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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>United States Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF): A Brief History—Formation, Functionality, and Future</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air mobility has been a military strategic advantage used by the United States (U.S.) from the onset of aircraft carriers, to supporting air bases worldwide. The U.S. government and defense components rely heavily on a civilian fleet of aircraft to supplement air transportation requirements in both peace times and during national emergencies. This paper reviews the historical and legal development of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) and discusses previous struggles and successes of the program by looking at the functionality of the program, before addressing how current events bring about the realization that the program must change. Current changes in the way U.S. airlines operate, the way warfare has been changed, and the financial hardships associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are all used to envision a future of the CRAF program to provide future air transportation capabilities to allow the U.S. government to maintain the necessary strategic advantage of responsive airlift capabilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:57:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759495</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Sustaining the Civil Reserve Air Fleet</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1700946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2020 12:09:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1700946</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Airlift Planning Problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1631560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) is responsible for planning and executing the transportation of U.S. military personnel and cargo by air, land, and sea. The airlift planning problem faced by the air component of USTRANSCOM is to decide how requirements (passengers and cargo) will be assigned to the available aircraft fleet and the sequence of pickups and drop-offs that each aircraft will perform to ensure that the requirements are delivered with minimal delay and with maximum utilization of the available aircraft. This problem is of significant interest to USTRANSCOM because of the highly time-sensitive nature of the requirements that are typically designated for delivery by airlift, as well as the very high cost of airlift operations. At the same time, the airlift planning problem is extremely difficult to solve because of the combinatorial nature of the problem and the numerous constraints present in the problem (such as weight restrictions and crew rest requirements). In this paper, the authors propose an approach for solving the airlift planning problem faced by USTRANSCOM based on modern, large-scale optimization. The authors' approach relies on solving a large-scale mixed-integer programming model that disentangles the assignment decision (which aircraft will pickup and deliver which requirement) from the sequencing decision (in what order the aircraft will pickup and deliver its assigned requirements), using a combination of heuristics and column generation. Through computational experiments with both a simulated data set and a planning data set provided by USTRANSCOM, the authors show that their approach leads to high-quality solutions for realistic instances (e.g., 100 aircraft and 100 requirements) within operationally feasible time frames. Compared with a baseline approach that emulates current practice at USTRANSCOM, the authors' approach leads to reductions in total delay and aircraft time of 8%-12% in simulated data instances and 16%-40% in USTRANSCOM's planning instances.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2019 11:08:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1631560</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Airlift for African security operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Mar 2018 09:42:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1504466</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Civil aviation's tactical role in uplifting U.S. military in dynamic theaters : industry and government must work together to sustain this vital resource</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1484380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Oct 2017 11:43:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1484380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Load-shift cited in 747 crash : NTSB and Boeing studies suggest 18t vehicle broke loose as National Airlines freighter took off from Afghan air base</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1348028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2015 10:04:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1348028</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Air Arm Transferring Airlift Loading Plan Optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1270681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a practical combination methodology of genetic algorithm (GA) and branch and bound algorithm (BBA) for packing optimization in military airlift loading. By using virtual container strategy the three-dimensional airlift-loading model can be transformed into two-dimensional model formulation that takes several practical constraints into account including the special aircraft center of gravity (C.G) limit. Extensive calculations based on Matlab and Lingo shows good packing efficiency and aircraft stability for different scale of airlift.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2014 09:44:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1270681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Military Airlift: DOD Needs to Take Steps to Manage Workload Distributed to the Civil Reserve Air Fleet</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1257245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To move passengers and cargo, Department of Defense (DOD) supplements its military aircraft with  cargo and passenger aircraft from volunteer commercial carriers participating in the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) program. Participating carriers commit their aircraft to support a range of military  operations in exchange for peacetime business. A House Armed Services Committee mandated Government Accountability Office (GAO) to report on matters related to the CRAF program. GAO assessed whether DOD (1) met its military airlift training requirements while also using CRAF  participants to the maximum extent practicable, (2) provided justification for restricting commercial carriers from transporting partial plane loads of cargo over certain routes, and (3) has established future requirements for CRAF and how the planned size of CRAF compares to those requirements. GAO reviewed guidance and policies pertaining to the program, flying hour data, and DOD-sponsored CRAF study reports. GAO also interviewed DOD and industry officials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2013 13:40:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1257245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Review of DoD's Strategic Mobility Programs: Civil Reserve Air Fleet</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1253229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Department of Defense (DoD) utilized the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) to help meet Operation Desert Shield/Storm requirements. Commercial carriers flew in excess of 4,700 missions in moving units, equipment, and resupply material. The call-up of aircraft proved particularly troublesome both to Military Airlift Command (MAC) (which did not necessarily need all of the capability of an entire CRAF stage) and to the carriers (whose aircraft were not always fully utilized once activated). This report proposes that DoD discard the use of staged activations; create discrete aircraft requirements categories or segments (e.g., long-range international cargo); select aircraft capability from each segment according to need; use a lottery system to spread volunteer awards and activation burdens among the carriers; and establish new authority levels for calling up aircraft. This proposed call-up procedure - along with recommendations concerning the senior lodger program, crew ratios, national defense features, and war-risk insurance coverage - will strengthen the CRAF Program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jun 2013 16:20:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1253229</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synchronizing Civil-Military Air Relief Efforts During A Catastrophic Crisis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1225471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake devastated the island nation of Haiti.  Thousands of lives were lost and more than one million people were displaced.  The seaport was unusable and numerous roads were impassable. International response immediately merged on the only suitable airport capable of supporting air relief operations. With no radar, no tower, one runway, and limited ramp capacity, the airport was quickly overwhelmed with demand for access.  The resultant influx of  international and military flights quickly saturated the airspace and airport resulting in aircraft holding, diverting, and an eventual Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ground stop for 22 hours for flights departing the U.S. until airspace control was delegated to the U.S. military by the Government of Haiti. The uniqueness of this crisis, a densely populated island nation with limited internal capacity and only one suitable port of entry for international aid, presented a host of challenges for airpower. Rapid civilian and military airlift was critical to the initial response efforts.  Strategic gaps in logistical operations were highlighted by the Haiti experience and early synchronization of civil-military air operations is necessary to improve air relief efforts for future catastrophic events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2013 09:07:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1225471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Commercial sea/air multimodal operations : support to the warfighter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1213298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2012 09:58:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1213298</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Serving two masters : military aircraft commander authority and the Strategic Airlift Capability partnership's multinational airlift fleet</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2012 09:52:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Civil Reserve Air Fleet: The Impact of 9/11/2001</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1146638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research seeks to assess the commercial airline industry's changing view of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) in the aftermath of the terrorist attack of 2011. First, the authors review the history of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) and the National Airlift Policy. They describe the structure and organization of CRAF, what incentives exist to reward participation, and how the incentives are managed. Data is presented, focusing on a 17 month period preceding and following September 11, 2001.  A statistical analysis leads to the inference that the terrorist actions did have a significant effect on the willingness of the carriers to participate in the CRAF incentive program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2012 09:47:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1146638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANG 201st Airlift Sqn flies the flag</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Elite unit uses Boeing BBJs to provide members of Congress, military leaders and senior US officials with global reach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 10:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passenger initiatives &amp; you : your next flight could be free</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 14:51:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115072</guid>
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