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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>THE PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY LOW-ALTITUDE NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/23662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper reviews the production of oxides of nitrogen in low-altitude atmospheric thermonuclear explosions. As the air surrounding the explosion is heated above 2500K, producing a fireball, about 1-2% of nitric oxide is formed. The fireball cools rapidly by adiabatic expansion and by entraining cold air, and thus a significant fraction of this nitric oxide freezes in because the chemical reactions destroying it become extremely slow. The total production rate of nitric oxide per megaton yield is estimated. During the late fireball (or nuclear cloud) rise, a significant fraction of the NO is converted to NO2 by slow reaction with O2, but the production of other nitrogen oxides, and of nitrous and nitric acid in moist air, is negligible. The variation, with yield or burst altitude, of the NOx produced per megaton is small for yields between 1 and 60 Mt, and altitudes between sea level and a few kilometers. Estimates are made for the total NOx yield of the U.S. and USSR nuclear tests during 1961-62.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS ON TOTAL OZONE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/23788</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the current empirical knowledge of the depletion of stratospheric ozone due to the injection of oxides of nitrogen from thermonuclear explosions in the atmosphere, discussing both the ground-based observations of global ozone after the 1961-62 multimegaton test series, and also the satellite observations of local effects following an individual French thermonuclear explosion in 1970. There is general agreement on the NO production per megaton (Mt) yield, and on the subsequent ozone depletion expected to be associated with the various nuclear tests. The latter depletion, as calculated principally by Chang and Johnston, extending earlier work of Foley and Ruderman, is small--typically of the order of several percent during a reasonable observation interval--and lies within the probable error of available ozone measurements. Existing atmospheric data do not provide a statistically significant demonstration of the cyclic destruction of ozone by oxides of nitrogen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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