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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Wax-Deposit Thickness in Oil and Water Emulsions: Facing the Development Trend of Intelligent Pipeline Operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the concept of pipeline intelligence, or smart pipelines, has emerged as a promising approach to address various pipeline transmission issues. Intelligent control system requires the variation and thickness of wax deposition inside the crude oil transmission pipeline to make decisions to minimize wax deposition. This study aimed to investigate wax deposition in both polyethylene (PE) and stainless steel (SS) pipes under different water contents, utilizing a custom-designed flow loop apparatus. It was found that the wax-deposit thickness on the surface of the PE test section was thicker (water content lower than 50 vol. %) and then thinner (water content higher than 50 vol. %) than that on the surface of the SS test section. The radial diffusivity and wax mass flux were calculated and proved to be responsible for the behavior variation of wax deposition. The contact angles of oil and water on the PE surface were both larger than those on the SS surface. Experimental investigation was conducted to determine the phase inversion point of oil and water emulsions, which was found to be around 50 vol.%. The results indicated that when water was the bulk phase, greater water adherence to the steel pipe wall resulted in reduced wax deposition on the SS test section. As a result, distinct deposition behaviors were observed both before and after the phase inversion point.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2024 16:37:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Securing the Green Revolution The Modern Mining of a Domestic Lithium-Boron Deposit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2313955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growth of electric vehicles has led to increased usage of lithium-ion batteries, which has in turn increased demand for mining the raw materials to produce them. In order to provide a more ecologically sustainable model, rising demand must be balanced with reducing the ecological consequences. This paper presents an example of sustainable processing, the Rhyolite Ridge Lithium-Boron Project in Nevada, and forecasts the growth of global demand for lithium-boron. The paper also presents a framework of factors to be considered in responsible mining operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2024 16:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2313955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-Term Monitoring and Research in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1946557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The widely recognized need for large-scale transition from fossil to renewable energy sources has led to renewed effort to obtain metals needed for battery-based electric transportation and other functions. A potential source of some of these metals is the deposits of polymetallic nodules on the deep seafloor. If mining of these deposits proceeds in the coming decade, the enterprise creates an opportunity for extensive, long-term oceanographic research in the mining locations. The need to monitor environmental effects of mining activity can best be met with a near-continuous presence of a research platform in the vicinity. The platform could be a ship or potentially a semi-submersible platform like those used in the offshore oil industry. Such a facility might be supported by a consortium of mining companies and also provide opportunities for academic research in ocean and climate science.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 May 2022 14:35:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1946557</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the mechanical properties of outwash deposits with random structure method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1902887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Outwash deposit is one of the major threats to the safety and stability of railway transit engineering in the Sichuan-Tibet area. In this paper, different samples of outwash deposits were prepared based on the random structure method, and a series of large-scale direct shear tests were carried out under different normal stresses. The influence of stone content and the spatial distribution of stone blocks on the physical and mechanical properties of outwash deposits were studied. The results show that with the increase of stone content, the shear stress-displacement curve changes from strain softening to strain hardening. The shear zone is larger, and its shape is more tortuous due to the movement and rotation of stone blocks. The internal frictional angle increases linearly while the cohesion diseases with the increase of stone content. The main influence of the spatial distribution of stone blocks on the mechanical properties of outwash deposits is the peak stress. The shear zone is mainly determined by the distribution of the stone blocks near the shear zone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 2022 14:04:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1902887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Train-Induced Vibration from a Metro Tunnel in Soft Deposits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Train-induced vibration is increasingly attracting people’s concern nowadays. In the coastal areas, many metro tunnels are built in the soft deposits, so the train-induced vibration effect is more serious. Nevertheless, the existing research studies mainly focus on the dynamic responses in the tunnel or on the ground surface while vibration characteristics in the ground are seldom studied. In this paper, a comprehensive field measurement was performed by installing accelerometers in the tunnel and soil layers and on the ground surface to capture the response characteristics of the track-tunnel-ground system. Elastoplastic numerical simulation considering the soil-water coupling was conducted to reveal the responses of acceleration, dynamic displacement, and excess pore water pressure using FE code DBLEAVES. Measurement results indicate that high-frequency contents (>500 Hz) attenuate rapidly in the propagation process; the dominant frequency of the rail concentrates in the middle- and high-frequency bands, about 25–400 Hz and 1000–1500 Hz, while the frequencies of the track bed, soil layers, and ground surface drop to below 400, 200, and 100 Hz, respectively. The vertical ground acceleration decreases like an arc in the transverse direction while there is transverse acceleration amplification phenomenon at a distance from the upper haunch and lower haunch of the tunnel. Overall, the area affected by train vibration in the soft deposits is about 30 m away from the metro tunnel. Numerical simulation based on soil-water coupled analysis is feasible to model the vibration characteristics in the soft deposits and confirms that there is acceleration amplification in the ground. Moreover, numerical results indicate that excess pore water pressure can be accumulated during each train vibration, so the train-induced settlement will be a potential problem in the long term for the metro tunnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Mar 2021 10:04:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777165</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gravel-Bed River Assessment Tool for Improved Resiliency of Engineering Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Washington State, stream channels are becoming more dynamic – especially in the vicinity of gravel-bed rivers. Federal, state, tribal and private roads are increasingly compromised or destroyed due to progressively more dynamic channel processes. A river’s bedload (sediment transported along the channel bed) drives how rivers move into – or away from – road infrastructure. In order to design durable roads and bridges, high quality information is needed on how the natural material in the river system will move and deposit in the vicinity of road infrastructure. Widely available methods for assessing channel dynamics and hazards are based on sand-bed rivers, like the Mississippi River, that do not apply to gravel-bed rivers found throughout the United States. There is a need for a gravel-bed river assessment tool that accounts for changes in gravel-bed rivers from glacial melt and extreme flooding. In this pilot, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) proposes to develop practical guidance and methods for assessing bedload transport in gravel-bed rivers for more resilient road infrastructure. This guidance will inform engineering design, hazard assessment, and maintenance strategies of roads along or near gravel-bed rivers. Other federal and state agencies support the pilot and are willing to assist in the development and review process. WSDOT anticipates that US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon DOT, Caltrans and other public works agencies will use the gravel-bed assessment tool developed by this pilot project. This pilot will consist of three parts: 1. A technical workshop to define the framework, goals, and criteria for developing the guidance and case studies. 2. Data collection and case study development. 3. The guidance write-up and finalization
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2019 20:59:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1632288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deposit Reduction in SCR Aftertreatment Systems by Addition of Ti-Based Coordination Complex to UWS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Formation of urea-derived deposits in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment systems continues to be problematic at temperatures at and below 215 °C. Several consequences of deposit formation include: NOx and NH3 slip, exhaust flow maldistribution, increased engine backpressure, and corrosion of aftertreatment components. Numerous methods have been developed to reduce deposit formation, but to date, there has been no solution for continuous low-temperature dosing of Urea-Water Solution (UWS). This manuscript presents a novel methodology for reducing low-temperature deposit formation in SCR aftertreatment systems. The methodology described herein involves incorporation and dissolution of an HNCO hydrolysis catalyst directly into the UWS. HNCO is a transient species formed by the thermolysis of urea upon injection of UWS into the aftertreatment system. Ideally HNCO undergoes hydrolysis to form NH3 and CO2, but under certain conditions HNCO may polymerize or react with other constituents in the exhaust. Reaction of HNCO with species other than water generally results in the formation of deposits in the aftertreatment system. Addition of an HNCO hydrolysis catalyst directly into the UWS provides maximum contact between catalyst and substrate, thereby improving deposit reduction efficacy. This method of reducing deposits has been shown to reduce deposits by 89% at a 215 °C operating condition.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2019 17:22:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598394</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Geogrid-Reinforced Timber Piled Embankment over Kettle-Fill Deposits near Chicago, Illinois</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new grade separation for the Elgin O’Hare Expressway required a widening and grade increase for a 185-meter long embankment section carrying Illinois Route 53 across a series of peat bogs. The subsurface investigation showed a wetland developed over a kettle basin subsided into glacial diamicton and subsequently filled with lacustrine clay, silt and organic soils. The organic soil sequence included fibrous peat sandwiched between upper and lower layers of soft, organic-rich clay and silt. As an alternative to the costly dry-land bridge concept an alternative was proposed to place the new embankment over a 900 mm thick aggregate platform reinforced with two layers of biaxial geogrid and supported on 9- to 12-meter long timber piles. The timbers were driven 7-foot on-square center into competent glacial diamicton. The system was designed for 300 mm settlement at the top of pavement. Local excavation of the existing fill was required to achieve the critical height. High groundwater and soft ground resulted in challenging but manageable working platform conditions. Pile-driving analyzer tests confirmed capacity of timber piles and established site-specific driving criteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2018 16:55:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1521503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electrification of our world is driving a strong increase in demand for lithium. Energy storage is paramount in electric and hybrid vehicles, in green but intermittent energy sources, and in smart grids in general. Lithium is a vital raw material for the build-up of both currently available lithium-ion batteries, and prospective next generation batteries such as lithium-air and lithium sulphur. The continued availability of lithium can only rely on a strong increase of mining and ore processing. It would be an inconsistency if the increased production of lithium for a more sustainable society would be associated with non-sustainable mining practices. Currently 2/3 of the world production of lithium is extracted from brines, a practice that evaporates on average half a million litres of brine per ton of lithium carbonate. Furthermore, the extraction is chemical intensive, extremely slow, and delivers large volumes of waste. This technology is heavily dependent on the geological structure of the deposits, brine chemical composition and both climate and weather conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to adapt from one successful exploitation to new deposits. A few years of simulations and piloting are needed before large scale production is achieved. Consequently, this technology is struggling with the current surge in demand. At time of writing, only 5 industrial scale facilities are in operation worldwide, highlighting the shortcomings in this technology. Both mining companies and academics are intensively searching for new technologies for lithium recovery from brines. However, focus on the chemistry of brine processing has left unattended the analysis of the sustainability of the overall process. Here the authors review both the current available technology and new proposed methodologies. They make a special focus on an overall sustainability analysis, with particular emphasis to the geological characteristics of deposits and water usage in relation to mining processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:05:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1521503</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Danger of Pollution of the Water Area due to the Peculiarities of the Coastal Dynamics of the Temryuk Gulf of the Azov Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Danger of pollution of water areas of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait from possible technogenic catastrophes is diagnosed as a result of comparison of wind power calculations and the current state of coast of the gulf. Ideas of a uniform West Temryuk stream of deposits are disproved. Three dynamic systems in the east and in the center of a coastal arch and the unidirectional alongshore stream of pollutants and energy in the western segment of the Temryuk gulf are revealed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 2018 17:09:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1516659</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on electrical properties of deep-sea cobalt-rich crusts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498752</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electrical properties of cobalt-rich crusts are selected as the research object, which are necessary to study breaking cobalt-rich crusts by high voltage. A special testing platform is designed for testing this mineral to determine dielectric constant, breaking voltage and breaking electric field strength. Different specimens of cobalt-rich crusts and substrate rocks are tested on this platform. The experimental results are calculated and analysed, and the conclusions are as follows: Under different frequencies of inputting voltage, the relative dielectric constant of cobalt-rich crust is not a constant, usually the lower frequency and the larger dielectric constant. When the voltage frequency is 1 or 4 MHz, the values of dielectric constant of dry and wet specimens are close, and when the voltage frequency is within 1–100 kHz, the values of dielectric constant of dry and wet specimens have huge differences. From the calculated results, the breaking and fluctuating electric field strength of cobalt-rich crusts is much smaller than that of substrate rocks, which is the theoretical basis for breaking deep-sea cobalt-rich crusts by high voltage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498752</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical Estimation of Mohr-Coulomb Shear Strength for Cemented Conglomeratic Deposits in the Arid Western United States</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the arid western United States it is not uncommon to observe slopes in weakly cemented alluvial deposits that stand at ½:1 (63 degrees) or steeper. These deposits are often conglomeratic in nature with clasts ranging in size from cobles to boulders enclosed in a matrix of finer material. Estimating accurate Mohr-Coulomb shear strengths for design presents a challenge because one cannot obtain a large enough sample to test in a standard shear box. One of the best empirical methods to establish the shear strengths is back analysis of failed slopes coupled with general Hoek-Brown criterion. For back analysis, only one strength parameter can be used, and the author prefers friction. The author has found that a practical method to estimate base friction is to measure the slopes of the small conical colluvial talus and scree fans of loose debris that have eroded from the slope face that are just at equilibrium and at the static angle of repose. The angle of repose represents the minimum angle of internal friction for these materials with cohesion at zero. The author then employs a computer program such as SLIDE®Version 6, to estimate the cohesion value assuming the slopes are in equilibrium and at a factor-of-safety of 1.0. The resultant shear strengths are compared to the Mohr-Coulomb equivalent strengths developed using generalized Hoek-Brown criterion for the rock masses and charts developed by Hoek and Bray on back analyses of failed slopes of similar material. The results show that 34 degrees friction and 500 psf cohesive strength are conservative and therefore may be used for design of weakly cemented cut slopes in arid regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 09:34:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502733</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the Application of Controlled Pyrotechnic Reaction with the Use of Ammonium Nitrate for Transport from Seabed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493664</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing interest in the exploitation of underwater mineral deposits is due to the increase in demand for some mineral resources because of the depletion of their deposits on land. Therefore worldwide research is aimed at developing efficient technologies exploitation of minerals from the bottom of the seas and oceans. The biggest problem in the development of underwater systems operating at great depths is transport from the seabed to the surface. Previous solutions represent various assumptions and technical concepts. Unfortunately, their biggest drawback is high energy consumption and thus high costs. The authors proposed the use of a new method which involves the use of pyrotechnics as the source of energy in transport from the seabed at great depths (Filipek & Broda, 2016, 2017) presenting the results of theoretical and experimental research of pyrotechnic reaction involving potassium nitrate. This paper explains the concept of the use of pyrotechnic materials involving ammonium nitrate transport from great depths in the aquatic environment. It presents the results of experimental verification of possibility of ammonium nitrate use in pyrotechnic reactions as a source of energy needed to raise the excavated material from the seabed to the surface. The authors used previously developed method of control for the effects of pyrotechnic reaction, i.e. mechanical damping of the shock wave in order to limit its harmful effects on the housing of the transport device performed also by controlling the time of pyrotechnic reaction. In theoretical research, particular attention was paid to determine the depth to which one can apply this method and determine the energy needed for transport depending on the density of the transported material (spoil). The authors compared the results of the reaction using potassium nitrate in the reaction with the use of ammonium nitrate. The results confirm the possibility of the use of pyrotechnic materials for the transportation of large depths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 09:24:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493664</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Theoretical Basis of the Concept of Using the Controlled Pyrotechnical Reaction Method as an Energy Source in Transportation from the Sea Bed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years all have observed the global growing interest in undersea exploitation of mineral deposits. Research on various concepts of operating systems on the seabed has been conducted, where different methods of transporting excavated material from the bottom to the surface are used. Great depths, where there are the most interesting resources (eg. IOM lot for the Clarion-Clipperton 4500 m) set very high technical and technological demands which results in intensive search for solutions. The authors of the paper want to explain the concept of the use of pyrotechnic materials for transportation in the aquatic environment. The presented method is designed for the cyclic transport from great depths (less than 200 m from the seabed). The principle of operation of the relay unit is based on the change in the average density of the entire module which is inseparably connected with the force of buoyancy acting on the submerged body. Changing the density of the whole module to the given depth of immersion is strictly dependent on the amount of energy supplied to the system by a power source in the form of a controlled pyrotechnic reaction. However, during the ascent energy demand decreases. The problem of transport of spoil from depth not only boils down to such considerations as initiation of the process of ascent. One should also consider how to use the excess energy occurring during the movement of the object toward the surface. The authors of the paper present the concept of making the transport of cyclic depths (less than 200 m from the seabed) taking into account the optimal use of energy from controlled pyrotechnic reaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 09:24:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spectroscopic Studies of Internal Injector Deposits (IDID) Resulting from the Use of Non-Commercial Low Molecular Weight Polyisobutylenesuccinimide (PIBSI)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1434189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 2009, there has been a rise in deposits of various types found in diesel fuel injection systems. They have been identified in the filter, the injector tip and recently inside the injector. The latter internal diesel injector deposits (IDIDs) have been the subject of a number of recent publications, and are the subject of investigations by CRC (Central Research Council Diesel Performance Group-Deposit Panel Bench/ Rig Investigation sub panel) in the US and CEN (Committee European de Normalisation TC19/WG24 Injector Deposit Task Force) and CEC (Coordinating European Council TDFG-110 engine test) in Europe.In the literature one of the internal injector deposit types, amide lacquers, has been associated with a poorly characterised noncommercial low molecular weight polyisobutylene succinimide detergent which also lacked provenance.This work will describe a well characterised non-commercial low molecular weight polyisobutylenesuccinimide, the engine tests associated with it and the spectroscopic analysis of the needle of the resultant stuck injectors. An engine test of a commercial grade PIBSI detergent that showed no sticking will also be described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 16:23:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1434189</guid>
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