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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>NUMERICAL SAFETY ASSURANCE DESIGN METHODOLOGY FACILITATES VERIFICATION, VALIDATION AND PROOF OF SAFETY FOR SOFTWARE BASED VITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 1980s, public transportation industry requirements were evolving concerning high end software based vital control systems.  A robust, flexible and fail-safe design was required that could be quickly adapted to differing customer functional needs while at the same time insure that each release adhere to the stringent safety requirements of the application.  The focus of this paper is twofold: to highlight the benefits of a numerical safety approach over the entire system life cycle, and to illustrate the methods used in the quantification of the level of safety assurance afforded by the delivered system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/477375</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PRESENT AND FUTURE AUTOKON</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The history of development and the use of "NC"-systems at the "Aker Group" in Norway are briefly reviewed.  The "Autokon 76" system, now in use in 50-60 yards in Europe and the United States, is then described.  The system can be regarded as a "drawing generator" but also produces "NC" information, material lists, weight calculations etc.  The main functions of the system and the norms used are discussed.  Current developments are dealt with, limitations of batch systems, availability of information, information consistency, the change oriented product model, and user communication.  Order from NSFI as No. 17160.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87994</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ON A KONGSBERG PC-100 SYSTEM AND THEIR USE FOR THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF STEEL STRUCTURE PRODUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87996</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The application of the system in a Hungarian shipyard and crane factory is described.  Steel structure production and processing system problems are discussed.  The development of a ship-geometrical system based on body lines faired in loft, the processing of standardized steel structure parts, and the development of the computer controlled parts production system are dealt with.  Order from NSFI as No. 17162.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87996</guid>
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      <title>SERIES PRODUCTION OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS CARRIERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/92161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For construction of the LNG ships, General Dynamics' Quincy Shipbuilding Division in Quincy, Massachusetts was transformed from a conventional, labour-intensive shipyard into a modernised facility with mechanized steel process lines, level-surface building basins to accommodate hull erection from prefabricated structural modules of up to 150 tons, and a sphere-loading/bow erection basin served by a 1200-ton Goliath crane (see Figure 2).  This modernisation programme has enabled the Quincy shipyard to achieve the production capacity required for series production.  For construction of the cargo spheres, a completely new facility was built at Charleston, South Carolina (see Figure 3). This facility has been equipped with automatic welding equipment and uniquely-designed jigs and fixtures which permit simultaneous assembly of six 120-ft diameter cargo spheres.  The Charleston facility, developed in parallel with the ship construction programme, currently produces one sphere every 3 1/2 weeks, in phase with the ship construction sequence at Quincy.  These facilities represent the successful application of mechanized production techniques and advanced manufacturing technology to serialised production of LNG tankers.  This paper discusses the development of General Dynamics' LNG series production concept and the manufacturing processes by which the concept was translated into cost-effective production solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/92161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHODS IMPROVEMENT--CORNERSTONE FOR FUTURE SHIPYARD PRODUCTIVITY GAINS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ship overhaul and repair business in the United States today has changed very little in most of this nation's shipyards, both public and private.  This paper is devoted to U.S. Naval Shipyards.  It addresses the real probabilities that, while many management techniques in recent years have helped to lower costs, improved methods and modernized processes could greatly assist in this effort.  The role of Industrial Engineers and Production Engineers is addressed in regard to past and future roles as they relate to methods improvement.  The need for a NAVSEA program to modernize is addressed.  Some specific examples of methods improvement are given including a Numerically Controlled Pipe and Tube Bender, an Automatic Tool Control System, Portable Boring Bars for valves, a Hydroblast Unit to clean the insides of shipboard firemain systems, and a Numerically Controlled easily programmable, Gildemeister Turning Machine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERACTIVE SURFACE ADJUSTMENT OF MARINE PROPELLERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A generalized interactive method is presented for the adjustment of any selected subregions on a propeller surface before its manufacture by an NC (numerically controlled) machining process.  The adjustment computer program is flexible and can produce a smooth approximately slope-continuous surface.  The adjustment is made by first rectifying, normalizing and transforming the defined subregion into a unit circle in the plane view.  If this region is then regarded as the plan view of a thin, plane elastic plate, the shape of the plate when displaced laterally at any selected point can be computed by Foeppl's or Michell's solution for such a case.  This "influence surface" may then be superimposed on the shape of the original surface (transformed within the unit circle) to change its shape.  The process is iterative and retentive of all data; it may be monitored on a computer graphics terminal while successive modifications proceed under full control towards a desired form of the propeller blade or hub surface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USING INDUSTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR DETERMINING THE GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HULL SECTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors give some general information on industrial photogrammetry and describe how it can be usefully applied in the shipyard.  The article is mainly concerned with the dimensions, form, and position of hull sections in the light of studies carried out by the Institute fur Schiffbau, Rostock, in co-operation with the Wilhelm Pieck University and East German shipyards; industrial photogrammetry has been used in these yards on an experimental basis since 1970.  The system used, including both hardware and software, was provided by the optical works at Jena; output is in the form of a data list, and scale drawings (e.g., 1:10) can also be provided by means of a numerically-controlled draughting machine.  The accuracy of the measurements that have been made is discussed in detail. The authors conclude that the results obtained in shipyards in East Germany and elsewhere confirm the usefulness of industrial photogrammetry in shipbuilding.  For some shipyard applications, it is at present the only method of measurement that can be used without excessive expenditure of time and undue interference with production (though the data processing may cause some delay).  Nevertheless, the high cost of the equipment, personnel, and computer time involved necessitates careful consideration before deciding to use it.  Order from BSRA as No. 49,805.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES IN THE SMALLER SHIPYARDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/76137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following a discussion of the reasons why smaller shipyards have been hesitant to adopt computer design methods, the paper reviews some recent developments in hardware which make it appropriate to reassess the situation.  The applications of these facilities to hull form definition, piece parts definition and definition and development of shell plating are discussed with reference to numerical systems developed by B.S.R.A. for use in small and medium-sized shipyards. Order from BSRA as No. 49,026.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/76137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROGRAM FOR SHIP'S HULL FAIRING, VARIATION, SHELL PLATE DEVELOPMENT AND HYDROSTATIC CALCULATION FOR MINI COMPUTERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75776</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A numerically-controlled fairing process for the design and construction of ships for inland navigation is described. The hull surface definition program is based on a triangulation method and B spline interpolation and reduces the time for calculation of shell plate development to about 10-15 minutes, including the production of drawings.  The paper outlines the basic procedures for hull fairing, storing into the memory and variation of the hull. Order from BSRA as No. 48,949.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75776</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MULTI-PURPOSE APPLICATION OF INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75778</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the control of production at a number of Italian Shipyards, Cantieri Navali Riuniti (C.N.R.) make use of a UNIVAC 1106 multi-processor computer at their Genoa head office linked with video- and tele-type terminals in the yards.  This system is supported by: (a) an off-line KV 1645 draughting machine, with magnetic tape control unit, paper-tape reader and puncher at the Genoa office, (b) a KV 1216 draughting machine with paper-tape control unit at the Ancona shipyard, (c) a similar installation at the Muggiano shipyard, and (d) an Interactive Graphics System with KV 1216 draughting machine and three numerically-controlled flame cutting machines at Riva Trigoso.  The paper describes the utilisation of the system for shipbuilding and engineering applications, e.g. nesting, part generation, coordination plans, arrangement studies, input check for structural analysis and naval architecture calculations. Order from BSRA as No. 49,021.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75778</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRENDS WITHIN THE FIELD OF FLAMECUTTER CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proceeding from an outline of the basic design philosophy of the fourth generation Kongsberg controller, the MINC 100 and its integrated version, the CNC 600, this paper explores possible technological advances within the field of numerical control for flamecutting machines which could occur within the next decade.  It is anticipated that future CNC's (computerised numerical controllers) will be smaller with an increase in the hardware capability of all system components particularly logic.  Rapidly changing differentials in the costs of hardware components, communication and software will open the way for major revisions in the manner in which programs should be associated with hardware.  There will be a greater orientation of system design towards particular user applications and problems.  These, and other matters are discussed under the following headings: Computerised Numerical Control (CMC), Direct Numerical Control (DNC), and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM); Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC); Diagnostic Control; Input and Output Data Standardisation; and Man/Machine Communication.  Order from BSRA as No.  49,027.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75773</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR DRAWING A TAYLOR PROPELLER BLADE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/75803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This two-part Report is concerned with the development of a numerically-controlled method for drawing a Taylor propeller without using geometrical methods, thereby eliminating the inherent errors of Euclidean manual constructions.  Part 1 presents approximation formulae for the various propeller parameters and explains the derivation of the theoretical method.  Part II gives examples of the input routines established for the three main computer programs together with design diagrams produced by the automatic draughting machine.  Order form BSRA as No. 49,012.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/75803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOW-COST NC TURNING AT BRITISH RAIL, WOLVERTON</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article cites applications of relatively low-cost NC machines for the production of fairly small parts at low levels of output in repair work performed by British Rail Engineering Ltd at its Wolverton works.  In particular, a Hydro NC 540 lathe has been installed which has eliminated difficulties experienced with sequence-controlled automatics and manually operated center lathes as well as the use of high-cost special tooling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 May 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BRITISH RAIL INCREASE COMMITMENT TO CNC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerical control is increasingly being used in the workshops of British Rail Engineering Ltd, to overcome batch production problems and shortages of skilled labor.  A new long-bed CNC lathe by Churchill completes all the turning on long axle shafts for locomotive wheels in approximately 26 percent of the time previously needed.  A Churchill NC chucking lathe is used to machine steel castings with weights of 356 kg, and heavier.  Drive is automatically shut down if the spindle speed exceeds a safe level.  In the machining of railway axle boxes, ability to precision bore large-diameter deep holes is the dominant criterion, and a Herbert DeVlieg Jigmil with CNC has been chosen by Crewe Works for the task.  For refurbishing major items, including large diesel engines, a large-capacity Maxi Check computer-controlled measuring machine is used to check items at the premachining stage.  Features which need to be remachined, and by how much, are rapidly identified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 May 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE COMPUTER--A MEANS OF AIDING SHIP PRODUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of the computer in shipbuilding as an effective production tool, initially took place about fifteen years ago, resulting in a dramatic advancement in shipbuilding technology.  The computer is now used extensively in numerous areas of shipbuilding for management, payroll, and inventory as well as production. The area this paper will cover will be that of production.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 May 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69076</guid>
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