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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Critical distance-based probabilistic fatigue analysis of base-material notches in steel bridges considering size effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Notch fatigue significantly challenges the structural integrity of notched components in engineering. This study improved traditional theory of critical distance (TCD) by refining its effective stress formula and critical distance model, while also incorporating Weibull distribution to develop probabilistic fatigue assessment frameworks. Subsequently, the feasibility of these frameworks was validated using fatigue test data from typical notched specimens made of Al2024-T351 and En3B materials. Based on this validation, P-S-N curves for typical notched details in steel bridges were estimated. The results show that the predicted P-S-N curves closely align with fatigue test data and have lower prediction errors than traditional TCD, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed frameworks in evaluating typical notched details in steel bridges. Additionally, these P-S-N curves offer a potential for assessing the probabilistic fatigue life of similar notched details in steel bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 10:39:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2454658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Practical Fatigue Strength Evaluation Method for Weld Root Crack</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For developing a simple and practical method for weld root fatigue assessment, the authors have evaluated effective notch stress at weld toes and weld roots using a three cargo hold shell element model of bulk carrier, where very fine solid elements are locally embedded in order to simulate weld details such as root face, root gap, weld leg length and weld height. The authors also have evaluated hot spot stress using a fine shell element model. According to analysis results, it is found that the ratio of the effective notch stress range of a weld root to that of a weld toe does not significantly depend upon either loading conditions (such as homogeneous cargo loading and heavy ballast conditions) or wave conditions, but mainly depends upon the surrounding structural arrangements and member scantlings. Taking advantage of these findings, the authors have developed a simple and practical evaluation method to estimate the fatigue strength of weld roots using a conventional cargo hold shell element model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974313</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling of Fatigue Cracking in Asphalt Materials Based on the Paris Law with an Initialization Term—Calibration from Notched and Unnotched Specimens</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2138307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article aims at presenting a thermo-mechanical model dedicated to fatigue cracking in bituminous material. The model calibration based on two-point bending (2PB) fatigue tests performed on specimens of bitumen-bound sand is also detailed. In the model, crack growth is handled by the Paris law considering the initialization term Nini. This parameter represents the number of loading cycles required to initiate a short macrocrack of length a0 from which the Paris law can be applied. The tests utilized for calibration and comparison with the numerical simulations are performed on notched and unnotched trapezoidal samples, for different levels of imposed displacement amplitude. The parameters of the Paris law are determined using the notched specimens (a0 being assimilated to the notch depth) except for Nini, which is deduced from the difference in lifetime duration between the tests carried out on notched and unnotched specimens. The full calibration procedure described thereafter has the advantage to not depend on the choice of a0. It is shown that the simulations run for the calibrated model are globally in good agreement with the test results obtained for both types of samples and for all the imposed displacement amplitudes. Finally, the model is used to predict the response of four-point bending tests carried out on the same bitumen-bound sand, considering the input parameters determined from the 2PB tests. The intrinsic nature of the model is evaluated through its ability to simulate both types of tests using the same set of material parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 10:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2138307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Cracking Patterns and Properties with Internal Curing and Active Cracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transverse cracking in continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) develops over time and may exhibit irregular patterns such as cluster cracks, Y-shaped cracks, and divided cracks. These undesirable cracking patterns can increase the probability of premature spalling and punchouts. Ideally, a uniform transverse cracking pattern with small crack widths leads to favorable long-term performance in CRCP. An experimental field project was constructed with internally cured concrete and active cracking to control crack initiation timing, patterns, and properties. Prewetted fine lightweight aggregate was used for internal curing, and edge notches of 2?in. depth and 2?ft length every 4?ft along the test section were sawcut for active crack control. The three experimental CRCP sections in Illinois were monitored for crack spacing, crack width, and formation of undesirable cracks over a 4-year period. Internally cured concrete significantly reduced the undesirable crack patterns relative to the control section. Internally cured concrete coupled with active crack concrete produced superior crack patterns and properties, that is, uniform crack spacing of 3.6?ft without cluster cracks, 0.2?mm surface crack width, and only a small number of undesirable cracks. Active crack control produced a higher number of transverse cracks near the terminal joint (last 150?ft) compared with the control section. Moisture and temperature management with active crack control during construction of the CRCP provided a desirable crack pattern and properties that should increase the overall service life of a pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Feb 2021 16:00:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance enhancement analysis of brushless permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper considers brushless machine which is already existing in electric vehicle application. The main objective is to reduce the cogging torque and enhance the electromagnetic and thermal performance of brushless permanent magnet synchronous machine (BLPMSM). This can be achieved through optimised stator and rotor design by introducing notches in stator teeth as well as optimising the magnet dimensions in rotor. The electromagnetic analysis of machine is performed using transient 2D with motion solver in MagNet simulation software and the thermal analysis of machine is simulated using ThermNet software. Based on the optimisation results, proposed machine is modelled and simulated for electromagnetic and thermal analysis. Finally the proposed machine is tested with electric vehicle powertrain simulation block sets. The simulation results show that the proposed concept of notching technique along with optimised parameters can be suitable for enhancing the performance of electric vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2020 14:28:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Tensile Behavior of 0.22% Carbon Steel with Notched Specimen Subjected to Corrosive Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[

Carbon steels are the most versatile load bearing material, and these materials are used in the form of structures, construction, and equipment. The role of environment on these materials under loaded conditions is unique in every application, which requires, through experimental findings, to probe into any failure, which needs, through experimental investigation for future life prediction of, new candidate materials. In the above view it was proposed to investigate the notch effect and different corrosive environment on steel under different loading condition. The methodology of the research experiments briefly included:selection of 0.22% carbon steel; preparation of tensile samples and making notches; exposure of these samples (unloaded) to different environmental conditions; creation of the different controlled corrosive environment in a closed chamber for different time periods; immediately after specified exposure periods the tensile loading experiments were carried out in universal testing machine to obtain tensile properties. In this research we revealed the effect of notch and corrosive environment on the tensile properties of 0.22% carbon steel.
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:42:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704250</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Measures against Spot Weld Fracture of Ultra-High-Strength Steel Frame (Fifth Report)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1668729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fracture by tensile loading could be made cause in heat affected zone around the spot weld point. On this report, the flange shape which reduces the tensile stress was considered by 4 point bending test simulation. Concretely, some notches were given between the spot weld zone on the flange. Some analysis results of showed the fracture was restrained by the notches. Additionally, the better notch shape was considered based on the results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2019 16:26:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1668729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Critical Region Method-based Fatigue Life Prediction of Notched Steel Wires of Long-span Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1641342</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Huge uncertainty exists in the corrosion process, and the dimensions of corrosion pits are quite random in practical engineering. Corrosion pit-induced stress concentration accelerates the initiation of fatigue cracks, ultimately reducing the fatigue life of bridge sling. This paper proposes a critical region method to predict the fatigue life of notched steel wires. This method considers the critical distance and the average stress amplitude of notched specimen. Fatigue loading tests on various notched steel wires are performed to simulate the effects of corrosion pit morphologies on the performance of steel wires. The relationships between notch dimensions and the fatigue lives of specimens are discussed. Following that, a fine-mesh three-dimensional solid model of notched steel wire is established by finite element method. The stress concentration coefficients and the stress distribution near the notch root are investigated, and the critical distance is also determined according to the local stress gradient of notched steel wire. The critical region-based fatigue life prediction method is validated using experimental fatigue life results of notched steel wires. A good agreement is observed between the theoretical predictions and experimental observations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Sep 2019 09:15:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1641342</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Notches on Surface Pressure Fluctuations Downstream of a Leading Edge Spoiler</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Notched spoilers have been observed to be more effective than uniform spoilers to suppress the flow-induced cavity resonance of vehicles with open sunroofs. In this study, a few mechanisms possibly involved in buffeting suppression from notched spoilers were investigated experimentally and numerically. One objective was to investigate the spatial coherence and phase of the wall pressure fluctuations downstream of notched spoilers in comparison with the same quantities for uniform spoilers. Another objective was to gather detailed measured data to allow the verification of computer simulations of the flow over the notched spoiler. Experiments were performed to measure the velocity and wall pressure fields downstream of spoilers mounted on the rigid floor of a closed test section wind tunnel for different spoiler heights. Efforts were made to reproduce the spoiler and wind tunnel geometry and boundary conditions of the experimental set-up in the numerical simulations. The numerical investigation used the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), with the so-called Very Large Eddy Simulation (VLES) viscosity turbulence model. The results of the numerical investigation were in satisfactory agreement with measured data at low frequencies, where buffeting is expected to occur. The results clearly showed that the notches act as streamwise vortex generators. They reduced spoiler drag, resulting in an upstream shift of the flow reattachment region. The results confirmed that the streamwise vortices break down the homogeneity of the leading edge cross-stream vortices predominantly responsible for the cavity excitation. This decreased the cross-stream coherence of the surface pressure field, thereby reducing the magnitude of the net equivalent excitation force acting over the surface downstream.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Sep 2018 09:33:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Evaluation of Notched Plate Specimens by the Battelle Structural Stress Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1433024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the applicability of the finite element-based, mesh insensitive Battelle structural stress method is demonstrated for fatigue life predictions of notched specimens (non-welded) with different specimen types, and notch shapes. Well-documented notch fatigue data were analyzed using the Battelle structural stress fatigue evaluation procedure, including notched plate fatigue data for steel and aluminum alloys.         The effectiveness of the Battelle structural stress procedure has been demonstrated in a series of earlier publications for welded structures with different joint types, plate thicknesses, and loading modes. Here, a similar Battelle structural stress procedure suitable for finite element modeling and service life simulations is proposed for structures with notches. Unlike weld fatigue data, the crack propagation portion of the fatigue life associated with a notch does not always dominant the total number of cycles to failure. It depends on the stress state at the notch tip. Also, mean stress effects can be seen clearly in S-N curves for notched fatigue data.         Based on the characteristics of the notch stress, a structural stress calculation procedure for notched plates is proposed. A characteristic ligament size is introduced for the equivalent structural stress range calculation. It is found that fatigue test data for notched specimens can be effectively collapsed onto a single master S-N curve regardless of notch geometry, notch stress concentration factor, and mean stress. The proposed procedure can be utilized for fatigue life predictions of notched plates.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 16:24:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1433024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling of Failure Modes of Gas Metal Arc Welds in Notched Lap-Shear Specimens of HSLA Steel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1433719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The failure modes of gas metal arc welds in notched lap-shear specimens of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel are investigated. Notched lap-shear specimens of gas metal arc welds were first made. Quasi-static test results of the notched lap-shear specimens showed two failure locations for the welds. The specimens cut from coupons with shorter weld lengths failed near the weld root whereas the specimens cut from coupons with longer weld lengths failed near the weld toe. Micro-hardness tests were conducted in order to provide an assessment of the mechanical properties of the base metal, the heat affected zone, and the weld metal. In order to understand the failure modes of these welds, finite element models were developed with the geometric characteristics of the weld metals and heat affected zones designed to match those of the micrographs of the cross sections for the long and short welds. Three-dimensional finite element analyses were conducted with consideration of micro void nucleation and growth. The distributions of the void volume fraction and the necking modes near the welds shown from the finite element analyses correlate well with the failure modes observed in the experiments.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 16:23:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1433719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Testing of Precast Paving Notch System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridge approach pavement settlement and the resulting formation of ‘bumps’ at the end of bridges is a recurring problem on a number of Iowa bridges. One of the contributing factors in this settlement is failure of the bridge paving notch. A paving notch (also known as a corbel or a paving support) consists of a horizontal shelf constructed on the rear of a bridge abutment and is used to support the adjacent roadway pavement. The conventional repair procedure for this problem typically consists of removing the deteriorated paving notch concrete while preserving as much of the existing reinforcing  steel as possible; construction of wood forms; and placement of a cast-in-place (CIP) concrete paving notch followed by replacement of the approach slab pavement. As an alternative to the conventional paving notch construction, a precast paving notch system was proposed. The Iowa State University (ISU) Bridge Engineering Center (BEC) performed full-scale laboratory testing of the proposed paving notch replacement system. The objective of the testing program was to verify the structural capacity of the proposed precast paving notch system and to investigate the feasibility of the proposed solution. This report describes the laboratory testing procedure and discusses its results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2013 09:47:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Longitudinal Pavement Joint Performance: A Field Study of Infrared Heated and Notched Wedge Joint Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1238120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the findings of a field study in Maine, constructed during summer 2012 using two different joint technologies and an infrared heater. The Maine Department of Transportation has previously used an infrared heater and notch-wedge apparatus to improve longitudinal joint density on a trial basis. The goal of infrared joint heaters is to increase the temperature of the existing hot mix asphalt (HMA) material being paved against, in turn reducing the viscosity of the material and allowing the material to be compacted by the rollers. In contrast, the notch-wedge apparatus is designed to construct a precompacted, tapered mat edge with an adjustable vertical “notch” at the top and bottom of the lift.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2013 09:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1238120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A study on introduction of notch into thin-walled polygonal shell member to control plastic buckling behaviour in axial collapse</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/889183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Focusing upon finding an optimum shape of a crash box, which is one of the most important parts of an automobile body to absorb impact energy at the time of a collision, for ensuring large energy absorption, the effect of introducing notch into a crash box on controlling plastic buckling behaviour was examined by three-dimensional finite element analyses. The influences of notch shape and arrangement on the deformation mode of a polygonal crash box were numerically examined and an optimum range of the dimensions of notch was quantitatively determined for ensuring stable buckling deformation. As a result, a fundamental scheme to optimise the shape and arrangement of the notches to ensure large energy absorption was proposed, which is applicable to a crash box with optional cross-sectional shape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2009 07:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/889183</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Repeated and Sustained Loading on the Performance of Layered Wood–Concrete Composite Beams</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/850205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper investigates the influence of cyclic and sustained loading on the performance of layered wood–concrete composite beams interconnected by a notched connection detail. A number of composite beams were conditioned in a climate chamber in order to raise the wood moisture content from the ambient value (5–7%) to about 12%. Then the beams were subjected to 21,600  cycles of loading and unloading to simulate the typical live load frequency experienced by the floor of a commercial building over a 30-year service life. Finally, each individual beam was ramp loaded to failure to determine the ultimate load carrying capacity and composite efficiency. Additional beams were subjected to sustained load for 133  days in an unconditioned environment and then tested to failure. The main outcomes of the experimental program were: (1) relatively high beam stiffness and strength were achieved despite the use of few connectors; (2) two types of failure mechanisms were detected: either shear in the wood between the exterior notch and the beam end, or wood bending failure at midspan; (3) the cyclic loading increased the initial elastic deflection by 18% and reduced the beam stiffness by 9%, on average; (4) after 133  days of sustained load, the deflection increased by 59%, on average; and (5) the reduction in stiffness and in load capacity due to sustained loading was greater than that due to the cyclic loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 08:18:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/850205</guid>
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