommended to illuminate a broad range of highway sign colors.  This also could include the use of metal halide lamps in future automobile headlights.  Mercury lamps that are economical and provide good color rendition on green, blue, and white are recommended for overhead signs.  With some compromise on the color rendition, high pressure sodium is another cost-saving alternative for overhead signs.  High pressure sodium is also the best choice to illuminate construction and maintenance signs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/306972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS: COMMERCIAL AND HIGHWAY ILLUMINATION. JANUARY 1975-MARCH 1989 (CITATIONS FROM THE INSPEC: INFORMATION SERVICES FOR THE PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING COMMUNITIES DATABASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/297925</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This bibliography contains citation concerning sodium vapor lights and lighting systems.  Manufacturing, properties, voltage variance, gas makeup, materials, and performance are presented.  Applications of sodium vapor lights to roadways, public space, and buildings are discussed.  Lighting effects on plant growth and light quality is also considered. Fluorescent and halide lights are presented in separate bibliographies.  (Contains 232 citations fully indexed and including a title list.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Aug 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/297925</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOW TO DESIGN AND MAINTAIN BRIDGE LIGHTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/300185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article provides some basic guidelines in the design of bridge lighting.  The guidelines relate to visibility, selection of poles and lamps, floodlighting, and minimizing glare.  Visibility of drivers is the first and most important goal.  The equipment selected should be sturdy, having been designed and tested for use under severe vibration and in corrosive atmospheres.  Poles are chosen with local wind conditions in mind.  High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are excellent for bridge lighting as they are energy efficient and provide the most light for each watt of electricity.  Maintenance is simplified if lighting components are standard and off-the-shelf.  Floodlighting must be placed on rigid structural supports in locations readily accessible with standard maintenance equipment.  A common technique in bridge floodlighting is to recreate the daytime effect of light and shadow.  Glare can be minimized by using narrow beam floodlights and aiming them on-site.  A glare shield reduces stray light even more.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/300185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENERGY SAVINGS PAY FOR RELIGHTING PITTSBURGH STREETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/300405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Converting from mercury vapor to high-pressure sodium streetlighting is saving Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, so much money that the energy cost savings are paying for the retrofit.  The result of the conversion program is annual energy savings of 12 million kwh.  The 5-year lease/purchase conversion project started in August 1987.  It included providing a computer-generated inventory of all lighting in each of 27 sections, which is now completed.  Printouts include information on pole spacing, road widths, mounting height and overhang, road classification, and old and new fixture types and wattages.  The project was accomplished using the illumination level and average uniformity guidelines of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/300405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SODIUM VAPOR LIGHTING. JANUARY 1970-FEBRUARY 1989 (CITATIONS FROM THE U.S. PATENT DATABASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/292907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This bibliography contains citations of selected patents concerning sodium vapor lights.  Manufacturing methods, electrode structure, mixed gas lamps, lamp assemblies, and lamps for specific functions such as automobile headlights and medical apparatus are presented.  (Contains 122 citations fully indexed and including a title list.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/292907</guid>
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