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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Plan View Display Modifications for the 9020 Replacement System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the modifications that were made to a Plan View Display (PVD) which allowed it to be switched between the present National Airspace System (NAS) and a future 9020 Replacement (9020R) System. A second PVD was also modified and used to simulate the outputs of the 9020R System. The outputs of the simulated 9020R System were analog X and Y deflection signals, video unblanking, and brightness control bits. The PVD switch was controlled by a spare switch located on the front panel. The PVD was driven either in the normal manner by the present system or by the remote signals brought in from the 9020R simulator PVD. The R-controls were also switched between two different radar keyboard multiplexer (RKM) output connectors by means of an external relay box controlled by the front panel switch of the PVD. The switched PVD was driven over cable lengths of 20, 50, 70, and 100 feet. Line width and brightness measurements were taken and display patterns were observed at each of these lengths. Results were very good up to 70 feet and satisfactory up to 100 feet.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 18:51:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711604</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>En Route Display Recording System (ERDIRS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Characteristics and requirements for an En Route Radar Display Recording System (ERDIRS) which would record, store and playback air traffic control display data being provided to the National Airspace System Plan View Displays in an Air Route Traffic Control Center were developed. In addition, an ERDIRS Engineering Model was designed and fabricated as a total in-house effort in order to explore various ideas and to provide background and experience to define the details of a field system design. Following the design and concurrent with the fabrication of the engineering model, the system design data for the engineering model were generated, and a functional specification for an operational field version of the ERDIRS was drafted for the Airway Facilities Service. As a result of the engineering effort, it was concluded that the specification does describe the complete functional characteristics of a practical field ERDIRS that meets all basic operational requirements and that the engineering model does demonstrate that a practical field ERDIRS can be developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 18:51:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711605</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Conference Control System Computer-Human Interface Prototype Description and Design
Rationale</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) is responsible for the strategic aspects of the National Airspace System (NAS). The ATCSCC modifies traffic flow and rates when congestion, weather, equipment outages, runway closures, or other operational conditions affect the NAS. Controllers at the ATCSCC accomplish these tasks by communicating with NAS stakeholders like local FAA facilities, airlines, and other national civil aviation authorities. In 2004, the FAA deployed the Conference Control System (CCS) as part of infrastructure modernization to meet increased capacity demands. The CCS provides many new functions and a computer-human interface (CHI) based on touch-entry display (TED) technology. The NAS Human Factors Group conducted a user-centered design project to explore the CCS CHI requirements. In collaboration with the CCS User Team, we developed mouse- and TED-based CHI prototypes to demonstrate the potential CCS functionality. This report discusses the approach we took in designing the CCS prototype and the rationale for each of the important CHI elements. Many of the concepts developed in the prototype were implemented into the operational CCS. The report also discusses the role of iterative prototyping in increasing designers’ and users’ understanding of the tasks, requirements, and CHI development process. Future programs can use the design rationale to guide the creation of CHIs for new telecommunication systems. We believe that the design approach adopted in this project allowed for a better elicitation of the user requirements and helped educate the user team regarding human factors and usability issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 May 2026 18:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698478</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Agent-Based Modeling Simulation of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle Placement Influence on Traffic Patterns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669611</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a lightweight simulation framework for rapidly assessing the risk and traffic impact of integrating uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) with various trajectories into the National Airspace System. The framework combines agent-based modeling and Monte Carlo simulation with real air traffic data to generate realistic traffic patterns and quantify integration risk through loss of separation events. We validate the methodology by applying it to three representative scenarios: a terminal area near an airport, a rural region, and a state with diverse traffic densities. These case studies demonstrate the framework’s capability to provide fast, computationally efficient risk estimates for UAV operations. While we initially designed this approach for weather data collection missions, the methodology applies broadly to any planned UAV operation requiring airspace integration assessment. The framework offers aviation planners and regulators a practical tool for evaluating the safety implications of adding new actors to the airspace system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 08:59:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669611</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transforming Aviation: FAA Planning Efforts Should Address How Drones Will Communicate with and Avoid Other Aircraft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report examines technologies available for drones to detect and avoid manned aircraft, stakeholder perspectives on these technologies; and the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) plans for drone operations in an information-centric National Airspace System (NAS). The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reviewed FAA documents related to integrating drones into the national airspace, including documents related to detect and avoid technology. GAO interviewed FAA and 24 stakeholders from industry and government. GAO focused on small drones (defined as those weighing less than 55 pounds) because they fly at low altitude and provisions for this review in the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 specified that GAO focus on low-altitude airspace. According to FAA, limitations with existing technologies require the development of a new technology that, unlike Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), enables two-way communication between drones and other aircraft. FAA officials said it intends to develop performance-based standards and safety requirements for industry to use in developing that technology. In August 2025, FAA proposed new regulations that would require drones flying beyond visual line of sight of the operator to detect and avoid other aircraft. However, FAA has not identified specific actions such as clear roles or technical milestones timelines, which could help FAA and industry move toward two-way communication between drones and other aircraft. Congress tasked FAA with the responsibility to develop an information-centric NAS and develop an integrated plan for the future NAS by May 2027. Developing specific actions could build upon FAA’s drone integration efforts and help ensure safety for all airspace users in the future NAS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:53:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665446</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aviation Meteorologists: Urgent Actions Needed to Address Staffing Concerns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Airspace System (NAS) is currently under tremendous strain as air traffic controller shortages and periodic equipment failures in aging air traffic control systems have been leading to delayed and canceled flights. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and others have reported on these challenges, and GAO currently has ongoing work in these areas. Severe weather can exacerbate such strains on the NAS as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reports that weather is the leading cause of cancellations and delays. The purpose of this report is to inform the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Congress about another stressor on the NAS—concerns about aviation meteorologist staffing levels—which GAO identified in their ongoing work on aviation operational preparedness. These meteorologists work directly with air traffic controllers in the command center and en route centers, providing face-to-face briefings as necessary, and helping them safely direct flights to avoid severe weather. In this report, GAO is recommending that the Administrator of FAA, in close consultation with the National Weather Service (NWS), should fully identify potential risks to the safety and efficiency of the NAS caused by current meteorologist staffing levels and take urgent action to address them. FAA concurred with this recommendation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 08:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Network-Wide Resilience Metric to Enhance Traffic Flow Management Decision-Making</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) manages demand/capacity imbalances in the National Airspace System (NAS) through Traffic Flow Management (TFM) actions such as Ground Delay Programs, Airspace Flow Programs, and Ground Stops. Current decision-support tools assist Traffic Managers in evaluating the effects of such TFM actions; however, these impacts are often assessed on a localized or regional level (e.g., New York airports). This work aims to develop an aggregate NAS-wide network model—the NAS Network Model—and accompanying resilience metric, which could support traffic managers in quantitatively evaluating TFM strategies from a NAS-wide perspective. The proposed resilience metric described in this paper includes delay magnitudes at network nodes (i.e., airports), the efficient use of capacity at network nodes, and delay dynamics (i.e., the “busyness” of different nodes in the network). We demonstrated how the NAS Network Model and resilience metric may be applied using four historical traffic scenarios to predict a future NAS state given the application of different modes representing TFM actions. After describing how the NAS Network Model can be parameterized with historical NAS data, we detail a prototype software capability that shows how real-time NAS data may be integrated with the NAS Network Model to predict future delay states and to generate the resilience metric.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2566938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Federal Aviation Administration: Key Provisions in the 2024 Reauthorization Act and Related GAO Work</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With over 45,000 flights daily, the U.S. national airspace system (NAS) is the busiest and most complex in the world. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is responsible for regulating and overseeing civil aviation within the U.S. Its primary mission is to ensure the safety and efficiency of air transportation, including air traffic control, aircraft certification, and certain airport operations. The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 was signed into law on May 16, 2024, and authorizes FAA activities through fiscal year 2028. Congress directed FAA to take various actions to maintain and improve the safety and efficiency of air transportation while accommodating new entrants such as drones and commercial space vehicles. This testimony, by Derrick Collins, Director, Physical Infrastructure, provides an overview of key areas of the Act, the U.S. Government Accountability Office's (GAO’s) open recommendations to FAA in these areas, and the work GAO is doing in response to several provisions in the Act. This statement draws from several GAO reports completed since fiscal year 2020. There are currently 50 open GAO recommendations to FAA from reports that GAO has issued since 2020. These recommendations cut across several FAA activities addressed by the Act including modernization of the NAS, aviation safety, FAA’s workforce, and integrating new entrants, such as drones, into the NAS. In most cases, FAA concurred with GAO’s recommendations and is taking actions to address them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 11:59:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airport Cooperative Research Program Graduate Research Award 11-04: Geographic Information System Application to Unmanned Traffic Management within the National Airspace System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483220</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To adapt to the exponential growth of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and advanced air mobility, it is critical to understand the spatial patterns and interactions of National Airspace System (NAS) participants and the needs of the aviation community to improve on data-driven risk management decisions. Overall, NAS unmanned traffic management lacks a centralized system for collating, analyzing, and visualizing UAS and crewed aircraft data. This research provides perspectives into how geographic information systems (GIS) can be utilized to improve on risk management strategies through quantitative and qualitative analysis. The objectives and scope of this paper include information on the literature review conducted, data preparation, and a geospatial analysis of two 24?h periods of automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) data in the vicinities of Purdue University Airport and Indianapolis International Airport, as well as a multilayered analysis of both ADS-B and DJI small UAS (sUAS) radio frequency (RF) data within a 2?h time period based on an AerialArmor.com watchlist UAS “high flyer” for Savanna/Hilton Head International Airport and surrounding area. This research demonstrates how GIS can be utilized for the Federal Aviation Administration Airman Database data, ADS-B data, DJI sUAS RF data, and confirmation of UAS airspace incursions; however, there are current limitations and constraints based on data coverage and quality. A GIS, coupled with advancements in computer processing, has the potential to address many of the issues related to congested airspace and integration of UAS through participation/collaboration amongst government, industry partners, and educational institutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Dec 2024 15:28:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483220</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Building interfaces between unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), air traffic controllers (ATCo), and the national airspace system (NAS): A software training platform</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2424315</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays, the development of technologies that improve airspace operation in many aspects is essential since the importance of air transportation for society is increasing. The airspace, although, may become more complex considering the integration of these aircraft due to the issues regarding the social acceptance of autonomous systems (e.g., familiarity between Air Traffic Controller - ATCo - and Unmanned Aircraft System - UAS) and the uncertainty in terms of operation (e.g., hardware failures, software failures, interfaces failures, and misunderstanding of instructions). However, standard procedures (e.g., landing procedures) may not be followed in complex situations due to safety constraints (e.g., loss of minimum aircraft separation). As a result, ATCos play an essential role in maintaining appropriate levels of safety and efficiency by conducting aircraft using Vectoring Points (VPs). Hence, ATCos must be trained to deal with such challenging scenarios, especially in resource-constrained regions, e.g., in the final sector of the Terminal Control Area (TMA), where the aircraft are guided to the landing phase. The primary goal of this research is to propose a framework for training Air Traffic Controllers (ATCos) to deal with complex situations (e.g., considering many aircraft as well as severe weather conditions) in the final sector considering the UAS integration into the National Airspace System (NAS). This approach is divided into a set of modules for (1) proposing the training scenarios, (2) proposing solutions, and (3) evaluating the quality and feasibility of the solutions proposed. The aspects evaluated in the solutions provided for the proposed scenarios are ATCo workload and efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Oct 2024 09:48:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2424315</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drones: Actions Needed to Better Support Remote Identification in the National Airspace</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387417</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drones are the fastest-growing segment of aviation in the U.S., according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Remote ID is intended to help FAA, law enforcement, and others locate drone operators flying in an unsafe manner or where prohibited. FAA is responsible for safely integrating drones into the national airspace and notes that Remote ID could help enable advanced drone operations. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) was asked to review issues related to Remote ID. This report assesses (1) potential law enforcement uses for Remote ID, and related federal support, and (2) any limitations FAA and stakeholders may face using Remote ID for advanced operations. GAO reviewed FAA guidance and resources for Remote ID. GAO also reviewed FAA’s plans for integrating drones into the national airspace. GAO interviewed FAA and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) officials, and law enforcement and industry stakeholders that GAO identified based on their participation on FAA committees and input from other stakeholders. GAO also reviewed DHS efforts to develop a Remote ID application. GAO is making three recommendations to FAA and one to DHS, including that FAA develop resources to help tribal, state, and local law enforcement use Remote ID; FAA develop a plan and timeline for a Remote ID interface; FAA identify a path forward for providing real-time, networked data about the location and status of drones; and DHS develop a plan and timeline for its Remote ID application. FAA and DHS concurred with GAO recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2024 10:26:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387417</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparative study of redundant and non-redundant flight control system architectures for unmanned aircraft: key limitations and recommendations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a comparative study of redundant and non-redundant flight control system architectures for unmanned aircraft (UA). The study implied the existence of shortcomings within current unmanned systems due to the lack, or severe limitation, of resilient redundant systems incorporated which prevent safe operations beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) and introduces a major public safety risk. The research highlights the key limitations of current systems by surveying, analysing, and comparing the current flight control systems architectures for UA. The study has found that most UA use simple architectures with no redundancy elements to improve their operational safety. Additionally, aircraft with redundancy elements have limited redundancy. Conclusively, the study serves as a preliminary stage to investigate the development of a new resilient systems architecture that guarantees safe integration into the National Airspace System (NAS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2024 17:07:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of a new method for designing air traffic control alarms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alarms, alerts, and warnings are critical to maintaining safety in the National Airspace System and should be designed to support aircraft separation as well as supplementary tasks such as weather avoidance. The purpose of this study is to validate a novel alarm design framework by asking air traffic controllers to evaluate an existing alarm. The authors invited four air traffic controllers to participate in a structured interview that is part of a novel Signal Design Framework. Controllers were asked a series of scripted questions about 15 specific alarm properties. They were then asked to choose the three properties most important to the design of the conflict alert. Lastly, controllers were asked a series of questions about the overall quality of the taxonomy and its potential for impacting aviation safety. All participants agreed that the taxonomy captured all the important characteristics of an alarm and that no gaps or failures existed in the alarm framework. They also agreed that the framework was easy to understand, that the structured interview was easy to understand, and that applying the framework to alarm design and revision would improve alarm ease of use, reduce confusion, and improve overall safety. The structured interview encouraged controllers to think about the Conflict Alert and helped them to develop novel solutions that could potentially improve this alarm in the Air Traffic Control environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Dec 2023 13:55:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294447</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NASR—The FAA's System for Managing Aeronautical Information</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2148826</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Airspace System Resource (NASR) System provides the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the means for storing and maintaining a reference database with descriptive details of the National Airspace System's (NAS's) infrastructure and the operational status of all components. NASR, completed in January 1999 and declared operational in March 1999, assures the FAA of current and accurate information available on the framework upon which Air Traffic Control and other FAA activities are overlaid. NASR supports the management of NAS data used by the FAA, chart producers, military and other Government entities to produce a variety of aeronautical publications. In addition, NASR data is accessed by commercial air carriers, flight planners, and flight systems developers as required by FAA regulation to support the safety-of-flight mission. NASR is a client-server system employing a graphical user interface (GUI) for aeronautical information specialists (AIS) accessing NAS data. The primary requirements were that it be a reliable and maintainable system with simplified access to NAS data. The database includes over 1,500 data elements in over 350 tables, and provides access to the data by virtue of four temporally-different views; the analysts use over 400 user forms to access and manage NASR's data contents. Looking towards the future, interfaces with data sources and those systems dependent upon NASR information are being automated. It is planned that users will have access to an external website holding a copy of the latest database contents updated on a daily basis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2023 09:19:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2148826</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Public Concerns for Unmanned Aerial System Operations in the National Airspace System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2194356</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Unites States commercial unmanned aerial system (UAS) market was valued at $99.6 million in 2020 and is projected to reach $3.7 billion by 2030. Applications for these commercial UAS range from risk mitigation and surveillance to package delivery. Coupled with these emerging applications are the unique factors that arise with a commercial UAS’s compact size and low-altitude flights among the civilian populace. In this work, a value model was created to attempt to aid in determining the infringement of a UAS operation configuration on a civilian environment. Value functions were developed in an additive model that measures infringement (a UAS’s encroachment or trespass on a right or privilege of a civilian) based on these attributes. The resulting value model was tested by running 100,000 random simulations. Analysis of the simulation results and sensitivity analysis of the model showed that fleet size, proximity, duration of the operation within a certain proximity, and total operation duration were the attributes that drove a UAS operation’s infringement on an environment. A use case of an Amazon delivery application was then examined. This is a realistic scenario simulated to study if duration of an operation and time near a structure are kept to a minimum, the infringement of an operation remained low. This study provides initial determination of how infringement of UAS can be quantified and what infringement values may look like for different operational scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 2023 09:38:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2194356</guid>
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