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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic behaviour of mussel farm in currents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1532024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A numerical model of mussel farm in current was developed to analyse its hydrodynamic performance, in which the mussel dropper was simulated as a porous media. The Reynolds-Average Naiver–Stokes (RANS) equation was applied to simulate the flow around the mussel farm, and the Darcy–Forchheimer equation was adopted to consider the effect of the porous media. A slew of physical model tests were used to validate the numerical model. The results indicate that our numerical model is appropriate to investigate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the mussel droppers in current. The hydrodynamic performance of mussel farms in different water depths was numerically investigated. In addition, the influence of the mussel dropper density and the oblique current was analysed comprehensively. The results indicate that the shielding effect of mussel droppers is increased with the increasing water depth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 11:17:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1532024</guid>
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      <title>Potential of synthetic chalcone derivatives to prevent marine biofouling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1521380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biofouling represents a major economic, environmental and health concern for which new eco-friendly solutions are needed. International legislation has restricted the use of biocidal-based antifouling coatings, and increasing efforts have been applied in the search for environmentally friendly antifouling agents. This research work deals with the assessment of the interest of a series of synthetic chalcone derivatives for antifouling applications. Sixteen chalcone derivatives were synthesized with moderate yields (38–85%). Antifouling bioactivity of these compounds was assessed at different levels of biological organization using both anti-macrofouling and anti-microfouling bioassays, namely an anti-settlement assay using mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) larvae, as well as marine bacteria and microalgal biofilms growth inhibition bioassays. Results showed that three compounds (11, 12, and 16) were particularly active against the settlement of mussel larvae (EC₅₀ 7.24–34.63 μM), being compounds 12 and 16 also able to inhibit the growth of microfouling species (EC₅₀ 4.09–20.31 μM). Moreover, the most potent compounds 12 and 16 were found to be non-toxic to the non-target species Artemia salina (<10% mortality at 25 μM). A quantitative structure-activity relationship model predicted that descriptors describing the ability of molecules to form hydrogen bonds and encoding the shape, branching ratio and constitutional diversity of the molecule were implied in the antifouling activity against the settlement of mussel larvae. This work elucidates for the first time the relevance of synthesizing chalcone derivatives to generate new non-toxic products to prevent marine biofouling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:05:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1521380</guid>
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      <title>Environmental Considerations for Construction of Bridges and Protected Freshwater Mussel Species, a Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Kennerdell Bridge is located within the Allegheny River National Wild and Scenic River Corridor,  approximately 50 miles north of Pittsburgh. The former bridge was identified as being in fair-to-poor condition, with  the original main truss spans exhibiting the most serious deterioration.  Several bridge replacement options were  developed during informal consultation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) due to the known  occurrence of two federally endangered freshwater mussel (Unionidae) species, the clubshell ( Pleurobema clava ) and  the northern riffleshell ( Epioblasma torulosa rangiana ).  The selected option involved the replacement of the former  bridge, with the reuse of the existing river piers.  Field surveys of the proposed project area identified a diverse mussel population, including the listed species, around  the bridge. The results of the field survey triggered formal Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section (7) consultation with  the USFWS, and the development of a biological assessment. The required assessment included a  construction/demolition options evaluation, hydraulic and hydrologic analyses, and development and implementation  of a mussel relocation program as one mitigation measure to ameliorate impacts to the species.  Overall, 15,737 mussels representing 17 species were recovered and relocated.  A total of 529 federally endangered  northern riffleshell ( Epioblasma torulosa rangiana ) and 41 clubshell ( Pleurobema clava ) mussels were relocated from  the primary impact area of the Kennerdell Bridge construction site. A follow-up one-month monitoring of one  relocation site indicated good health of the relocated mussels and mortality rates consistent with undisturbed mussel  populations. The success of the relocated mussels will be monitored and evaluated by the Biological Resource  Division (BRD) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for five years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2015 08:08:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376592</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Freshwater Mussel Relocation as a Conservation Strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1349020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the last 30 years, relocation of freshwater mussels has been used as a conservation strategy for potential impacts from bridge construction and dredging operations. Improved methods have effectively increased relocated mussel survivorship rates of target species from ~ 50% to ~ 90% under ideal circumstances. Success to date is largely based upon survivorship rates without consideration of relocation activity effects upon fitness and behavioral traits of mussels. In 2003, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) funded research to: 1) determine the success of mussel relocation efforts associated with highway construction projects by investigating survivorship, movements, mortality, fitness (as indicated by condition factor), and fecundity of relocated and non-relocated adults and sub-adults, 2) determine success of mussel propagation efforts by investigating survivorship of juveniles returned to identified habitats and used for population enhancement (recruitment), and 3) determine impacts at highway construction sites by comparing pre- and post-construction mussel assemblage abundance and composition, sediment deposition downstream of the construction, and individual mussel fitness. This project seeks, in part, to use the data acquired in the formulation of a programmatic biological assessment/biological opinion streamlining initiative for P. capax that will be proposed to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service by the ATHD and FHWA. Biochemical composition (i.e. condition factor) and movement (i.e. displacement) were monitored for two species of freshwater mussels subjected to relocation activity, the federally endangered P. capax and a species with a different life history, Quadrula quadrula and compared with control (i.e. non relocated) populations. Trends were identified in condition factor, through repeated measures ANOVA, associated with short (glycogen), moderate (lipid), and long term energy stores (proteins, RNA:DNA ratios) sampled pre- and post-relocation. Behavioral trends (i.e. displacement) between native and relocated populations of the two species were measured in both short-term (weeks) and long-term (quarterly) intervals. Results pertaining to population enhancement strategies, specifically field methodologies used for in-situ rearing of juvenile P. capax along with growth and survival rates of field reared and lab reared individuals are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2015 15:09:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1349020</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Rapid Response</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the response implemented by the North Texas Municipal Water District to replace a 47-mile pipeline when they suddenly lost access to approximately 25% of its raw water supply.  Zebra mussels were found in a key reservoir (Lake Texoma) and, as a strategy to prevent their spread, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers directed the NTMWD to stop using the pipeline that led from the reservoir.  The authors note that zebra mussels can have a significant effect on water supply projects, clogging intake pipes in lakes and reservoirs.  The article describes the $300 million Texoma to Wylie WTP Pipeline Extension project, which was completed within two and a half years after the Army Corps’ decision.  The author discusses the engineering plans, the communications process set-up to improve decision-making and keep the construction on time, the use of a construction manager at risk (CMAR) approach to the project, acquisition of the easements from 220 landowners, strategies to avoid transferring the mussels and other invasive species through the new pipeline, storage volumes at the reservoirs and the NTMWD, hydraulic conditions within the existing pipeline, the feasibility of delivery, flow rates and pipeline diameters, and the concomitant modifications that were necessary at the water plant itself.  The author concludes by praising the cooperative approach of various contractors, government officials and funding agencies in successfully providing safe water and preventing the spread of the zebra mussels.  The article includes a chart of the raw water blending system and a map of the areas under discussion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2014 08:39:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334632</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Intake Screen Alternatives for the IPL Project—Planning for Mussels and Variable Intake Depths</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1274660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The IPL Program is a raw water supply program that integrates Tarrant Regional Water District (TRWD) - and City of Dallas-owned water supplies from Lake Palestine, Cedar Creek Reservoir, and Richland Chambers Reservoir. As one of the largest water supply projects in the nation and one of the largest ever undertaken in Texas, the IPL will consist of a 350 million gallons per day (MGD) raw water transmission pipeline from Lake Palestine to Lake Benbrook, with connections to a new 250 MGD Pump station at Richland Chambers Reservoir, a new 277 MGD Pump Station at Cedar Creek Reservoir and a new 150 MGD Pump Station at Lake Palestine. The Pipeline will be approximately 150 miles in length and will contain 3 booster pump stations. As part of the IPL, TRWD retained CH2M HILL to design appropriate intake structures and pump stations on Lake Palestine, Cedar Creek Reservoir, and a pump station at Richland Chambers Reservoir.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2014 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1274660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Noise on the Physiological Activity of the Blue Mussel (Mytilus Galloprovincialis) from the Black Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1252375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the last period, the ecosystem of the Black Sea has been highly changed and disturbed: extensive pollution, coastal development, disturbance caused by extensive vessel traffic, over-fishing, etc., were several of the causes. This paper presents the influence of vibration (as a source of noise) on the physiological activity of the Black Sea blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819). Marine organisms are forced to implement their own strategy of defense against stress factors. Along their evolution, under the influence of environmental factors, mussels put in place anti-oxidant enzyme - systems and non-enzymatic defense systems against the action of harmful free radicals resulting from metabolic processes of organic xenobiotics. This paper considers that in the Black Sea shallow waters' where, on rocky substrata the dominant species is the blue mussel, noises or vibrations with high frequency are harmful for the ecosystem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jun 2013 10:47:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1252375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Platinum and Lead Markers as Indicators of Transportation Impact</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1141180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The intent of this study was to provide information necessary to characterize the present concentrations of an emerging transportation related contaminant, the platinum group metals (PGM), and to provide background information necessary to explore the potential uses of these metals as a specific marker of transportation related contamination that results from the discharge of road runoff into streams. Thirty-seven road crossings were evaluated in the Atlantic Slope of central North Carolina. Mussel tissue and sediment samples were collected from upstream and downstream of each road crossing. Samples were analyzed for the platinum group metal platinum (Pt), as well two other common transportation pollutants, lead (Pb) and cadmium, and a common atmospheric pollutant, mercury. The enrichment of pollutants (downstream concentration – upstream concentration) was compared to the number of vehicles crossing the stream. Local stream environmental variables and landscape scale variables were used to model the concentration of Pt in mussel tissue. Two 28-day laboratory toxicity tests, one with Pt and one with Pb, were conducted to assess the potential threat that current concentrations of these metals pose to native mussel fauna. The correlation of enrichment of the metals at bridge sites was weak for all metals studied. The authors hypothesize that complex hydrologic alteration caused by highway crossing structures was responsible for increased variation in downstream samples. Multiple samples taken from a single stream over an 8 km stream reach indicated that Pt concentrations in mussel tissue and sediment was enriched downstream of a road crossing, but the enrichment was not uniform and enrichment does not peak for several km downstream from the source. Results from the 28-day tests indicated that PGM may not pose an immediate threat to adult mussels and that mussels are a good sentinel species for studying PGM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jun 2012 16:10:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1141180</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intraspecific phylogenetic relationships in the freshwater bivalve genus Alasmidonta (Bivalvia: Unionidae)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1101553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The genus Alasmidonta currently contains 12 species with 3 species presumed extinct. Six species of Alasmidonta occur in North Carolina, including the presumed extinct Alasmidonta robusta. Tissue samples from all taxa of living Alasmidonta species were included in a test of the monophyly of the genus and the relationships of the species using mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit (ND1). Alasmidonta (Prolasmidonta) heterodon and Alasmidonta (Pressodonta) viridis are significantly different from the rest of Alasmidonta and the two subgenera are elevated to generic level. Alasmidonta varicosa is split into two separate species as is A. viridis. Alasmidonta raveneliana is represented by two separate conservation units corresponding to the French Broad and Little Tennessee River drainages. Further work is needed to understand the variation in A. marginata between the upper Mississippi River basin and the Ohio River drainage populations. The results of this work are important to the North Carolina Department of Transportation and their aquatic biologists in planning conservation and mitigation plans. Several areas are identified where further field and laboratory work are required for a more complete understanding of the distribution and relationships of Alasmidonta species occurring in North Carolina.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2011 16:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1101553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Presence and Potential Habitat for Reintroduction of Priority Freshwater Mussel Species in the Shenango River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Shenango River is a principal tributary of the Beaver River, which may provide an opportunity for the relocation of clubshell and northern riffleshell.  These federally listed mussels and other species of concern may be present in the Shenango River.  Known as a historic location for freshwater mussels, the river has not been recently surveyed and remains a significant gap in the existing data.  The Hunter Station Bridge in Forest County, Pennsylvania spans the Allegheny River and its proposed construction places emphasis on the relocation of mussels in the causeway.  This project involved a survey of the Shenango River with all mussels identified to species and counted.  Habitat data were documented using Nature Conservancy guidelines and substrate data based on the Wentworth scale.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Apr 2011 16:30:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Evaluation of Hemolymph Extraction as a Non-Lethal Sampling Method for Genetic Identification of Freshwater Mussel Species in Southeastern North Carolina</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/913347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Identification of freshwater mussel species and subpopulations is challenging due to the plasticity of morphological characters. Molecular analyses are a powerful alternative for systematics and for biological surveys and restoration efforts. Yet most molecular methods require sacrificing animals for tissue sampling, an approach that cannot be applied to threatened and endangered species. This study demonstrated, through field trials with 3 endemic yet abundant Lake Waccamaw mussel species, that hemolymph extraction produced no mortality in animals in their native environment. The authors developed extraction methods that make hemolymph a reliable source for DNA analysis that, despite lower DNA yield, shows percent success rate in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that rivals that of body tissues from sacrificed animals. The authors followed sampled and control mussels in field enclosures in Lake Waccamaw for 8 weeks and observed no mortality of either treatment group. A small, statistically not significant reduction in growth (5 - 8%) was observed in the hemolymph-removal group. The authors report the development and application of PCR assays from two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, followed with digestion by restriction enzymes that reveal species-diagnostic DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). The results are rapid and inexpensive PCRRFLP assays to discriminate among sibling species in North Carolina that are difficult and sometimes misidentified in the field, even by experienced biologists. Their regional sampling and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNAs indicates that the major taxa in Lake Waccamaw are not strictly endemic to the Lake. Samples collected in the Lake showed mtDNA sequences that were identical or very similar to sequences obtained from other rivers within the Yadkin-PeeDee and Lumber drainages. Lake Waccamaw Elliptio wacamawensis shared haplotypes with, and/or fell within a clade of, mussels identified as E. congaraea and E. wacamawensis from the Waccamaw River. The same was true of Lampsilis fullerkati specimens, which were in a clade intermingled with L. radiata and L. radiata radiata specimens from the Waccamaw and Yadkin-PeeDee rivers. Additional sampling, morphological and molecular analysis, particularly of type specimens, is needed to further resolve taxonomic relationships and biogeographic ranges. A potential cryptic species, misidentified as E. complanata, and evidence for a cryptic phylogenetic species within L. radiata radiata both appeared in their collection. Together, their results validate the use of hemolymph extraction, followed by PCR-RFLP assays and targeted DNA sequencing, as a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable identification method for field biologists at NCDOT and other agencies who routinely survey NC freshwater mussel populations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Mar 2010 06:14:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/913347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Regulating Ballast Water Discharges: Current Legislative Issues. CRS Report for Congress</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/878623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Invasive species entering U.S. waters (aquatic nuisance species, or ANS) exact tremendous economic losses, social, recreational, and ecological disturbances and costs. National attention was drawn to the invasive species problem with the arrival of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes in the late 1980s. Since then, virtually all coastal and Great Lakes states have experienced ecological change and loss from zebra mussels and other aquatic nuisance species. Ballast water has been identified as a major pathway for introduction of ANS. Ships use large amounts of ballast water to stabilize the vessel during transport. Ballast water is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and then discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded, which reduces the need for compensating ballast. Thus, the practice of taking on and discharging ballast water is essential to the proper functioning of ships, because the water that is taken in or discharged compensates for changes in the ships weight as cargo is loaded or unloaded, and as fuel and supplies are consumed. However, ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including non-native, nuisance, exotic species that can alter aquatic ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2009 09:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/878623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Propagation and Culture of Freshwater Mussels for Release into North Carolina Waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/875808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Propagation and culture of freshwater mussels has been identified as important to their conservation. Though some propagation had been done previously in North Carolina, it was done on a small scale and for experimental purposes only. The purpose of this project was to further the science of mussel propagation and culture and to increase the available resources to facilitate growout. During the project, the authors increased their lab capabilities and propagated 10 mussel species native to North Carolina. New host fish were determined for several of these species. Raceways for growout were established and evaluated at two state hatcheries, and the authors  were able to culture 4 species to a size suitable for stocking. Additionally, progress was made in maintaining survival of some rare species which previously proved difficult to maintain in captivity. The authors worked to identify genetic markers, called microsatellites, in one species of mussel to facilitate tracking of propagated animals post-release.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2008 12:37:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/875808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Propogation of Freshwater Mussels for Release into North Carolina Waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/857489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Propagation and culture of freshwater mussels has been identified as important to their conservation. Though some propagation had been done previously in North Carolina, it was done on a small scale and for experimental purposes only. The purpose of this project was to further the science of mussel propagation and culture and to increase the available resources to facilitate growout. During the project, lab capabilities were increased and propagated 10 mussel species native to North Carolina. New host fish were determined for several of these species. Raceways for growout were established and evaluated at two state hatcheries, and we were able to culture 4 species to a size suitable for stocking. Additionally, progress was made in maintaining survival of some rare species which previously proved difficult to maintain in captivity. This project  worked to identify genetic markers, called microsatellites, in one species of mussel to facilitate tracking of propagated animals post-release.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 07:08:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/857489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Streamlined Approach to Section 7 Consultation for Federally Endangered
Mussels – Literature, Process Review and Best Management Practices
Findings Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/840377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The focus of this research report is to identify and recommend mechanisms that will expedite PennDOT’s approach to the Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(1) consultation process for mussels. Nine mussel species are federally listed by the USFWS as endangered in Pennsylvania. Future transportation construction or maintenance projects over, or in close proximity to, waterways within PennDOT Districts will continue to be viewed as potential impacts to these mussel species. This report describes how other state transportation departments proceed through the Section 7 process, provides documentation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) currently used by PennDOT and others, targets the expedition of delivery of Pennsylvania transportation projects and activities, and identifies mechanisms to reduce the time and cost spent per project in consultation with the USFWS. Outreach to other state Department of Transportation (DOT) agencies experiencing similar endangered species issues was conducted and accomplished by collecting information on potential benchmarking “targets” (state DOTs that also go through the Section 7 consultation process for federally listed freshwater mussel species or similar aquatic species). A summary of the information learned from the project partner interviews related to BMPs is presented. This includes a discussion of how many individual mussels are typically found in Pennsylvania populations (based on past projects) as compared to other states and how state heritage (or similar) databases that other states have in place benefits their consultations/hinder PennDOT’s consultation efforts. Discussions about how PennDOT conducts the process including their internal and external communications protocol relating to Section 7 consultations are documented. Details on the steps that PennDOT takes that go above and beyond what other states typically do for similar projects as uncovered by the benchmarking process are provided. A comparison of what the USFWS requires in Pennsylvania as related to what other state DOTs are preparing in their Biological Assessments (BAs) is made. Engineering and construction practices that have been investigated are those that are applicable to the typical bridge types that are used to cross typical Pennsylvania streams where threatened and endangered mussels are encountered. Six engineering and construction BMPs were identified by PennDOT to be investigated in detail. The information contained in this report provides a framework for the Department to evaluate procedures used by others and to determine if they are applicable for use on projects in Pennsylvania.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2007 09:55:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/840377</guid>
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