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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A Quasi-Two-Dimensional Approach in Laminar Flow of Lubricating Oil and Grease</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overarching objective of the present study is to apply a quasi-two-dimensional approach to analyze the laminar flow of lubricating oil. Lubricating oils are non-Newtonian by nature. For these types of oils, the Sisko fluid model is the most suitable model of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship for these types of oils. It is hoped that by omitting the dependence of flow quantities in one direction, more qualitative information can be obtained on the characteristics of the purely three-dimensional boundary layer flow of lubricating oils. Some of the most familiar flow geometries discussed are steady flow over a flat plate, a corner of a wedge, and a stagnation region; steady flow in a convergent and divergent channel; and impulsively started flow over an infinite flat plate and semi-infinite flat plate. The governing equations of all flow geometries are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) using the free parameter transformation. The results are discussed briefly in the graphical presentation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604482</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Understanding Soot Mediated Oil Thickening: Rotational Rheology Techniques to Determine Viscosity and Soot Structure in Peugeot XUD-11 BTE Drain Oils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1790858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Association des Constructeurs Européen d'Automobiles (ACEA) light duty diesel engine specifications requires a kinematic viscosity measurement technique for Peugeot XUD-11 BTE drain oils. This viscosity measurement is used to define the medium temperature dispersivity of soot in the drain oil. This paper discusses the use of rotational rheology methods to measure the Newtonian character of XUD-11 drain oils. The calculation of the rate index using the Hershel Bulkley model indicates the level of non-Newtonian behavior of the drain oil and directly reflects the level of soot dispersion or agglomeration. This study shows that the more non-Newtonian the drain oil the greater the difference between kinematic and rotational viscosity measurements. Oscillation (dynamic) rheological techniques are used to characterize build up of soot structure. The storage modulus (G′) correlates with flow curve measurements for the ‘test pass’ drain oils and is inversely related to the rate index value. The more non-Newtonian the drain oil the higher the storage modulus and the lower the rate index. G′ is temperature dependent with structure build up occurring at 70-80°C for the more non-Newtonian drain oils. Increased soot level does not correlate to the levels of non-Newtonian behavior and soot structure build up. Structure build up is time dependent at temperatures where G′ is high and the drain is non-Newtonian.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 09:49:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1790858</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Bingham fluid sloshing phenomenon modelling and investigating in a rectangular tank using SPH method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1854743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the present work, the sloshing phenomenon in a rectangular tank with non-Newtonian Bingham fluid is modeled. The numerical method used is the Incompressible Smoothed particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) method. In the present study, first, a proper algorithm has been developed for modeling the Bingham fluid with the free surface. The method is validated by the famous previous works and experimental results. Then, to investigate the behavior of Bingham fluid, first, a proper Bingham number for sloshing phenomena is defined and the results are extracted according to this number. Three different Bingham numbers are considered and sloshing phenomena are analyzed and discussed for each of them. Finally, the effect of the baffle on the control of the sloshing phenomenon for the Bingham fluid is examined. The results show that increasing the Bingham number decreases the amplitude of the sloshing phenomenon. Also, the vertical baffle significantly controls the sloshing phenomenon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jun 2021 12:35:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1854743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rheological characterisation of unmodified and modified bitumen in the 90–200°C temperature regime</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Developing an understanding of the compaction mechanics during the production process of the bituminous mixture is an essential step in the construction of bituminous pavement. As the binder is mixed with the aggregate particles and subjected to compaction, the binder exhibits interesting transitions from a Newtonian fluid to a non-Newtonian fluid and finally to a viscoelastic fluid. The state-of-art related to determining the mixing and compaction temperature for unmodified and modified binders identify the corresponding viscosities at a specific shear rate, and temperature, however, the complete rheological behaviour of the material during the entire compaction regime is ignored. This investigation tries to address the gap by carrying out the rheological characterisation for one unmodified binder and three modified binders (elastomer, plastomer and crumb rubber) in the temperature regime of 90–200  C. Three protocols were developed for this purpose considering the influence of temperature and shear history. The effect of modification was distinct in the case of elastomer and crumb rubber-modified bitumen, while the rheological response of plastomer-modified bitumen showed a negligible influence of modification. The use of appropriate non-Newtonian models to explain the response of the material for specific cases is demonstrated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2020 11:04:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1716886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT CEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/100106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT CEMENTS IS STUDIED BY APPLICATION OF MICRORHEOLOGICAL AND REACTION KINETIC PRINCIPLES. THIS INVESTIGATION INCLUDES BOTH THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ANOMALOUS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALTS THROUGH MEASUREMENTS OF VISCOSITY, COMPLEX FLOW, AND THIXOTROPY. THE THEORIES RELATED TO THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL STRUCTURE ON THE NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTS IS REVIEWED AND THE SHEAR DEPENDENCE OF VISCOSITY IS DISCUSSED. THE EFFECT OF THE FLOW OF MACROMOLECULAR UNITS AS DISTINGUISHED FROM THE FLOW OF A SINGLE MOLECULE ON THE OBSERVED NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR IS EMPHASIZED. IT IS INDICATED THAT THE DEGRADATION OF THESE FLOW UNITS IS THE CONTROLLING FACTOR IN THE ANOMALOUS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN THE MATERIAL AS A RESULT OF APPLICATION OF SHEAR STRESS IS PRESENTED. THE NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIORS WHICH ARE RELATED TO THESE STRUCTURAL CHANGES ARE STUDIED BY APPLICATION OF A REACTION KINETIC PRINCIPLE. THE UTILIZATION OF THIS PRINCIPLE YIELDS AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR THE REACTION BETWEEN THE BROKEN AND UNBROKEN PORTIONS OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE. TO CONIRM THE ABOVE THEORIES, EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ASPHALT CEMENTS BY UTILIZATION OF A SLIDING PLATE MICROVISCOMETER. THE RHEOLOGICAL DATA WERE COLLECTED AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES RANGING FROM 60 DEGREES F. TO 122 DEGREES F. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/100106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRESSURE LOSS EQUATIONS FOR LAMINAR AND TURBULENT NON-NEWTONIAN PIPE FLOW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/486979</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The equations that define Newtonian pipe flow are well established and used routinely by engineers and scientists throughout the world.  The same cannot be said for non-Newtonian flows, which have a higher degree of complexity.  This paper presents a coherent set of equations for the laminar and turbulent flow of Herschel-Bulkley fluids.  These equations are consistent with those used for Newtonian fluids and previous work on the behavior of generalized non-Newtonian fluids.  A numerical model for non-Newtonian flows is discussed and has been compared with experimental measurements from different sources.  This model has been used to run a series of simulations to find the coefficients required for a new turbulent friction factor correlation.  A new Reynolds number has been defined that represents the conditions in turbulent flows more realistically than the existing Metzner-Reed Reynolds number.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/486979</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRAG REDUCING FLUIDS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drag reducing and non-Newtonian fluids, along with some studies on elastohydrodynamics, are researched. Theory, chemical formulations, test procedures, and applications are included. (This updated bibliography contains 273 abstracts, 26 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLUID DYNAMICS--NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article the author briefly summarizes and in certain instances comments on some of the numerous papers on non-Newtonian flow which appeared during the period, January-December 1974.  The objective has been to cover a fairly representative cross-section of the literature rather than concentrate on any particular specialty area.  At the outset, the author gives the exact definition of "non- Newtonian fluid" as any material, qualitatively, at least, fluid-like in nature, which does not follow Stokes' constitutive equation.  The survey is grouped into five main categories - constitutive theories; fundamental experiments with non-Newtonian fluids; polymer processing; theoretical analysis using non-Newtonian fluids; and miscellaneous.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/35699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MINERAL SLURRY PIPELINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/28590</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The subject of slurry pipelining has received much attention by a small group of technical and business people for many years.  Although the casual observer may not be able to identify a specific application, we are surrounded by such systems.  The most obvious of these is the city sewer system.  Other common examples are dredging and well-drilling operations, chemical and other plant process pipelines, and, more recently, bulk materials handling systems.  Pipelines are capital intensive and are, therefore, less subject to inflationary pressures.  As little as 30% of the slurry transport charge may be related to actual operating expenses.  Of this, about half may be attributed to power charges which, historically, have been stable in price.  This leaves about 15% of the total transport charge vulnerable to escalations in price for labor and supplies.  Pipelines are frequently buried and, therefore, not readily apparent to the general public.  This is a definite advantage in today's environmentally conscious society.  Pipelines lend themselves to a high degree of automation.  This automation is frequently backed by resident operators in remote areas, and the combination of automatic systems attended by competent operators appears to offer the best combination of system availability and minimum personnel requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/28590</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TURBULENT FLOW OF INELASTIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN PIPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The turbulent momentum transport theories in pipes are discussed.  The most complete Gill and Scher theory is compared with the non-Newtonian data on power law, non-power and Bingham plastic fluids.  It has been shown that the Newtonian turbulent theory can be applied to non-Newtonian fluids also.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRANSITIONAL AND TURBULENT PIPEFLOW OF PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/38471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A modified mixing length model is developed which permits the computation of velocity distributions and frictional pressure losses for transitional and turbulent pipe flow of viscous, inelastic non-Newtonian fluids.  The rheological model assumed is the empirical power law.  The method represents an improvement over previous worker' results.  The data of several authors, most of which could not be harmonized by previous models, are shown to be fully compatible with the present method.  The Dodge-Metzner-Reed, "generalized Reynolds number" method of correlation is shown to be inappropriate for transitional and turbulent flow.  It is further shown  that acceptable models of transitional and turbulent flow must correctly account for rheological behavior of the fluid.  The proposed method expressly excludes viscoelastic effects. The method is suitable for engineering pipeline design computations and requires only a knowledge of power-law index n to permit computation of velocity profiles and friction factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/38471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION IN FLOW OF PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS WITH YIELD STRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/24748</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An anlysis of the laminar-turbulent transition behavior of power law non-Newtonian fluids with yield stresses reveals that considerable interaction occurs between the characterizing parameters m and Hedstrom number for low power law indexes, m.  In particular, for m less than 0.4 small yield stresses tend to destabilize the flow wheras large ones stabilize it.  The results of this analysis suggest that in order to obtain correct predictions and interpretations of transitional and turbulent flows of non-Newtonian fluids, a correct modeling of the viscous rheological behavior of the fluid is essential.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/24748</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNIVERSAL FORM OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTION FOR NON-NEWTONIAN POWER-LAW FLUIDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the laminar boundary layer flow of a non-Newtonian fluid, obeying the power-law model, past an arbitary two-dimensional surface. The universal form of the boundary layer equation, such that neither the equation nor the boundary conditions depend on the particular conditions of the problem, is derived.  This universality is achieved by introducing a set of parameters expressing the influence of external conditions characteristic of a particular problem into a number of independent variables.  The universal equation is solved numerically by a parameter approximation.  Using this solution several particular problems are analyzed in detail.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Oct 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MOTION AND MASS TRANSFER OR FLUID SPHERES IN NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/20113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approximate expressions of stream functions related to fluid spheres are obtained for external and internal fluids in non-Newtonian systems described by the power law model. Motion and mass transfer of fluid spheres in non-Newtonian systems are considered by using these approximate stream functions.  Drag coefficient is evaluated by the energetic approximate method.  Unsteady mass transfer to fluid spheres is analyzed by use of similarity transformations. Comparisons between the present analysis and experimental data available in the literature show good agreement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Oct 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/20113</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN SLURRIES AND SUSPENSIONS IN PIPELINE SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of the particle weight, interparticle forces and the hydrodynamic interactions between the particles and liquid, as factors in the determination of the behavior of solid-in-liquid systems.  It is shown that these lead to the two types of non-Newtonian behavior--settling suspensions and homogeneous slurries. The behavior of these fluids in pipeline flow is discussed.  The different procedures required for the design of pipelines to handle such fluids.  The methods used for the calculation of pressure losses in pipe fittings, such as bends, changes in pipe diameter and valves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Sep 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5176</guid>
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