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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Developing Digital Tools to Enhance Visual Inspection of Bridges During Extreme Climate Events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Compared to the development of low carbon emission technologies such as EV, the adaptation of existing transport infrastructure to increase its ability to absorb and recover from the effects of climate change is relatively unexplored. Bridges form a critical link in our transport systems, and many have a design life exceeding 100 years. Therefore, they are one of the key climate-change relevant elements that needs to be considered when future proofing our transport networks. With substantial maintenance backlogs worldwide and limited budgets, the bridge management process is becoming increasingly critical to support connectivity across our regions. Existing bridge management systems have significant limitations. They often operate in isolation from other asset management tools and lack interoperability with geographical, societal, and climate-related data sets. These systems have limited capability to incorporate data from sensors, leaving engineering judgment as the primary decision-making factor within constrained time and financial resources. To address these challenges, it is essential to develop comprehensive bridge management systems that integrate with various data sources. This paper provides an overview of the current bridge management process in Northern Ireland and presents a number of interventions to improve the robustness of the decision-making process including enhanced interoperability with other data sources and improved inspector training using virtual reality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580062</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The value of green and blue space: Walkability and house prices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2500652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban green and blue spaces are important amenities within highly urbanised areas which offer social, economic and ecological benefits and provide a number of valuable direct and indirect ecosystem of services to surrounding land uses, urban households integral to sustainable urban development. Existing research has revealed that green and blue spaces are not uniform environmental amenities, but rather a set of distinct goods comprising aesthetic and hydro-morphological characteristics therefore which can influence property values. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine the heterogeneity of green and blue spaces using 4985 sales transactions applying quantile regression to investigate the proximity effects of these urban amenities on property prices within the Belfast Metropolitan area, Northern Ireland. The findings show premiums for green features range between 3.0 % and 3.6 %, with blue space proximity to the coastline and lakes commanding premiums of 7.3 % and 5.3 %. Conversely, walking distance to large rivers shows a negative pricing effect of 3.8 %. The results further reveal some evidence of distance decay effects with proximity for green and blue space amenities. The quantile findings show empirical evidence of a U-shape relationship for a number of the green space amenities, indicating that lower and higher priced houses value proximity to these urban amenities differently. For urban blue spaces, the findings reveal that living near to a lake or the coastline observes larger premiums for higher priced properties. Moreover, the highest priced dwellings exhibit a higher negative pricing effect with walkability to urban rivers than those in the lowest priced properties. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence to inform urban design and planning in line with sustainable development goals and biodiversity strategies for inclusive, and accessible public spaces within cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 16:57:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2500652</guid>
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      <title>Achieving Convergence in Land Use, Regeneration and Transport Policy, Belfast, Northern Ireland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores progress being made in the integration of land-use planning and transport policy in Belfast, Northern Ireland, one of the United Kingdom's most car dependent cities. A major study was intended to inform an understanding of the likely behavioral response to sustainable development policy initiatives, particularly increased densification of housing, using a multi-disciplinary framework. There were signs of some willingness to accept moderately higher densities on the basis that residents would be compensated by a lower than otherwise purchase price. The paper also offers insights into the appropriateness of existing analytical tools drawn from across disciplinary boundaries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Feb 2025 08:45:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2264135</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Group model building for developing systems-oriented solutions to reduce car dependency in Belfast, United Kingdom</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The continued prevalence of car dependency is a concern worldwide due to known negative health, social, economic, and environmental impacts. Belfast is a city in the United Kingdom with high levels of car dependency and car use. The most successful interventions to reduce the complex problem of car dependency combine a range of approaches, but how the influencing factors work together and interact to successfully achieve a change in car dependency is poorly understood. This study aimed to better understand the factors that influence the high levels of car dependency in the Belfast Metropolitan Area. We worked with 17 stakeholders to co-design a causal loop diagram to understand the complex system of car dependency in the city. The causal loop diagram reflects a shared understanding of car dependency and highlights the various mechanisms that are important for reducing car dependency. Twenty-three factors under the four themes of policy, infrastructure, economics, and social norms were identified and four key feedback loops between these themes are discussed. It is shown how individual behaviour in relation to travel mode choice is influenced by system-wide factors that, in the Belfast context, make car use the easiest and most convenient choice for the majority.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2024 16:27:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398614</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Can 20mph speed limit interventions influence liveability? A natural experiment using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Liveability (MAPS-Liveability) and Google Street View</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2349881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent meta-narrative review investigating 20mph speed limits on public health outcomes reported inconclusive findings and the limited scope of livability investigations. Consequently, the authors investigated the impact of 20mph speed limit interventions on livability using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Livability (MAPS-Livability) via Google Street View (GSV). MAPS-Livability provides a quantitative assessment of livability and its constructs (i.e., safety, health, sustainability, inclusivity, places, education, traffic/transport, roads, and pavements) at the micro-level (i.e., street). Google Street View enabled pre- and post-implementation data collection for Belfast (n = 68 streets) and Edinburgh (n = 76 streets) by two independent raters, with scores calculated for total livability and nine livability constructs. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (changes pre-to post-implementation), cluster analysis (identification of discrete street clusters), analysis of variance (differences within clusters) and analysis of covariance (differences between clusters) were undertaken. Clusters were mapped, street types identified, and clusters named by determining the predominant street type. In Belfast and Edinburgh, there were significant increases post-intervention for total livability, with 57.4% (n = 39) of streets in Belfast and 75% (n = 57) in Edinburgh seeing positive changes. Both cities also saw significant positive increases in the livability constructs of traffic/transport (e.g., speed signage) and places (e.g., presence of shops); with Edinburgh also seeing a significant positive increase post-intervention for pavements (e.g., quality). Cluster analysis identified three clusters “Mixed land use”, “Central Business District” and “Residential” with each showing positive changes for total livability and the construct of traffic/transport.20mph speed limit interventions were found to positively contribute to total livability and the specific livability construct of traffic/transport. This was particularly the case when 20mph speed limits were implemented on streets with dense mixed land use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Apr 2024 16:58:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2349881</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COVID-19, city centre streetscapes, and public health signage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors reflect on the changes to cityscapes during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors focus specifically on the relationships between COVID-19 communication, which took place via advertisements and messages located in urban spaces, and contemporary neoliberal politics. Particular attention is given to on-street official government public health communications and their visual impacts and wider socio-economic implications, exemplified through the lens of Belfast, Northern Ireland. The authors reflect on, first the transitions from pre-pandemic to pandemic streetscape signage and messages, secondly ephemerality in streetscapes under COVID-19 conditions, thirdly the rapidity of change in COVID-19 related public health signage and messages and finally structural constraints of COVID-19 related public health signage. This messaging has also made visible government responses to the pandemic and revealed official (re)emergent concerns (or lack of) for people’s health and well-being.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Aug 2023 09:08:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222617</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigating the impact of a 20 miles per hour speed limit intervention on road traffic collisions, casualties, speed and volume in Belfast, UK: 3 year follow-up outcomes of a natural experiment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2078062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2022 14:34:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2078062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Connectivity and physical activity: using footpath networks to measure the walkability of built environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is now a strong body of research that suggests that the form of the built environment can influence levels of physical activity, leading to an increasing interest in incorporating health objectives into spatial planning and regeneration. There have been a number of strands to this research, one of which has sought to develop objective measurements of the built environment using geographic information systems involving measures of connectivity and proximity to compare the relative ‘walkability’of different neighbourhoods. The development of the ‘walkability index’ has become a popular indicator of the spatial distribution of those built environment features that are considered to have the greatest positive influence on levels of physical activity. The success of this measure is built on its ability to capture succinctly correlates of physical activity using routinely available spatial data, which includes using road centre lines to measure connectivity. In this paper the authors discuss two key aspects of the walkability index. First, as suggested by others, that the use of a footpath network, rather than road centre lines, may be far more effective in evaluating walkability. This may be particularly important for assessing changes in walkability arising from pedestrian-focused infrastructure projects, such as greenways. Second, the authors explore the implications of this for how connectivity can be measured. The authors take six different measures of connectivity and first analyse the relationships between them and then test their correlation with actual levels of physical activity of local residents in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The authors find that the best measurements appear to be intersection density and metric reach and use this finding to discuss the implications for developing tools that may better support decision-making in spatial planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2022 16:54:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The processes of transport and public health policy change: 20mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2016, large scale 20mph speed limits were implemented in the cities of Edinburgh (Scotland) and Belfast (Northern Ireland). The fact that both cities succeeded in implementing 20mph speed limit interventions is important. They illustrate the processes of transport and public health policy change. This paper describes how 20mph speed limit interventions became a reality in the two cities. 	 	The authors adopted a qualitative case study method. Data were collected from available documents and interviews with stakeholders involved in the pre-implementation processes. Documents and interviews were analysed inductively using thematic analysis, and separately for each city. 	 	Five main themes were generated through the analysis: the national policy context of the two cities; political leadership; support for 20mph; opposition; and the key actions involved prior to implementation. In both cities the process took place over at least a ten year period and was piecemeal. However, the gradualist approach proved successful in gaining support for the schemes and minimising political and public backlash. These examples of policy success in Edinburgh and Belfast provide useful learning for other jurisdictions planning or thinking about similar transport and public health policy changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2022 09:18:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparison of safety risk acceptance principles for UK tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Safety-related investment decisions for tunnels rely on evidence of the benefits of risk reduction measures and when risks are considered acceptable. These decisions can be at the level of a policy across an organisation or a specific investment decision for a tunnel project. Across different sectors, established relevant good practice is used as a baseline for what will result in an adequate level of safety. Where relevant good practice is appropriate to the circumstances, then decisions on risk mitigation are relatively straightforward. Where established good practice does not exist, or is out of date, the decision making process is more complex. This article first presents a review of safety risk acceptance principles for UK tunnels, comparing principles adopted for rail tunnels, road tunnels, tunnels subject to buildings regulations, and tunnels in nuclear installations. Case studies are presented from each of these sectors. As more tunnels are constructed, including in densely populated cities, it is increasingly important to understand the grounds for decision making. Efficient allocation of resources needs to be weighed alongside uncertainty, loss prevention and the foreseeable impact of major tunnel incidents. This article identifies a lack of clear guidance on risk acceptance principles for tunnels, and makes recommendations for the factors that should be addressed by tunnel specific guidance. We highlight societal concerns, which are a significant factor in decision making over tunnel safety risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 May 2022 14:05:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Providing Public Transport in Cross-Border Regions – Mapping of Existing Services and Legal Obstacles: Case Study Report: Ferry Service Greenore (Ireland) – Greencastle (Great Britain)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This case study report presents the business model for the cross-border public ferry service Greenore (Republic of Ireland) – Greencastle (Northern Ireland, United Kingdom). This report is part of a series of 31 case studies developed in the framework of the study ‘Providing public transport in cross-border regions – Mapping of existing services and legal obstacles’. Spatial Foresight in cooperation with TCP international, TRT trasporti e territorio and EureConsult completed this study for the European Commission’s DG REGIO. The case studies highlight a variety of business models for cross-border public transport services. This includes governance arrangements and operational provisions to develop the service and address demand in border regions. These aspects will be introduced in section 2, as well as the territorial scope of the service. Section 3 presents key obstacles related to the business model as well as solutions. Section 4 is about lessons learnt from this case. This case study demonstrates the need for time to develop a cross-border ferry service in rural and remote areas between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Initial planning steps started in the early 1990s, however, it took until 2017 for the first ferry to cross Carlingford Lough. Given the timetables and operational details, the ferry is a good example of a service that is fully adjusted to the needs of tourists. In contrast, the local population benefits only to a limited extent during high season from the ferry connection. Given Brexit and the pandemic, the timing of the launch was unfortunate. The Carlingford Lough ferry had little time to build a foothold and recognition before first Brexit and then the pandemic hit. Nevertheless, the approach to developing and implementing the service included some salient good practices. In addition to the development of the detailed technical plans, this includes the intensive and exemplary public participation process. This became necessary because a very active interest group was formed on the Northern Ireland side, which was very sceptical about the project and exerted pressure on the actors. This pressure not only led to an unusually large number and variety of participatory approaches, but also to the implementation of diverse studies as well as comprehensive documentation of the entire participation process. The studies, documentation and resulting press articles form the basis for this case study. These were supplemented by an interview with the managing director of Carlingford Lough Ferry in mid-August 2021.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:42:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A qualitative exploration of the mechanisms, pathways and public health outcomes of a city centre 20mph speed limit intervention: The case of Belfast, United Kingdom</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1912861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Twenty miles per hour (mph) speed limits can impact the health of the public (e.g., road safety, active travel). However, a better understanding of how individuals experience 20mph limits is required, to ensure interventions are cognizant of perceptions and potential un/intended outcomes. Focus groups (n = 9, 60 participants) to explore the Belfast 20mph intervention highlighted divergent perspectives and experiences including: 12 mechanisms (e.g., limited awareness), 15 pathways (e.g., reduced driving speed to improved livability) and 10 public health outcomes (e.g., increased cyclist safety). Future interventions should consider un/intended outcomes and implement strategies to enhance effectiveness and mitigate harms (e.g., through training, enforcement).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Feb 2022 17:16:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1912861</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding the barriers to NET-ZERO transport for rural roads: a Northern Ireland case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1878112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Climate-related disasters have cost the world over £450 billion over the last 3 years. In the race to mitigate these effects, the UK government has committed to net-zero emissions by 2050. Transport provides the largest single sector contribution to CO₂ emissions, the road network accounts for up to 91%. As the only UK country without a formal climate change bill Northern Ireland could compromise the overall effort. CASE DESCRIPTION: In this research a survey of road asset owners, managers, academics, consultants, public transport providers was undertaken to seek to understand the current barriers to adapting a dispersed rural road network in Northern Ireland for net-zero transport. The survey data was collected though an online form with a combination of multiple choice and open ended questions. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyse the data collected which enabled a discussion around the key expert opinions gathered. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: The paper presents details of the current road network in Northern Ireland and highlights some of the issues faced by asset owners. The survey questions were developed though engagement with transport professionals in Northern Ireland and focus predominantly on road use rather than the impact of current land management practices or environmental conditions such as flood risk. The response highlights a clear enthusiasm for change in the operation of the public road network which is hindered by a lack of government strategy and limited public consultation. CONCLUSIONS: The high response rate (41%) for the survey highlights the interest of those in the transport sector to engage in activities which can support a better understanding of how road networks contribute to CO₂ emissions. Within the survey data a requirement for behavioural change was highlighted as a key step to reduce transport related emissions, the enthusiasm for change demonstrates this is the optimum time to engage with the public and develop clear transport strategies. More accurate findings and empirical evidence could have been established had the study considered specific, transport planning, environmental and land use conditions for Northern Ireland. This will be the focus of further research in this area to enable clear translation of the research to other countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Oct 2021 15:40:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1878112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of natural experimental studies to evaluate 20mph speed limits in two major UK cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reductions in traffic speed can potentially offer multiple health and public health benefits. In 2016, implementation of 20mph (30kph) speed limit interventions began in Edinburgh (city-wide) and Belfast (city center). The aims of this paper are to describe 1) the broad theoretical approach and design of two natural experimental studies to evaluate the 20mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast and 2) how these studies allowed us to test and explore theoretical mechanisms of 20mph speed limit interventions. The evaluation consisted of several work packages, each with different research foci, including the political decision-making processes that led to the schemes, their implementation processes, outcomes (including traffic speed, perceptions of safety, and casualties) and cost effectiveness. The authors used a combination of routinely and locally collected quantitative data and primary quantitative and qualitative data. The evaluation identified many contextual factors influencing the likelihood of 20mph speed limits reaching the political agenda. There were substantial differences between the two sites in several aspects related to implementation. Reductions in speed resulted in significant reductions in collisions and casualties, particularly in Edinburgh, which had higher average speed at baseline. The monetary value of collisions and casualties prevented are likely to exceed the costs of the intervention and thus the overall balance of costs and benefits is likely to be favorable. Innovative study designs, including natural experiments, are important for assessing the impact of ‘real world’ public health interventions. Using multiple methods, this project enabled a deeper understanding of not only the effects of the intervention but the factors that explain how and why the intervention and the effects did or did not occur. Importantly it has shown that 20mph speed limits can lead to reductions in speed, collisions and casualties, and are therefore an effective public health intervention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Aug 2021 10:37:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative parking policies : three examples from the United Kingdom</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1737833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As such, this report sets out research on some examples of parking best practice found in the UK. Specifically, it examines three types of scheme:  A residents’ parking scheme where charging rates are based on vehicles’ CO2 emissions in Richmond, a Borough of London;  “Cashing out” schemes which reward company employees for sustainable travel behaviour – for example, cycling to work – and penalise single occupancy car use;  “car-free” housing developments, of which there are a number in the bigger UK cities;]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 14:38:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1737833</guid>
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