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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>NORMALIZED BEHAVIOR OF CLAY UNDER IRREGULAR CYCLIC LOADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/308337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A systematic analysis of the undrained stress-strain behavior of clay under irregular cyclic simple shear loading is presented.  Seven specimens of an offshore clay consolidated to overconsolidation ratios of 1, 2, and 4 were subjected to different combinations of variable and nonsymmetric cyclic amplitudes using the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute direct simple shear device.  The test results show that (1) the behavior under such loads is influenced by several different factors, (2) among these factors the loading history and cyclic stiffness degradation are predominant, and (3) the irregular cyclic loading stress-strain curves can be described quite well by five rules that incorporate only these two factors.  Four out of these five rules are the extensions of two original and two extended Masing rules to the behavior of cyclically degrading clay.  The fifth rule is new.  The effects of the S-shaping of the stress-strain curves and the rate of loading on the applicability of the rules are also discussed.  The stress-strain curves are presented in the normalized form with respect to the vertical effective consolidation stress.  In this form they show quantitatively the same trends, indicating that such normalization is applicable to irregular cyclic loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 May 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/308337</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A NORMALIZING RELATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/308340</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is hypothesized that a normalized shear stress-strain curve for granular materials can be obtained by accounting fully for the effects of volume change.  In this sense, volume change behavior is a factor that controls the shear stress-strain behavior of a granular material.  This hypothesis is applied to Rowe's stress-dilatancy theory to include slip, rolling, rearrangement, and crushing strains, and a theoretical normalizing relation is obtained.  The relation is demonstrated to be reasonably correct for the published test data utilized in this study.  Differing fabrics of a granular material at the same void ratio can be corrected for by the normalizing relation.  The hypothesis is also applied to simple shear behavior and an empirical normalizing relation is obtained.  On the basis of the success of the normalizing relation, it is suggested that the volume change rate at 4% axial strain may be, in relation to shear behavior, a more appropriate characterizing parameter than void ratio.  However, owing to the long-standing use and acceptance of void ratio, the concept of a reference void ratio, determined by specific sample preparation and testing procedures, is introduced as a characterizing parameter for granular materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 May 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/308340</guid>
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      <title>PAVEMENT FRICTION MEASUREMENT NORMALIZED FOR OPERATIONAL, SEASONAL, AND WEATHER EFFECTS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/299548</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the validation of models previously developed to normalize pavement friction measurements to standard environmental and operational conditions.  In addition, recommendations are reported to improve the techniques and equipment for pavement friction measurement. Two models were examined for normalization of weather-related and seasonal variation of pavement friction. Their performance was found to be comparable, but the generalized prediction model is more readily applied than the mechanistic model, which requires knowledge of the percent normalized gradient of the pavements to be adjusted. The suggested procedure for normalization requires that three pavements of each class in a homogeneous climate be tested once per month during the testing season.  The data then can be used to develop the coefficients in the models to adjust single measurements of all other pavements to standard conditions.  Two recommendations are made for improving pavement friction measurement equipment and techniques.  The first suggests the use of current equipment with both smooth-treaded and ribbed standard test tires. The second requires modification to the equipment but provides for simpler instrumentation in that it is possible to eliminate the force transducer.  This system uses the acceleration of the test tire during the spinup after being locked as the indication of pavement friction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/299548</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ROAD CHARACTERISTICS AND SKID TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/302404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports the results of many years of skid tests and macrotexture and microtexture measurements as well as newer sets of data obtained during a mini-test conducted in connection with a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study to develop a normalization procedure for seasonal effects.  The mini-test was concerned mainly with the variation of skid number as a function of placement on the pavement; both lateral and longitudinal placement were examined.  It was found that longitudinal placement was not significant if the entire test section was uniform; however, lateral placement is very important, as it can result in the skid numbers differing by more than 10.  All of the data available from this mini-test and previous tests were used to correlate macrotexture, microtexture, speed gradient data, and ribbed- and blank-tire skid numbers.  Linear correlations between texture measurements and skid numbers and between speed gradient data and skid numbers were found to be adequate in the normal range of measured skid numbers. Further work is needed before limiting values can be established.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Dec 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/302404</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSIT SYSTEM DESIGNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/288335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the most important but underdeveloped parts of the transit planning process is the evaluation of alternative designs. The results from evaluation studies provide a basis for decision making. Evaluation of alternative transit system designs is now even more important because of reduced public funds. A computer-based multicriteria method using concordance analysis is described and applied to evaluate alternative transit system designs. Development of objectives and criteria, normalization methods, and the use of relative important weights are presented. A nonlinear method of normalization technique that uses a logistic curve is introduced. The shape of this curve can be varied by the user. An application of the multicriteria evaluation methodology to five alternative transit system designs is presented to illustrate how the best design can be identified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/288335</guid>
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      <title>SECTION II: SPECIFIC ECONOMIC FEATURES OF RAILWAY PASSENGER SERVICES IN LARGE CONURBATIONS SITUATION IN THE PARIS REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/139461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to be able to make the correct choice between the various solutions available to the problems posed by daily commuter traffic in large conurbations, it is necessary that compaisons be made by means of the cost benefit technique. This requires detailed analysis, backed by statistical information where possible, of the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. The use of this method, is nevertheless frequent and instances may be quoted of its application in the field of suburban transport. All studies show that beyond a certain number of daily journeys on a given route, it is more economical to use public transport than private transport. Certain measures are, however, necessary to enable priority in favor of public transport: statutory or fiscal measures must be taken to limit the use of the motor car in some areas; public transportation undertakings will benefit from a "normalization" process which will enable them to balance their receipts and expenditures; the infrastructure and rolling stock investment should be the total or partial responsibility of the community to the extent that public transport users are not the only beneficiaries of such investments. The application of these principles to the case of suburban services operated by railway administrations is discussed, as is also, the coordination of serveral undertakings in a conurbation.  In a discussion of the economy of rail passenger transport in the Paris region, the basic features of commuter traffic are summarized, the organization of public transport in Paris is described, and consideration is given to the economic problems facing passenger transport. suburban transport undertaking. The transportation networks in the suburban areas of provincial towns of France are briefly reviewed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/139461</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STATISTICS OF ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/138763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Free flowing traffic is modeled by randomly distributed sources on a line.  Statistical parameters of the noise emitted from point sources of equal strength are derived in terms of the cumulants of the intensity normalized by its mean.  The probability distribution of the normalized intensity is calculated from the cumulants by series expansions based on the type III distribution (related to the chi-square probability function) for the semi-infinite source line, and on the Poisson distribution for the short finite source line.  It is shown by several examples that consideration of the type III distribution alone (or of the Poisson distribution alone, in the respective cases) is sufficient with respect to both the evaluation of percentile levels and the calculation of the mean and variance of the level distribution.  The theoretical results are found to be consistent with field data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/138763</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STATISTICAL CONTROL IN PAVEMENT DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/109528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH STATISTICAL CONTROLS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO CRITICAL ASPECTS OF PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ARE EXEMPLIFIED BY REFERENCE TO A SERIES OF STABILIZED AND UNSTABILIZED TEST SECTIONS BEING INCORPORATED IN A NEW ROAD IN NEW SOUTH WALES. GRADING, COMPACTION, PLASTICITY INDEX AND RESUKUEBCE NIDYKYS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE ESSENTIL DESIGN ELEMENTS, AND SOME COMMENTS ARE MADE ON THE COST RISK RELATIONSHIP. /TRRLI/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/109528</guid>
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