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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Status of circular supply chains in Asian and European countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study describes the circular economy concept, the obstacles to implementing it in global circular supply chains, and the efforts made by significant manufacturing and consuming Asian and European countries. Whereas the sourcing Asian countries are dealing with depleting raw materials and pollution resulting from manufacturing products, the western countries face consumption-related problems and the resulting waste through enacting laws and policies to minimise waste generation while encouraging businesses and consumers to participate in prolonging the product life cycles. The global supply chains adjust to the circular economy at country-specific levels in piecemeal ways to ultimately develop efficient supply chains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651885</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Time Minimization Delivery Planning with the Time-Quantity Dependence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the classical problems in transportation planning is represented minimizing the maximal delivery time of a uniform commodity between sources and destinations, known as the Bottleneck Transportation Problem (BTP). It assumes that a fixed transportation time – independent of the quantity of the transported commodity – is assigned to each source-to-destination route. In some cases, however, the quantity of the transported commodity may affect the transportation time, e.g., because of the duration of loading/unloading the commodity to/from the vehicle. Extensions of the BTP as well as the closely related Total Time Minimization Transportation Problem (TTMTP) which include the linear time-quantity dependence of the delivery time are considered. Whereas similar optimization problems known in the literature are nonlinear, linear programming is used in this research. Linear optimization provides better performance of the optimization software in comparison with nonlinear optimization. The above fact is illustrated by improving solutions to the problems known in the literature. A detailed insight into the issue of the existence of integer optimal solutions and interpretations of optimal solutions is also provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 17:03:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604596</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Efficient Energy Management of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Through Ensemble With In-Target Minimization Q-Learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a trend to implement end-to-end learning-based control for electric vehicles; however, how to ensure the optimality and safety of the learning-based control methods is a great challenge. This article proposes a novel ensemble Q approach incorporating in-target minimization and update-to-data (UTD) mechanisms to control a plug-in hybrid vehicle that has an end-to-end control architecture. By employing these mechanisms, the prevalent issue of Q-function overestimation bias in Q-learning can be addressed with a reduction from 1.18 to 5.2 × 10⁻⁴ . Meanwhile, the proposed method can also improve sample efficiency, outperforming conventional Q-learning methods in terms of learning stability and performance. The advantages of the proposed method in terms of energy efficiency and learning stability were validated through experiments on software-in-the-loop (SiL) and hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) platforms. The results show that up to 10.09% and 15.59% energy savings can be achieved through the comparison with conventional Q-learning and double Q approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 10:56:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604058</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mainstreaming of Management Decision Making at Railway Transport Enterprises on the Basis of the Reference Scope Correlations Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The management decision making plays an important part in the activity of legal entities. The process management on railway transport allows to rationalize the operation of all enterprises on the basis of management methods. The analysis of legal entities reveals that the efficiency of railway transport enterprises operation depends on the expenses distribution according to the legal entities engaged in the process. In this research the processes allowing to distinguish the basic characteristics have been investigated. These processes in terms of operating costs minimization allow to establish favorable conditions for the improvement of railway transport enterprises’ functional features.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 11:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406959</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical optimisation model for SMEs of last mile delivery service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516947</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The delivery business is growing rapidly and consistently in the whole world. This is leading small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to join the business of the last mile delivery service. SMEs are different from the big players in services and products offered; thus, also the optimisation objectives of the SMEs are different from the big partners: often, SMEs do not possess vehicles and outsource to external partners the last mile deliveries, thus they aim to optimise the assignment of the deliveries for minimising the costs. Hence, the development of methods to find feasible solutions for assignation problems related to last mile delivery becomes fundamental for SMEs. This paper aims to address the problem of cost minimisation when outsourcing the last mile delivery service by mathematically representing the assignment decision problem and by proposing the genetic algorithm (GA) as metaheuristic to solve the problem. The tests revealed the effectiveness of the GA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 09:28:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2516947</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization Model and Algorithm for the Size of Function Areas in Distribution Center under Constraint</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The inside layout problem of distribution center (DC) is an important problem in the early phase of the logistics network design, but related research is little. The problem is that in order to minimize the total cost under the condition of the total available space in a DC is restrictive; the design in the DC is required to determine rationally the product allocation to the functional areas as well as the size of each functional area. Based on the function of the areas, the freight flows in the DC were described as eight basic flows. A higher level model that jointly determines the functional area sizes and the product allocation in a way that minimizes the total freight handling cost was presented and the simulated annealing algorithm was used to solve and analyze it. The optimization of the allocation of the product was carried out in the outer sub-algorithm, and based on the allocation; the sizes of the main functional areas were optimized in the inner sub-algorithm. Application denoted the optimization method operated rapidly and the result was rational, and compared with the initial solutions, the object cost of the optimal solutions relatively save cost 9.48% ∼ 47.29%, so it provides scientific guidance for the design in the DC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2024 12:07:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Minimizing Material Usage for Efficient and Compact Coil in Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the wireless charging system (WCS), excessive material usage in coils is a major barrier toward their commercialization. In this article, a sequential design method is proposed to minimize material efforts. First, Pareto-based optimization is executed to determine the size of coil, ferrite usage, and litz wire’s gauge, which govern the rough geometry. Then strand number, winding geometry, and ferrite placement are studied, respectively, to further reduce the amount of copper while achieving compromise between losses and shielding effect. The proposed concept provides detailed optimization procedure for material reduction and cost evaluation. It can be principally extended to varied coil geometries and power levels. Two types of coils are compared and verified on a scale-down 6.6-kW WCS prototype, where the dc–dc efficiency reaches nearly 95.6% across the air gap of 150 mm under aligned position, with a coil diameter of 450 mm and a weight of 2.63 kg. The total copper and ferrite usage shows noticeable reduction compared with previous ones. The results demonstrate how the proposed concept can improve material utilization without degrading major metrics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2024 15:02:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2394898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spatiotemporal traffic data completion with truncated minimax-concave penalty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2382262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid development of sensor technology has prompted a large amount of data, including spatiotemporal traffic data, which can be used to predict traffic conditions and better traffic management. However, the data-missing problem is common in reality due to detectors malfunctioning or communication failure. Therefore, quickly and accurately missing data completion is critical for data-driven intelligent transportation applications. To this end, numerous low-rank tensor completion (LRTC) based imputation model has been attempted in previous work, whose core is how to describe the rank of the tensor and efficiently tackle the related minimization problem. In this work, the authors propose a novel nonconvex truncated minimax-concave penalty (TMCP) for tensors to approximate the rank of the tensor and derive an efficient iterative algorithm by combining with the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) framework. Moreover, the authors demonstrate that the proposed LRTC-TMCP method has global convergence properties. Simultaneously, based on four different real-world spatiotemporal traffic data, the authors conducted simulated numerical experiments on various missing scenarios. In general, the authors' method shows remarkable performance compared to some state-of-the-art completion methods. For example, on the Portland dataset, the performance of the proposed LRTC-TMCP achieves up to an average 6.21% improvement in root mean square error (RMSE) compared to the most competitive completion method while only spending 26.2% of its total CPU running time. In addition, theoretical and numerical experiments exemplify that the LRTC-TMCP method has strong robustness and efficient convergence performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2024 10:26:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2382262</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring circular supply chain practices from a dual perspective: using a hybrid method under uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Circular supply chains have received increasing attention due to their contributions to the reduction of resource waste and the improvement of resource utilisation efficiency. To comprehensively and systematically gain deeper insight into circular supply chain practices, this paper adopts a dual perspective and proposes a hybrid method considering the relationship between the circular supply chain practices in each link to analyse critical circular supply chain practices. Specifically, first, a system of circular supply chain practices based on the 3R principle (reduce, reuse and recycle) of the circular economy and the whole supply chain process is built. Then, a hybrid method integrating fuzzy set theory, the Delphi method and a Bayesian network is proposed to identify the critical criteria of circular supply chain practices. The results show that using mechanised and automatic equipment, extending the service life of products through technological innovation, using energy-saving technology, working with middlemen to develop measures to encourage consumers to return secondhand products after use and working with middlemen to motivate consumers to buy products using recyclable materials are the top five critical practices. Firms should consider the priority of practices from the perspective of the whole supply chain. Finally, some corresponding suggestions are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Feb 2024 09:53:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling hierarchical circular supply chain management enablers in the seafood processing industry in Vietnam under uncertainties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329814</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study establishes a valid set of circular supply chain management enablers in Vietnam under uncertainties. Circular supply chain management optimises resource utilisation and minimises waste in achieving competitive advantage; however, prior studies failed to build enablers for industrial improvement under qualitative information. This study adopts the fuzzy Delphi method to arrive at a valid group of attributes. Fuzzy set theory deals with the uncertainties from qualitative data, and fuzzy interpretive structural modelling builds the hierarchical structure under uncertainties. The best-worst method confirms the consistencies. This study stipulates a four-level hierarchical structure in the seafood processing industry. The results show that organisational capability and agility, technological advancement and economic benefit are dominant aspects. Commitment of leadership and managerial support, suppliers’ collaboration, firm culture, readiness for organisational change and sustainability concept integration are top criteria for industrial improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Feb 2024 09:35:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329814</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Pricing Strategy of Perishable High-Tech Products Based on Reverse Logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the development of economy, the requirements for resource recycling and environmental protection push the enterprises to pay more and more attention to reverse logistics. Through reverse logistics, many enterprises improve material utilization, reduce the costs and enhance customer satisfaction on products or services, thereby increasing their competitive advantage. In the increasingly competitive market, the life cycle of perishable high-tech products becomes shorter and shorter, meanwhile product upgrades turn out to be faster and faster. Thus, many manufacturing enterprises use trade-in as the means of reverse logistics. However, the pricing strategy is one of the most important tasks which is directly related to the costs and benefits of reverse logistics. Based on the condition, the manufacturers take charge of trade-in. The author establishes a trade-in pricing model of the perishable high-tech products in this paper. The author also analyzes the manufacturer's optimal pricing strategy under different conditions of trade-in, and verifies the validity of the model through example analysis and numerical simulation. Then by sensitivity analysis, the author studies the impact of consumer's reserving price on manufacturer's pricing strategy and profits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2024 17:11:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282138</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Factors Influenced the Choice of Reverse Logistics Take-Back Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Different scholars have different division methods of Take-Back Models in Reverse Logistics. This paper analyzes and summarizes the different divisions to Take-Back Models in Reverse Logistics. The authors consider that Take-Back Models in Reverse Logistics, based on EPR, have four types: Third Party Take-Back, Retailer Take-Back, Manufacturer Take-Back, and Producer Responsibility Organization Take-Back. On the basis of this concept, this paper analyzes and researches the factors influencing the choice of Reverse logistics Take-Back Models. An evaluation index system on choice of Reverse logistics Take-Back Models is presented, and then a hierarchy grey comprehensive assessment model is established by using hierarchy grey comprehensive assessment method. Finally, an example is given to show this method's application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jan 2024 17:11:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282136</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Speed Limit Analysis for Street in Residential Block Based on Minimum Network Costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the implementation of government’s new guideline on block system, the gated communities will be gradually opened. However, the entrance of a large number of social vehicles into the residential district produces traffic problems such as environmental problems and noise problems. This study proposed a before-after analysis of speed limit for streets in residential block. Traveler time value model, automobile exhaust treatment cost model and traffic noise prevention cost model are considered to minimize the general network costs, and the best speed limit is obtained. Taking the Liaohe district in Harbin as an example, 15 is the initial value and 5 is the interval value, then the five values are 15, 20, 25, 30, 35. The daily total costs of the study area are 298.99, 309.42, 324.46, 326.27, 350.87 yuan correspondingly. 15 is the corresponding value of the minimum total cost. Therefore, it can be set as the speed limit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Routing and resource allocation in non-profit settings with equity and efficiency measures under demand uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motivated by food distribution operations for non-profit organizations, the authors study a variant of the stochastic routing-allocation problem under demand uncertainty, in which one decides the assignment of trucks for demand nodes, the sequence of demand nodes to visit (i.e., truck route), and the allocation of food supply to each demand node. The authors propose three stochastic mixed-integer programming (SMIP) models representing different performance measures important to food banks, namely maximizing efficiency, maximizing equity, and maximizing efficiency and equity simultaneously. To solve practical large-scale instances, the authors develop an original matheuristic based on adaptive large-scale neighborhood search. Using real-world data based on real-life instances, the authors conduct an extensive numerical experiment to assess the computational performance of their approach and derive insights relevant to food banks. The proposed matheuristic produces high-quality solutions quickly with an optimality gap never exceeding 4.11% on tested instances. The authors also demonstrate the performance of the three models in terms of service levels, food waste, and equity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Apr 2023 11:58:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134584</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Attaining a good primal solution to the uncapacitated transportation problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation of products from sources to destinations with minimal total cost plays an important role in logistics and supply chain management. The Uncapacitated Transportation Problem (UTP) is a special case of network flow optimization problem. The prime objective of this UTP is to minimize the total cost of transporting products from origins to destinations subject to the respective supply and demand requirements. The UTP consists of special network structure. Due to the special structure of this problem, the transportation algorithm is preferred to solve it. The transportation algorithm consists of two major steps: 1) Finding an Initial Feasible Solution (IFS) to TP and 2) Examining the optimality of this IFS. A better IFS generates a lesser number of iterations to obtain a Minimal Total Cost Solution (MTCS). Recently, Juman and Nawarathne (2019)’s Method was introduced to find an IFS to UTP. In this paper, the Juman and Nawarathne (2019)’s Method is improved to get a better IFS to a UTP. A comparative study on a set of benchmark instances illustrates that the new improved method provides better primal solutions compared to the Juman and Nawarathne (2019)’s Method. The proposed method is found to yield the minimal total cost solutions to all the benchmark instances.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:20:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114150</guid>
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