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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Low Power Indirect Time of Flight Near Field LiDAR Depth Correction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Indirect time-of-flight (iToF) LiDAR sensors have their technical challenges. They are a viable alternative to direct time-of-flight (dToF) LiDAR sensors and cameras for near-field applications, particularly in autonomous vehicles and mobile robots. iToF LiDAR sensors face issues with depth range ambiguity. Many modern Deep Neural Network (DNN) computer vision models that run on graphics processing units can effectively address this problem. However, GPUs' high electrical energy consumption poses a significant challenge when integrated with battery-based embedded systems. Nonetheless, viable alternatives can provide sufficient computational power while maintaining a low electric power profile. One such option is the low-power ARM processor architecture, which is supported by single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) accelerators. In this paper, we go deep into the system architecture differences between GPUs and CPUs-integrated SIMD, exploring the potential use cases for running DNN models, identify which models are suitable for which architectures, propose methods for running the depth correction algorithm on such low-power platforms, discuss the challenges of these methods, and suggest ways to overcome them, thereby enabling the use of sensors in low-power applications. We pose several questions about the embedded deployment of DNN models and offer recommendations to address them. We were able to achieve a real-time depth correction rate at 10 frames per second at acceptable accuracy, with no need for GPUs on low-power ARM architecture Cortex-A76.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 13:54:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658685</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The factors that influence the use of NFC mobile payment for public transport in Malaysia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assesses the intention to use near-field communication (NFC) mobile payments on public transportation in Klang Valley, Malaysia. This study is to determine the public's awareness and attitude towards the intention to use NFC mobile payment on public transportation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The methods of data collection are mainly through online questionnaires that have been distributed to the public that is currently living in Kuala Lumpur, of which a total of 333 respondents have been successfully collected. Once the data has been collected, SPSS software is utilised for the data analysis. The results showed that awareness and attitude significantly had relationships towards the intention to use NFC mobile payment on public transportation in Kuala Lumpur.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624099</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation on structure damage equivalence of hull girders with different scales subjected to near-field underwater explosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the years, numerous experiments and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the damage of marine structures subjected to near-field underwater explosions. These studies, therefore, hold immense significance as they provide identified damage pattern of structure. Despite this, it is essential to further explore the connection among various damage patterns of existing work to help predicting the damage of real structure by employing the test results of small-scale structures. To address this gap, this study proposed an equivalent design method for hull girder model based on scaled-down similarity criteria and reversed design idea, which is for investigating the equivalent damage of structures with different scale subjected to near-field underwater explosion. Different from the traditional scaling method, in which both the structure and blast load are scaled-down accordingly for small size test model, the present method concentrates on the damage equivalence between two structures with different size subjected to the same blast loading from underwater explosions. This equivalent design methodology ensures compliance with fundamental blast principles during the structural equivalence process of both overall and local damage. In order to verify the method presented in this paper, two hull girder models were designed and manufactured, and underwater explosion tests were implemented to investigate the degree of damage between models. A comparative analysis of the overall damage and local damage of the central cabin between different scale models reveals that the damage patterns exhibit a high degree of consistency under identical conditions, simultaneously the similarity ratio errors pertaining to the extent of structural damage are within a 15 % margin. The results show that the presented design method is capable of predicting the structural damage of large-scale hull girder structure under the same load condition based on the results of small-scale model tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2025 08:56:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trailing vortex at drifting ship hull: a numerical study on wandering and turbulence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trailing vortices are commonly associated with so-called contrails in the sky. These show instability phenomena which manifest in transverse motions and sudden thickness changes. Aircraft aerodynamics considers this so-called far field whereas for naval hydrodynamics the near-field is of dominating interest. For the latter, vortices are intensively investigated at the propeller, but they emerge also at manoeuvring ship hulls or blunt stern shapes. And this is studied within the current paper: the major trailing vortex next to the KVLCC2 hull at large drift incidence. Numerical simulations with the SST-based IDDES model are conducted with OpenFOAM. The target is to reveal details of the vortex centre flow like the evolution of turbulence and the characteristics and consequences of vortex wandering. The results reveal a low-frequency broadband wandering motion next to a broad turbulent inertial subrange and that about two thirds of resolved TKE can be attributed to wandering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 08:43:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431702</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acoustic velocity analogy formulation for sources in quiescent medium</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prediction of near field acoustic velocity is necessary when using equivalent source method and evaluating multi acoustic fields problem. According to the idea of acoustic analogy, this paper induces a vector wave equation of aeroacoustics by rearranging the conservation equations of mass and momentum with a permeable surface. Then, an analytical formulation of the acoustic velocity, called formulation V2A, is derived for sources in a quiescent medium by solving the vector wave equation with the free-space Green’s function. The validity of the formulation is confirmed by numerical results for a stationary monopole, a stationary dipole source, and a rotating monopole source in a quiescent medium. The result indicates that the predication of formulation V2A is nearly identical to the exact solutions no matter in far-field or near-field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:14:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Surround-View Fisheye Camera Perception for Automated Driving: Overview, Survey &amp; Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Surround-view fisheye cameras are commonly used for near-field sensing in automated driving. Four fisheye cameras on four sides of the vehicle are sufficient to cover 360° around the vehicle capturing the entire near-field region. Some primary use cases are automated parking, traffic jam assist, and urban driving. There are limited datasets and very little work on near-field perception tasks as the focus in automotive perception is on far-field perception. In contrast to far-field, surround-view perception poses additional challenges due to high precision object detection requirements of 10cm and partial visibility of objects. Due to the large radial distortion of fisheye cameras, standard algorithms cannot be extended easily to the surround-view use case. Thus, the authors are motivated to provide a self-contained reference for automotive fisheye camera perception for researchers and practitioners. Firstly, they provide a unified and taxonomic treatment of commonly used fisheye camera models. Secondly, they discuss various perception tasks and existing literature. Finally, they discuss the challenges and future direction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Aug 2023 13:58:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lift and Tip Vortices Generated by Tapered Backward-Swept and Forward-Swept Wings under Stationary Ground Proximity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2194365</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental investigation of the aerodynamics and near-field tip-vortex flow field behind tapered backward- and forward-swept wings with a stationary ground effect was conducted at Reynolds number (Re)=1.81×105. The results showed a large lift increase of 26.7% and 12.3% for the backward-swept wing (BSW) and forward-swept wing (FSW), respectively, with reduced ground clearance, along with a significant drag reduction of 45% and 30% for the BSW and FSW. For the BSW, a multiple-vortex system appeared in close ground proximity, consisting of a tip vortex, a corotating ground vortex, and a counterrotating secondary vortex. The ground vortex strengthens the tip vortex, whereas the secondary vortex negates its vorticity. For the FSW, the multiple-vortex system was not readily identifiable due to its unique geometry, which always keeps the inboard region of the wing at a close ground effect while leaving the tip region less affected by the ground effect. The root stall of the FSW also produced a continuously strengthening tip vortex with the increasing angle of attack. In contrast, the tip stall of the BSW led to a monotonically increasing vortex strength only up to the static-stall angle. Regardless of the wing model, the weak tip vortex also translates into a small lift-induced drag compared with the total drag. Finally, the lift force computed through the integration of the spanwise circulation distribution, inferred from the cross-flow measurements, at selected ground distances was also found to be in good agreement with the direct wind-tunnel force-balance data, with 101% and 98% consistency for BSW and FSW, respectively. The aerodynamics and tip-vortex measurements of both wing models outside the ground effect were also acquired to serve as a comparison.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2194365</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Review of Array Techniques for Noise Source Location</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1797262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years the increase of computer data processing power has facilitated the use of several multi-channel techniques for noise source location and ranking. These techniques include Spatial Transformation of Sound Fields (STSF) and Inverse Boundary Element Method (IBEM) for reconstruction of the sound field on the source surface from near field measurements and Beamforming for far field measurements. STSF and IBEM are suited for the low to medium frequency range whereas Beamforming is suited for the medium to high frequency range.         The array methods are briefly introduced and a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the different techniques is presented. Benefits of combination of different techniques are also considered and exemplifying measurements are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:16:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1797262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Demand forecast of nfc mobile users – A case study of serbian market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Near Field Communication (NFC) is a very short-range type of radio communication that is compatible with other contactless communication technologies. It provides enormous possibilities, particularly given that it does not require any particular communication infrastructure. NFC technology has found possible application in contactless cards and mobile phone devices as a communication infrastructure which provides a platform for the development of NFC-based business services. This paper proposes a novel approach to forecasting the number of new users of NFC mobile phones based on fuzzy logic and the Norton-Bass diffusion model. The proposed approach is demonstrated through the case study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 09:42:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of acoustic target strength near-field equation for underwater vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1640517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For modern weapon systems, the most important factor in survivability is detection capability. Acoustic target strength is a major parameter of the active sonar equation. The traditional target strength equation used to predict the re-radiated intensity for the far field is derived with a plane-wave assumption. In this study, a near-field target strength equation was derived without a plane-wave assumption for a polygonal plate. The target strength equation for polygonal plates, which is applicable to the near field, is provided by the Helmholtz–Kirchhoff formula that is used as the primary equation for solving the re-radiated pressure field. A generalized definition of the sonar cross section is suggested that is applicable to the near field. In comparison experiments for a cylinder, the target strength equation for polygonal plates in near field was executed to verify the validity and accuracy of the analysis. In addition, an underwater vehicle model was analyzed with the developed near-field equation to confirm various parameter effects such as distance and frequency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Aug 2019 13:01:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1640517</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>To use or not to use, that is the question: Analysis of the determining factors for using NFC mobile payment systems in public transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571996</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is growing interest in our society in making payments using mobile phones as an alternative to using cash, checks or credit cards. The objective of this study is to analyze the status of Near Field Communication (NFC) mobile payment systems in public transportation, as well as the factors that affect users' intentions to continue using said systems. To meet this objective, a personal survey was conducted on a sample of 180 users with experience using this type of system. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature justifies the development of a behavioral model that explains the continuance intention of NFC mobile payments through a structural equation model. The results show that satisfaction, service quality, effort expectancy, and perceived risk are determining factors of the continuance intention to use this technology. Finally, the managerial conclusions and implications offer the companies that manage these public services new business opportunities based on user behaviors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:09:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571996</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nearfield Analysis of Low Speed Flow over a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Device for Enhancement of Small UAV Aerodynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As unmanned aerial vehicle applications continue their rise in popularity in the public and private sectors, there is an increasing demand in many cases for smaller, more efficient low speed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Although the primary drivers for the continued performance improvement of smaller UAV platforms tend to be in the areas of electronics miniaturization and improved energy storage, aerodynamics, particularly in the low Reynolds number regime, still have a significant role in the overall performance enhancement of small UAVs. This paper focuses on the study of the nearfield aerodynamic effects of a low-power active flow enhancement technique known as dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in very low speed/low Reynolds number flows most closely associated with small and micro unmanned aerial vehicles. With respect to influence on the 2D nearfield flow on a flat plate equipped with a DBD actuator, factors such as electric field strength, frequency, and excitation waveform of the DBD actuators are investigated and dimensionless terms are developed to better understand aerodynamic flow enhancement in both the x- and y-directions. Estimations are given to predict the efficacy of introduction of a DBD-based flow enhancement system to a representative small UAV.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2018 09:05:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571363</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Server-Based Intelligent Public Transportation System with NFC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mass transit systems have existed for over a century. In the traditional payment structure, tickets, cards and tokens are used for public transportation. Discounts for specific type of riders and benefits coming with transfer fee are only available with cards specifically designed for each city. Balances are kept on fare media, and the cost of ride is calculated and deducted by the validators while getting on the vehicle. This paper proposes a novel serverbased fare calculation and user management system for providing personalized exclusive privileges to riders without getting the special card of the province and allows passengers to benefit from all the advantages of the cities' transport pricing. In addition, it removes the obstacles that prevent the use of new technologies such as contactless bank cards and Near Field Communication (NFC) standard like a traditional province card in public transport. The installation of the system with NFC usage was applied on five different cities in Turkey. By collecting and analyzing real-world data, the association rules were found for the proposed system using FP-Growth algorithm as a data mining technique. This paper also presents a comparison of the proposed system with the existing systems to show its advantages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2018 17:01:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498389</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proactive and Hybrid Sensing Based Inline Pipeline Defects Diagnosis and Prognosis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1470372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipeline infrastructure and its safety is critical for the recovering of the U.S. economy and the standard of living. Failure inevitably occurs in plastic piping materials and impingement failure is caused by high localized stress concentration combined with defects and inclusions. As emerging plastic materials are increasingly used for pipelines, new sensing techniques are required to diagnose and prognoses damage and imperfections early and before they become failure critical. The object of this project is to develop a near-field microwave microscopic (NFMM) imaging method to identify and characterize many types of injurious pipe body proactively with superior resolution and high sensitivity. This work resulted in an information framework integrating the residual strength calculation, uncertainty quantification and propagation analysis using a Bayesian updating process to advance pipeline reliability evaluation and risk assessment tool.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 17:41:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1470372</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advancing Smart Card and NFC Technologies at the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, Inc. was awarded a cost-shared research agreement to conduct a Feasibility Study and Pilot Program aiming to create a transportation system that utilizes existing smart card and near field communications (NFC) technology to integrate access to bus, rail, carsharing, bikesharing, secure bicycle parking, shuttles and vehicular parking. In doing so, the Project Team aimed to streamline the alternative commuting process, therefore increasing alternative transportation use and decreasing campus parking demand, traffic congestion, and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The Feasibility Study identified existing technology that could be utilized to create one ID card and associated account management system that allowed a cardholder to gain access to and in some instances pay for various transportation services. The Project Team is currently implementing the program with expected completion by the end of 2017.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jun 2017 17:17:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469539</guid>
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