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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Marginal willingness to pay for Urban service diversity in 15-Minute community life circle: A case study of Xiamen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667126</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 15-Minute Community Life Circle is a frontier planning concept for enhancing urban livability. However, the economic value of its core principle, diversity, and its underlying structure, remain to be thoroughly explored. Based on panel data from 3183 communities in Xiamen City from 2021 to 2024, this study constructs a multidimensional measurement system for 133 types of urban service facilities, incorporating four indices: Patrick richness index (R), Shannon-wiener index (H), Simpson's diversity index (D), and Pielou's evenness index (J′). We then systematically evaluate the Marginal Willingness to Pay (MWTP) for urban service diversity. The findings indicate that residents' willingness to pay is primarily driven by service evenness rather than mere richness. Heterogeneity analysis further reveals that the value of diversity is closely correlated with service categories. This value is positive for shopping services and educational and cultural services, whereas it presents as negative for dining services, life services, and sports and leisure services. The 15-Minute Community Life Circle remains robust in the digital age, although its value is increasingly concentrated on localized, experiential services. Concurrently, service richness exhibits attributes of a necessity for low- and middle-income groups, whereas service evenness demonstrates universal appeal across all income levels. Spatially, the Marginal Willingness to Pay for service diversity follows an "inverted U-shaped" distribution. In contrast, the value of evenness demonstrates spatial universality. By deconstructing the economic value of service diversity, this research provides systematic empirical evidence for urban planning practices to shift focus from pursuing quantity to emphasizing structure and equity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 11:56:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2667126</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Challenges in providing individual travel support in public transport to maintain mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall aim of this research project is to investigate whether new service value interventions on an individual level can lead to maintained or even increased mobility through ageing, but also to identify reduced costs for society (e.g. costs for transport services) and a transition from private car use to more sustainable transport. The purpose of this study is therefore to identify challenges in providing individual travel support to develop a program for active travel coaching in public transport based on services that can lead to increased travel by public transport among older people.There are several identified challenges to community-paid travel in today’s public transport. This in turn leads to higher costs and future challenging demographic changes, such as an ageing population, can also help to further increase the demand for costly special transport services.This research study reports results from focus group interview with eight women who initiated a study circle focusing on going with daily travels by bus. Their experiences could be summarized into three categories: dare to show that you do not know, the service content must be appealing to you and new strategies can easily be forgotten. By actively seeking feedback from passengers’ experiences, transport authorities can identify improved services, and enhance overall satisfaction. Service innovation is necessary and new ways of delivering and improving services within the public transport sector as we know it today are necessary. By studying services within public transport and their value, we can identify different approaches to the overall customer experience for older people. Hence, insight contributes to the development of travel training programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 16:47:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aligning Social Service Benefits and Transportation Access in Los Angeles County</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606655</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation is often necessary for accessing food, medical care, income, and other essential services. This study examines how nine major benefit programs serving low-income households in Los Angeles County, including CalFresh, Medi-Cal, CalWORKs, and transportation-specific programs like Metro LIFE and Metrolink Mobility-4-All, currently support transportation access. Within each program, this analysis evaluates transportation support, enrollment accessibility, and opportunities for integrating transportation across benefit programs. The results show that seven of the nine programs offer some form of transportation benefit, but the level and nature of support for mobility needs vary widely. This analysis defines meaningful transportation access as the ability to use multiple modes of transportation and reach various types of destinations. While most programs offer some form of mobility assistance, these benefits are typically limited to a single mode or destination type, and therefore do not achieve comprehensive transportation access. Without this level of access, low-income individuals, in particular, are left with limited, and often inadequate, options for reaching essential services such as food, healthcare, or employment. This paper concludes with near- and long-term policy recommendations to improve coordination, enhance communication, and draw on other pilots that consolidate transportation benefits into a more coherent, accessible system. The findings highlight how aligning mobility with benefit delivery is essential for building an equitable and effective support system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 09:23:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606655</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reimagining Transportation as a Social Service to Build Resilience and Support Community Power</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops guidance for public transit agencies in Los Angeles, California to better prepare for hazards and address challenges, including climate and safety concerns. Using a community-based participatory research methodology in partnership with the local non-profit organization Climate Resolve, the authors conducted three listening sessions with 26 community members involved with the Boyle Heights Arts Conservatory, a community-serving resilience hub that supports residents in accessing resources both during everyday conditions and extreme events, to explore their experiences related to public transit and how it could be better integrated with existing social systems to increase systems’ resilience to extreme weather disruptions. Based on several recurring themes drawn from the participants’ statements, the authors developed a framework named Cascading Vulnerabilities, Ascending Strengths to explore the connections between infrastructure systems’ vulnerabilities and strengths. The authors conclude with a reexamination of the traditional Four Rs of resilience framework, expanding these measures to include both physical and social infrastructure through a multisystemic resilience lens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2025 09:23:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608461</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Humanitarian Aid in Kenya: The Synergy Between Lean-Agile Supply Chains and Organizational Characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the implementation of lean-agile (leagile) supply chain strategies in Kenyan humanitarian organizations, assessing their impact on operational performance with organizational characteristics as moderators. A census survey of 330 humanitarian aid organizations in Kenya was conducted, achieving an 87.88% response rate (290 organizations). Using moderated multiple regression and Grey Incidence Analysis, the research tested five hypotheses linking supply chain responsiveness, resilience, efficiency, integration, and organizational characteristics to performance outcomes. Results revealed that leagile dimensions collectively explain 71.9% of performance variance (R²=0.719), with responsiveness (β=0.532), efficiency (β=0.415), and integration (β=0.458) showing strong positive effects. Organizational characteristics—size, structure, and age—moderated these relationships, increasing the explanatory power to 82.7% (R² = 0.827). The study validates Grey Incidence Analysis as a robust framework for managing uncertainties in humanitarian "grey systems" and integrates organizational theory into supply chain leagility research. Practically, it advocates for full leagile adoption, emphasizing decentralized decision-making, AI-driven forecasting, and technologies like IoT and blockchain to enhance coordination and resilience. Despite high donor funding, Kenya’s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) face persistent inefficiencies, underscoring the need for localized capacity-building and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Limitations include reliance on self-reported data and a cross-sectional design, suggesting future longitudinal studies and beneficiary feedback integration. This work contributes empirical evidence on hybrid supply chain strategies in humanitarian contexts, offering actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners to optimize disaster response in resource-constrained environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2025 10:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592098</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Leaner, Meaner Lifeline: How Supply Chain Efficiency Boosts the Performance of Humanitarian Aid in Kenya</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Purpose: This study examines how supply chain efficiency influences the performance of humanitarian aid organizations in Kenya, focusing on the moderating role of organizational characteristics such as size, age, and structure. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from a census survey of 330 humanitarian organizations with qualitative insights from supply chain managers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and thematic content analysis to assess supply chain efficiency's direct and moderated effects on organizational performance. Results: Findings reveal that supply chain efficiency significantly impacts the performance of humanitarian aid organizations (β=0.547, p<0.05), accounting for 43.6% of the variance in performance. When organizational characteristics are included, the explanatory power increases to 66.5%. Qualitative analysis highlights that waste elimination, cost optimization, and robust internal controls are critical for improving efficiency. Corruption and diversion of resources were identified as key forms of waste, while mechanisms such as audits and checks and balances effectively mitigate these issues. Theoretical Contribution: The study extends the Theory of Constraints to the humanitarian context, demonstrating that addressing organizational bottlenecks and inefficiencies can substantially enhance aid delivery outcomes. It also integrates lean supply chain principles into the unique challenges of humanitarian logistics. Practical Implications: The results underscore the importance of adopting lean management practices, investing in modern supply chain technologies, and tailoring supply chain strategies to organizational characteristics. These actions can enhance responsiveness, accountability, and resource utilization, ultimately improving the impact of humanitarian operations in crisis settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An empirical investigation of the impact of preferences for physical, social, and security factors on the feeling of safety on public transit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The safety and security of a transportation mode can be a decisive factor in making a choice from multiple alternatives. This study investigated how different factors, namely the physical environment, social trends and networks, and criminal activity, influence the perception of safety on transit, and also explored the effect of attitudes towards safety interventions on the decision to start using transit for non-transit users, contrasting the potential impact of more traditional approaches, like increased policing and improved lighting, with social services-oriented practices, like mobile outreach efforts to provide connections with social services and providing harm reduction supplies. The study relied on the information collected in a stated preference survey disseminated to a university community in Edmonton, Canada. It relied on the Hybrid Choice Modelling framework for the analysis. The authors found that people who rate the importance of physical, social, or security factors higher tend to feel less safe on Edmonton transit, with the negative effect of physical factors being the largest. For non-transit users, the authors identified that those who place importance on structural or social services interventions are more likely to start using transit if improvements are implemented. Moreover, social services interventions have potentially higher effects than structural ones. The findings led to the development of a transit safety needs hierarchy, based on the notion that transit safety challenges need to be addressed holistically, also targeting the root cause of the issues outside of the agency’s purview.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>First Mile to Health: Improving Healthcare Access in North Carolina</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to document the initial experiences of coordinated public transportation providers in North Carolina during the first phase of Medicaid Transformation where the NC Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) introduced Prepaid Health Plans (PHPs) and private, for-profit Medicaid transportation brokers. Prior to Medicaid Transformation, coordinated public transportation was often the provider of choice for Medicaid non-emergency medical transportation (NEMT) that originated from the county-based Division of Social Services (DSS). The volume of NEMT trips and revenues formed the financial and service foundation of many of the other community-based mobility programs supported by the transit systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Dec 2024 14:14:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Twin Cities Public Transit and Human Services Transportation Coordinated Plan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For people with disabilities or older adults, transportation to daily activities can be challenging. Coordinating the wide range of transportation services that may be available to individuals throughout the region into an efficient system that meets the mobility needs of older adults and people with disabilities is a long-term goal. These services from many different providers include fixed-route buses or rail, paratransit, dial-a-ride, taxis, ride-hailing, shuttles, community circulators, and volunteer drivers. This plan is intended to support coordination of these transportation services between public, private, and nonprofit transportation and human services providers, with a focus on people with disabilities, older adults, and people with low incomes. The plan identifies barriers and challenges faced by both riders and providers of these services and identifies strategies and potential work to be done to address these barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2024 08:37:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373854</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating Food Access with Transit Services in Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest: The Case of Seattle, Washington</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2321532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined how public transportation can help improve access to emergency food resources and lower the risk of food insecurity in American cities. For a case study of Seattle, Washington, the authors used the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) to measure the accessibility of food banks and food pantries at the census block group level. The authors found that approximately 40 percent of neighborhoods in the city of Seattle were within walkable distances or half a mile of the nearest food bank or pantry. However, general access to the food pantry network was highly constrained by pantry operating hours. The authors found Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday afternoons to be popular timeslots, and food banks were rarely open during weekends. Furthermore, transit access to the citywide food pantry network was unevenly distributed in that some neighborhoods associated with larger numbers of food insecure populations were simultaneously those with poor accessibility to emergency food resources. These neighborhoods were primarily located in South Seattle and near the city’s northern edge. The results of regression models further indicated that convenient access to food banks or food pantries remains important for vulnerable communities. Finally, the study suggested that on-demand transit services or additional mobile food pantries would help bring free food to vulnerable communities, especially when regular public transit services are constrained by catastrophic circumstances such as the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2024 09:02:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2321532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Regional Transit Agencies Can Serve the Daily Mobility Needs of the Unhoused Population</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2244490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With more people experiencing homelessness in California cities, some transit agencies have begun to comprehensively address the needs of people experiencing homelessness, a population which historically may not have been included in their planning. Research suggests that people experiencing homelessness rely on public transit for the same variety of reasons that all riders do, and that, like other riders, they find it difficult to reach those destinations due to prohibitive costs and transit schedules that do not meet their needs. California transit agencies vary in terms of whether, and how well, they engage with the issue of homelessness. Interviews and a review of policy and programming documents show that most major transit agencies in California made some reference to people experiencing homelessness, but just ten of fifteen addressed their transit needs, and only three addressed those needs through dedicated programs. The authors use this research synthesis to draw greater attention to the ways that transit agencies can serve the mobility needs of people experiencing homelessness. The authors present findings from a case study on transit accessibility in San Diego County to supplement their statewide review. This includes a geospatial analysis of transit accessibility from locations where people experiencing homelessness have been known to congregate in San Diego County, as well as interviews with three people who have experienced homelessness in the region and three advocates for the unhoused population. The authors identify the ways that transit accessibility is a complex issue, requiring consideration of proximity, ease of physical access, and programmatic supports. Based on their research, the authors recommend that transit and service organizations consider the following: (1) establish coordinated outreach in transit environments, (2) offer shuttles to services and employment to help one resolve their homelessness, (3) improve the reliability and connectivity of public transit, (4) support fare assistance programs, and (5) incorporate expertise from people with lived experience of homelessness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Sep 2023 10:27:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2244490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Access to Jobs, Economic Opportunities, and Education in Rural Areas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2236973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a guide to defining and addressing the unique accessibility challenges in rural communities. A set of decision-support tools are also provided that can be used to facilitate agency assessment of accessibility needs within their service jurisdictions and to recommend methods for addressing accessibility needs in a decision-making context. The guide and tools will support the planning work performed by professionals at state departments of transportation and other local and regional land use agencies. Appendix B contains case studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Sep 2023 16:01:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2236973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>‘Overstretched and under-resourced’: the corporate neglect of port welfare services for seafarers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2226100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of the provisions of the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, this paper draws on new qualitative data collected from seafarers’ welfare centres, charities involved in seafarers’ welfare service provision, seafarers, port chaplains and seafarers’ centre volunteers. It examines the kinds of port-based welfare services currently provided to seafarers, and whether these meet seafarers’ expectations/needs. It provides new data on the perspectives of chaplains and stakeholder organisations in relation to the provision of seafarers’ services and starkly reveals the contemporary funding challenges experienced by these individuals/groups. The paper critically appraises the current reliance by ports, shipping companies, and government entities on the provision of free welfare services for seafarers. It concludes that Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, guidance relating to the funding of seafarers’ welfare services requires strengthening and that the funding of seafarers’ welfare services in ports across the world requires remedial action.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Aug 2023 11:45:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2226100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Associations Between State and Local Government Spending and Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the U.S.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2176707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is limited evidence on how government spending is associated with maternal death. This study investigates the associations between state and local government spending on social and healthcare services and pregnancy-related mortality among the total, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White populations. State-specific total population and race/ethnicity-specific 5-year (2015–2019) pregnancy-related mortality ratios were estimated from annual natality and mortality files provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. Data on state and local government spending and population-level characteristics were obtained from U.S. Census Bureau surveys. Generalized linear Poisson regression models with robust SEs were fitted to estimate adjusted rate ratios and 95% CIs associated with proportions of total spending allocated to social services and healthcare domains, adjusting for state-level covariates. All analyses were completed in 2021–2022.State and local government spending on transportation was associated with 11% lower overall pregnancy-related mortality (adjusted rate ratio=0.89, 95% CI=0.83, 0.96) and 9%–12% lower pregnancy-related mortality among the racial/ethnic groups. Among spending subdomains, expenditures on higher education, highways and roads, and parks and recreation were associated with lower pregnancy-related mortality rates in the total population (adjusted rate ratio=0.90, 95% CI=0.86, 0.94; adjusted rate ratio=0.87, 95% CI=0.81, 0.94; and adjusted rate ratio=0.68, 95% CI=0.49, 0.95, respectively). These results were consistent among the racial/ethnic groups, but patterns of associations with pregnancy-related mortality and other spending subdomains differed notably between racial/ethnic groups. Investing more in local- and state-targeted spending in social services may decrease the risk for pregnancy-related mortality, particularly among Black women.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jun 2023 13:31:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2176707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating Social Vulnerability Variables in Measures to Quantify Access to Opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study quantifies access to travel opportunities to understand what societal factors are linked with local access and to identify communities with reduced access. We introduce a method to compare accessibility across all census tracts in the United States that can be used across geographically diverse communities ranging from sparsely to densely populated areas. This study considers six key opportunities which we consider essential for all communities (grocery stores, public schools, daycares, primary care doctors, pharmacies, and parks), and six additional destinations which can be viewed as a social safety net (homeless shelters, women’s shelters, food pantries, libraries, vocational schools, and banks). We quantify accessibility to these opportunities within a 15?min walk, transit trip, bicycle ride, and automobile drive for every census tract in the United States, and observe a decrease in vehicle miles traveled and vehicle ownership in tracts with increased walkability. Through analysis at the census tract level, this study incorporates variables of social vulnerability with these cumulative opportunity metrics to better understand diminished accessibility as attributed to social and racial inequities. As example findings, we find decreased access to financial services in communities with high minority and limited English speaking populations, no apparent change in access for childcare in communities with high percentages of single-parent families, and potentially increased or decreased access to women’s healthcare resources for Black women depending on the travel mode.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 May 2023 10:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173226</guid>
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