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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Inclusive urban transport in Ghana: Bridging informal transport systems and National Policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The accelerated urbanization in African cities has significantly altered mobility patterns, with informal transport systems accommodating a substantial share of urban travelers, despite their marginalization in national transportation planning frameworks. Traditional planning approaches struggle to address the multidimensional relationships that characterize these informal systems, leading to implementation failures and stakeholder resistance to integration efforts. Therefore, this study applies Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) methodology to model the complex dynamics of integrating Ghana's Trotro (minibus) systems into national mobility plans. Through analysis of thirteen system-level dynamics as perceived by 48 stakeholders across four key groups, the study identifies Social Equity and Access Considerations as the most central system component, followed by Multi-Modal Integration Strategies and Urban Growth Dynamics. Moreover, the disaggregation of mental models by stakeholder groups reveals starkly divergent priorities. For example, operators emphasizing economic incentives vs. communities prioritizing equity. This granularity strengthens policy realism and guards against one-size-fits-all integration schemes. Additionally, the results demonstrate that successful informal transport integration requires coordinated interventions that strategically sequence actions across multiple dimensions, rather than isolated technical solutions. Data infrastructure serves as a promising initial intervention point, given its pure transmitted profile within the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717094</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Calabar minibus project; An approach for mapping and understanding operational characteristics for an unconventional route model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Minibuses in the Calabar metropolis largely operate on a route model where trips begin outside stations and destinations are often flexible. Capturing operational characteristics of such trips and mapping the route network, therefore, requires a different method not reported within the literature. The study adopts an approach to the data collection where enumerators boarded these unfixed route trips at nodal/terminating points. Informing the drivers of the survey at the boarding point is important to successfully capturing the real characteristics of such trips and was a cornerstone of the approach. Engaging with the drivers in this way ensures that the enumerator is not used by the driver to determine the possible trip direction and destination, allowing the driver to operate in their typical fashion. A mobile application was used to collect GPS and trip-related information for mapping the network of minibus routes in the city and understanding trip characteristics. The findings expose the inefficiency of the minibus operations in Calabar metropolis as there was a large overlap in locations serviced by the fixed and unfixed routes. The unfixed routes were longer than the fixed ones on average while the frequency of stops in the unfixed route trips on average almost doubles that of the fixed ones. The results demonstrate how transport planning authorities can use information from such projects to effectively structure paratransit operations in the city for efficiency and equitable access for all.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706178</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Comprehensive Leakage-Free Forecasting Pipeline for Segmented Time Series: Application to Cross-Trip State-of-Charge Prediction in Automated Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the global pursuit of energy efficiency and carbon neutrality necessitates effective strategies to mitigate their carbon footprint and enhance operational stability. Similarly, in order to achieve Sustainability Development Goals, a promising solution toward green mobility, which is gaining ground nowadays, constitutes Automated Vehicles (AVs), which are EVs having the capability to move autonomously, without the need for a driver. One of the most critical factors regarding energy efficiency is the optimal management of energy consumption of AVs. This research study explores the application of machine learning (ML) models for State-of-Charge (SoC) forecasting in AVs, crucial for addressing challenges such as range anxiety and grid overloading. Leveraging real-life EV data from automated minibuses in Gothenburg, Sweeden, a comprehensive pipeline is proposed for data pre-processing, feature selection, and model training. With a focus on predicting SoC several minutes ahead, various ML techniques, including linear regression, ridge regression, lasso regression, and elastic-net regression are embedded in a pipeline specifically developed to overcome the challenge of training time-series models on discontinuous data segments, corresponding to discharge cycles. This pipeline is called Cross-Segment-Leakage-Free (CSLF). The results demonstrate the efficacy of CSLF, with the best-performing model achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.92 in a forecasting horizon of 30 minutes, representing a significant improvement over baseline models. The study underscores the importance of meaningful pre-processing and model selection in SoC consumption forecasting for AVs, offering insights into future research directions and deployment strategies for enhancing EV efficiency and grid stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:10:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659151</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Autonomous electric minibus scheduling with departure-time-shifting strategy under random conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous electric minibuses are being deployed in various cities worldwide, offering the advantage of serving as a platoon of buses with variable capacities to accommodate fluctuating passenger demand in terms of both time and space. However, this type of service introduces new challenges to the vehicle scheduling (VS) problem, particularly under random conditions. This study proposes a novel stochastic optimisation model for the VS problem, utilising a trip-extended modelling approach. To enhance the connections between trips and improve VS efficiency, a departure-time shift procedure is introduced. An efficient solution approach is employed to solve the stochastic model by integrating sample average approximation method with a genetic algorithm. A case study conducted on a real bus route in Dandong City, China, demonstrates that the proposed VS model with departure-time shifting results in a significant reduction, saving 6.78% in fleet size and 2,458.24 CNY compared to the non-shifting solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643261</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gaps in failure management of public transport supply in Addis Ababa: a comprehensive assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assesses failures in public transport operational management emphasizing on gaps in policies, strategies, and regulations. Using a mixed-methods approach, data is collected through surveys from 505 respondents, interviews, and focus group discussion (FGD). Simple random and purposive sampling is used to select passenger, interview and focus group discussion participants. SPSS and NVivo software is used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Three modes of public transport (bus, mini-bus taxi and midi-bus are included in the study. The result identified unaffordability, overcrowding, inaccessibility and longer waiting time as challenges of public transport. Absence of centralized control system, real-time data and advanced analytics to predict and address demand-supply mismatches, lack of different affordability intervention strategies, absence of demand management strategies, absence of public private partnership to finance supply, inability to devise own public transport financing mechanisms are found to be gaps in management of supply failures. In spite of the growing body of research on public transport failures in Addis Ababa, there are no studies that which analyze failure’s management on road-based public transport system. Hence, the study contributes to the transport literature by delivering practical insights into supply failure management and policy gaps in developing city settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>User satisfaction and transport modal shift in secondary Indonesian cities: Evidence from Palu</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646086</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the role of user satisfaction in explaining the modal shift from urban minibuses to motorcycle taxis in Palu, a secondary city in Indonesia. Applying the SERVQUAL framework and survey data from 300 respondents, five service quality dimensions—comfort, accessibility, safety, travel time, and tariff—were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Findings show that travel time and accessibility are the strongest predictors of satisfaction, while comfort plays a lesser role, especially among motorcycle taxi users. This reflects a behavioral trade-off, where speed and convenience outweigh physical comfort. The validated model confirms the reliability of the adapted SERVQUAL constructs (CR > 0.70; AVE >0.50), supporting their use in urban transport research. Theoretically, the study presents user satisfaction as a key factor in modal shift behavior. Practically, it emphasizes the need for transport policies that recognize informal mobility and respond to structural service gaps in under-resourced urban contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646086</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Future 5G ride : final report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Future 5G Ride Project is an innovative initiative based in Kista Science City, aimed at accelerating the development and scaling of autonomous transport solutions to create a safer, more efficient, and sustainable transport system in Sweden. Beyond technology, the project explores the implications of autonomous systems on workforce roles and equality, aiming to lower barriers for scaling solutions and ensuring societal alignment. Collaboration between industries and public sectors is central to its success. Fleet supervision and passenger communication have been explored with the perspective of both passengers and drivers through reference groups experiencing the use of solutions developed by the project as well as analyzing the situation of today's drivers. AI and 5G have been used to detect and communicate abnormal behavior and through automatic action or manual aid from a traffic tower the situation is handled. The possibility with 5G of securing a redundant high-quality connection at all times is crucial to be able to deliver a safe ride. This increases the conditions for equal travel and influences the experience of a safe journey. The project has explored situational awareness through the development of a traffic tower handling data from both the vehicle as well as fixed infrastructure sensors and thus showcased the possibility of a safer and more efficient transport system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666478</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding the public acceptance of automated minibuses: A market segmentation analysis across European cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) in public transport may facilitate a shift towards a more sustainable urban mobility system. However, the success of AV deployment in public transport hinges on public acceptance of this new transportation option. Acceptance levels vary significantly and are influenced more by psychographic factors—such as attitudes—than by demographic characteristics such as age or gender. To better understand the acceptance of AVs in public transport, this study attempts to analyse the diversity in the population on the basis of a psychographic market segmentation study. The study was conducted by means of a representative online survey in four European cities: Lyon, Copenhagen, Luxembourg, and Geneva. We identified five distinct market segments: unreserved goodwill, sceptical goodwill, undecided, critical reserved, and unconvinced refusers. The findings reveal substantial variations in AV acceptance among these segments, indicating that a uniform strategy is inadequate. This research provides a better understanding of the factors that influence the public's willingness to use AVs in public transport and thus reduce dependence on private vehicles. This study emphasizes that acceptance is more dependent on psychographic characteristics, particularly individual and subjective attitudes towards the associated risks and benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 16:16:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated Vehicles as a Game Changer for Sustainable Mobility: Learnings and Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This open access book explores a vision for a sustainable future in urban mobility through the AVENUE project, showcasing full-scale demonstrations of automated minibuses in European cities. AVENUE pioneers on-demand, door-to-door services, challenging traditional fixed bus itineraries. It delves into the implementation of automated vehicles, emphasizing safety, services, cybersecurity, and accessibility. Part two evaluates the economic, environmental, and social impacts on companies, citizens, and cities. By integrating automated vehicles into Mobility-as-a-Service and Intelligent Transport Systems, the book argues for the using of automated vehicles as game changer towards a transformative shift to sustainable, citizen-centric mobility. It advocates for efficiency, flexibility, and resilience of the transport system without imposing coercive transformation policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579147</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding the Conditions for Passengers to Consider Accepting Transfers between MyCiTi and Minibus Taxi</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cities across South Africa are constantly seeking to improve the level of public transport provision to better serve their users. Cape Town is seen as a leader in this respect; however, the existing public transport network is as fragmented as the rest of South Africa and generally offers a poor level of service. The introduction of the MyCiTi Bus Rapid Transit system was seen as a partial solution to the fragmented network as it was envisaged to replace the minibus taxi and Golden Arrow bus network by the year 2032. Considering the remarkably low financial efficiencies achieved by many Phase 1 feeder services, the 2020 MyCiTi Business Plan for Phase 2A underlined the need to develop feeder alternatives for MyCiTi. Cape Town is pursuing an integrated public transportation network, with MyCiTi BRT providing trunk routes and minibus taxis (MBTs) handling feeder services. This multi-modal approach presents challenges due to differing travel experiences between MyCiTi and MBTs. To address these concerns, the City is implementing strategies such as coordinated scheduling, integrated ticketing, enhanced passenger information, and public engagement. The success of this integrated network will hinge on the City’s ability to mitigate passenger apprehensions and effectively communicate the system’s benefits. This study evaluates public transport users’ preferences when transferring between modes and recommends that Cape Town prioritise improving these transfers. While full integration is expensive and long-term, Cape Town should focus resources on addressing the most important transfer-related attributes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 09:30:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An assessment of factors affecting informal minibus (Danfo) transport operators in Lagos State: A case study of Alimosho LGA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research assesses the factors affecting the daily profitability of Informal Minibus (Danfo) Transport Operators in Alimosho Local Government Area (LGA). Operations and patronage of these minibuses are very popular among various low- and middle-income neighborhoods in Lagos State, including Alimosho LGA. The findings from this study highlight the major factors affecting the daily profits of Danfo drivers in the study area, including fuel consumption level, end time of daily operations, running costs, technical knowledge of vehicle maintenance, and interference of police task force and Lagos State Traffic Management Authority (LASTMA) officers,’ and traffic congestion. This study proposes some measures to improve Lagos’s informal public transport sector. As a short-term intervention, the study recommends stakeholder collaboration to resolve some factors affecting Danfo drivers’ daily profits. In the long term, a public transport finance scheme fund is suggested to empower informal public transport sector participants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 17:10:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying informal public transport using GPS data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Informal public transport modes transport the largest number of passengers in most developing countries. Despite its significance, limited information is available on the extent of its operations, and passenger counts alone do not provide sufficient insight into network coverage or passenger turnover. GPS tracking has emerged as a valuable tool, yet its potential for understanding minibus taxi operations at the road segment level remains underexplored. GPS studies of informal operators have rarely been extrapolated to volume counts per time period, due to statistical problems (non-representative sampling) and small sample sizes. This paper addresses this gap by developing a methodology to determine the minibus taxi vehicle trip count per street segment from GPS data, to map routes, and identify high-traffic corridors, with an illustrative application in the City of Tshwane, South Africa.The methodology includes data inspection, addressing limitations, and counting trips per street segment using a database and QGIS visualisation. Additionally, the paper outlines detailed steps in QGIS for processing GPS data. The authors show that the method delivers plausible results at the segment level. The methodology can help to address the global South's need for data-driven interventions in its predominant public transport mode.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2025 09:15:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Viability and impact of existing urban minibus taxi mobility with electric vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sub-Sahara’s paratransit sector is yet to take off in the electrification of its minibus taxis. More than two thirds of daily commuters are transported by minibus taxis in cities. However, the electrification process is prohibited by multiple factors, such as an already fragile grid network, and an energy scarcity in the region. Planning for eventual electrification is further complicated by the sector’s unique, decentralised, unscheduled, and demand-driven nature. The authors use the concepts of vehicle-day and fleet-day to quantify the relationship between mobility and electricity demand, which are linked by the charging infrastructure and charging strategies. To investigate the effects of the charging requirements, data from 17 minibus taxis in Stellenbosch, South Africa was used with a bespoke software built to simulate the driving and charging of the taxis. Different charging rates (7.2kW, 22kW and 50kW) were tested as well as having different charging locations, that of the depot and home and a combination of the two. The effectiveness of each scenario is assessed on the success rate of the vehicle-days. A depot charging rate of 22kW had a success rate of 55%, with the furthest a vehicle can travel being 200 km. This increases with home charging to a 79% success rate (250 km), and can be further increased with 50kW charging and home charging to 86% success rate (280 km). However, home-only charging provides comparable results and should be a consideration in the electric transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 17:27:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public and Private Transit: Evidence from Lagos</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Private minibuses dominate transport in many developing country cities. They serve 62% of trips in Lagos, the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors collect panel data to measure how private minibuses respond to the rollout of a new public bus network. When the government enters a route, minibuses depart less frequently, driver profits fall, and drivers switch to connected routes, reducing prices. The authors develop a custom app to estimate how commuters trade off prices and wait times in an RCT. The private response harms commuters on treated routes, who wait longer, but benefits those on connected routes, who face only lower prices. Overall, 10% of the commuter welfare gains of building the public transit system arise from the response of private transit. Drivers lose welfare equal to half of the commuter gains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 16:37:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Swappable green hydrogen trailers as an additional energy source to electric minibus taxis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In light of global net-zero emission ambitions, the potential electrification of Sub-Sahara Africa's (SSA) paratransit with an electric alternative to the traditional minibus taxi (MBT) has received increased attention in recent studies. However, this has mainly focused on urban paratransit. As the same vehicle is used for long-distance paratransit on a weekly basis, the planning for the electrification thereof needs to include all aspects of the vehicle's use. In this paper, the authors focus exclusively on evaluating long-distance paratransit for electrification. Various routes between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape region in South Africa are analysed to determine their suitability for electrification. To address battery-electric minibus taxis' (eMBTs) extended charging time and limited range, the authors suggest a supplementary energy source to the vehicle: a hydrogen trailer (eMBT+H2). This addition, equipped with a swappable hydrogen tank and fuel cell, both increases range and enables swift energy replenishment. To address environmental concerns, green hydrogen used by this system is to be produced by an electrolyser using solar power. In contrast to conventional internal combustion engine MBTs with trailers, the new suggested model leads to a 2% reduction in travel time, while also reducing the number of required stops by up to 66%. In addition, operational emissions are 100% eliminated. The results indicate the possibility of electrifying long-haul paratransit by delving into a supplementary energy reservoir, without the need to acquire dedicated electric vehicles designed for long-distance purposes. Furthermore, the integration of solar energy renders this shift not only achievable but also a promoter of eco-friendly operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548201</guid>
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