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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Electronic Regulation of Thermoelectric Modules in a Flow Cooler</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study addresses the design and implementation of two potential solutions for cooling water in the brake stand of railway vehicles, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and compliance with technical standards. A detailed exploration is provided of an electronic cooling system that utilizes modern microprocessors for precise regulation of the output water temperature. The goal is to achieve the required temperature parameters as specified by UIC 541-3 and IRS 50548, which details the exact conditions for testing train braking systems. The proposed system integrates Peltier modules (thermoelectric devices) for temperature regulation, enabling water cooling. Multiple temperature sensors are incorporated to ensure accurate feedback for the control unit. Two primary variants of the cooling system control are presented. The first variant uses relay circuits for control, offering a straightforward solution. The second, alternative solution, employs transistor-based control through drivers, which enhances regulation dynamics and system efficiency. The scientific contribution of this study is the analysis and design of various solution variants that meet the water temperature requirements as per UIC 541-3 and IRS 50548 standards. The results can be applied not only in the testing of braking systems but also in other fields where temperature regulation is crucial. By integrating advanced control strategies, such as TEC-based cooling for braking components, braking stands can improve the precision of thermal management during tests, leading to more accurate and repeatable results. The synergy between electronic cooling systems and braking test stands presents a promising direction for future research, supporting the ongoing transition to greener and more efficient railway transport solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665917</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Safety and Monitoring Microprocessor Concept for a Steer-By-Wire System in Autonomous Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When discussing semi- or fully autonomous driving systems, safety issues must be considered seriously. The focus of this work-in-progress paper is on the design and implementation of a safety and an enhanced E-Gas monitoring concept in a dual-microprocessor system, which is utilized for a fail-operational Steer-By-Wire system in autonomous vehicles. Furthermore, based on ISO 26262, safety requirements for a Steer-By-Wire system and its decomposition are figured out. Meanwhile, an example of the limitation of ISO 26262 towards autonomous driving is discussed and its corresponding solution is proposed. In addition, several test results of the above-mentioned dual-microprocessor system are demonstrated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jul 2025 08:55:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407480</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Detecting Embedded System Based on S3C44B0X</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aiming at the needs of large data, high transmission speed, complex operation and real-time process for fatigue detecting algorithms, the hardware structure of fatigue detecting system based on S3C44BOX was designed, which compose of image collecting modular, image processing modular and image output modular. This system could meet the needs of real-time capture, processing and display of video and it could be served as a video and image processing hardware platform in the fatigue detecting embedded system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2024 15:57:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283214</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Design of Ground Auto-Passing Neutral Section Logical Control System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development history of passing neutral section technology was introduced, and the advantages of ground auto-passing neutral section technology were analyzed. By analyzing the working principles and system compositions of the ground auto-passing neutral section system, problems such as no backup system and poor reliability were found. A design scheme of ground auto-passing neutral section logical control system was proposed which based on double 2-vote-2 redundant structure and used microprocessor as the arithmetic unit and depended on the mature technology of the secure computer platform. This article analyzed the hardware components of the system, the working logic in the software design, and system reliability. After field testing, the system has verified the output information, added the backup system, reduced the failure rate of the ground auto-passing neutral section system, enhanced the reliability of the locomotive auto-passing neutral section, improved the locomotive operating efficiency, and achieved the requirements of the design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 15:26:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975807</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Microprocessor Control System for a Three-Phase Voltage Inverter with a Modified Algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972827</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper investigates the influence of high frequency switching of power transistors of an autonomous voltage inverter on the distortion of the output quasi-sinusoidal signal. To solve the discovered problem, a modified autonomous voltage control algorithm is proposed, based on the use of different pulse-width modulation frequencies in one half cycle. The standard two-level sinusoidal pulse-width modulation is formed as a result of the intersection of the modulating sinusoid with the reference sawtooth signal. In classical pulse-width modulation, the ratio of the frequency of the reference signal to the modulated frequency is always constant and equal to an integer, i.e., this pulse-width modulation is synchronous. An algorithmic solution is proposed for the formation of a modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation, when the frequency of the reference sawtooth signal during one period of the modulated sinusoid changes twice from a smaller value to a larger one and vice versa.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 16:24:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972827</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proposal and Prototyping of Automotive Computing Platform with Quantum inspired Processing Unit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2270193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an automotive computing platform for solving combinatorial optimization problems in real-time, novel automotive computer architecture which has Quantum inspired Processing Unit (QiPU) is proposed. A prototype of Simulated Bifurcation Machine (SBM; one of Quantum inspired machines), which can execute Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) in real-time by collaborating with AI calculation, was implemented in an automotive mass production FPGA and verified. As a result, the compatibility for autonomous driving system and the effectiveness in the MOT application is proven by evaluation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2270193</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Microprocessor Controlled Three - Way Catalyst Efficiency Monitoring System (A Progress Report)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present paper describes the progress design of microcontrolled three-way catalyst efficiency monitoring system [1]. The system is based on a powerful microprocessor and utilizes the moving average value differential signal from a pair of thermocouples installed at the catalyst outlet and inlet sections. This signal is processed in real time using an appropriate statistical algorithm and the corresponding results are compared to experimentally determined limiting values to assess the current state of the catalyst efficiency during driving conditions. The result of this comparison is presented on a LCD display as A, B, or C catalyst condition signal. The advantages and results of this new algorithm version are presented in this paper. The system has already installed at and operates on new and used cars provided that the type of catalyst used has been experimentally tested to provide the necessary limiting values that characterize its relative levels of efficiency. It can also be reprogrammed and calibrated via a RS232C serial interface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 16:52:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1776868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PC Based (Digital) Controlled Gasoline Fuel Injection System For a Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1798302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the experimental investigations relating to the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder spark ignition engine operating on a newly designed gasoline fuel injection system is described. This gasoline fuel injection system was operated under port injection configuration by controlling the duration of injection with PC based control system, which uses the information corresponding to engine speed and throttle positions. A comparison between the manually controlled version had indicated that the overall performance of the PC based fuel injection system is better than that of the manually controlled system fuel injection system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Apr 2023 09:20:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1798302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mathematical Models of the System Integration and Structural Unification of Specialized Railway Computer Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents the method of the comparative evaluation of centralization systems based on the graph theory using the adjacency matrices and graph distance matrix of the system structure. For these matrices, the coefficient of structural redundancy, the coefficient of structural compactness, the number of the principal contours of the connected graph and the degree of the structure centralization of the control system are calculated. The obtained indicators make it possible to analyze the structures of the control systems and to draw conclusions regarding their quality properties, in particular safety. The unfolded explanation is given describing how the basic properties of the system showing its functional operability are presented in the graph structure. It also explains the connection between the structure elements and the hierarchy levels of the microprocessor centralization of the control system with the number and spatial location of knots, their distribution on correspondent groups according to levels. In accordance with the connection lines between subsections and elements, the number and location of arcs constructing a graph are determined. As a practical application of the offered method, the example of the comparison of two wide-spread systems of the microprocessor centralization, namely, “Impuls” and “Ebilock-950” systems, is given. It enables structurally to unify and on the system level to integrate railway specialized computer systems. The results of the research presented in the article are intended for specialists in the field of development and research of railway control systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Approach for Energy Management in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1814755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Interest is growing in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles that can be recharged using standard wall outlets, because of their fuel economy, near zero emissions and the ability to take the advantage of off-peak hour grid electricity, which offers improved power generation efficiency and environmental benefits. In this paper a theoretical model has been proposed for energy management of a mid-size plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) suitable for urban driving conditions. An algorithm is also proposed for a microprocessor based electronic control. This paper also discusses about the simulated results obtained for the proposed model using the new European driving cycle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Aug 2022 09:11:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1814755</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automation of the Process of Measurement of Electrical Parameters in Microprocessor Devices of Relay Protection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910323</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article continues a complex research of the operation of standard microprocessor protection of feeders of the AC overhead contact system DPA-27.5-TNF operated at the Zabaikal’skaya railway in regards to the possibility of obtaining the array of information in the online mode on the magnitudes of start-up and transient currents that flow in the traction network in different recurring modifications of the train schedule (TS). In the future, it would reduce the number of relay protection tripping events due to undetermined causes, thereby increasing its selectivity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 23 Apr 2022 17:59:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910323</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dissecting Robust Resource Partitioning, Robust Time Partitioning, and Robust Partitioning in CAST-32A</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1892159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CAST-32A strategy for MCP certification builds upon the key terms of robust resource partitioning, robust timing partitioning, and robust partitioning. In this work, we provide technical insight on the interpretation of these terms by building on derivative terms such as resource capacity, capacity allocation, and capacity verification and violation. We discuss on the scope of applicability of these terms from the low-level hardware components up to the complete MCP platform. We also dig into the complexities in implementing robust resource and time partitioning, and show that those concepts must be applied bottom-up from hardware-shared resources up to the whole platform. We also show that, while robust resource partitioning is the preferred choice, it can only be realistically applied to some resources and, in many cases, robust time partitioning is the only choice. These considerations help to homogenize these terms, so far indistinctly used by software, hardware, and certification experts, as a building block to derive satisfactory approaches and tools to achieve CAST-32A objectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2021 09:37:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1892159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strength Tests of Carbon Plastic Samples Using Dynamic Tensometry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of results of determining the stress-strain state (SSS) of a specimen with the laying of [± 45/90/03/90/± 45] Torayca T700 prepreg with geometric dimensions of 500 × 100 × 1.7 mm during its tension was performed. Stress concentrator was a hole with a diameter of 14 mm located in the center. The loading was carried out on a MTS Landmark test machine. The load increased stepwise through the interval ΔР = 10 kN until complete destruction of the sample, which occurred at P = 97 kN. The stress value was determined by calculation method and experimentally. The Compass 3D system was used, in which the VAT of the sample was simulated at each loading stage. Stress distribution in the model with increasing load is shown, which reflects the process of sample destruction during testing. Experimental values of relative deformations and corresponding stresses were determined using the dynamics-3 multichannel microprocessor-based fast-acting tensometric system. Strain gages were glued to the sample, two of which were located near the edge of the hole, the other two at a distance of 44 mm and 40 mm. It was established that the pre-destructive state corresponded to the redistribution of relative deformations with their subsequent double increase. The loads at which destruction of the sample material appears in the area of installation of strain gauges were determined]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 2021 09:34:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementing Automotive Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (MCAL) on 32 bit Architectures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modern automotive systems are highly complex, incorporating more than one CPU core, running with more than 100 MHz and consisting of millions of transistors. Similarly, software complexity is growing at an even higher rate. There is thus a high expectation in the automotive market that deliveries from µC suppliers should also contain an independent software layer - the Microcontroller Abstraction Layer - placed on the register level of the µC. The I/O drivers standardization activity, which started with the HIS (Hersteller Initiative Software), is now continued with AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) which will standardize all layers of the ECU basic software. The complex interaction between specifically implemented hardware features and standardized software requirements is a big challenge for software driver development. The implementation solutions need to map different software modules to the same µC resource and need to manage the complex dependency between software driver configurations. In addition, non-standardized complex drivers need to be integrated with the standardized ones especially since they also access the same µC peripherals. Due to the extensive configuration/dependency space, another challenge of this implementation is the verification/validation of these standardized drivers. This paper describes the implementation and verification concepts of the AUTOSAR MCAL drivers based on Infineon's 32 bit µC from the AUDO NG family - the architecture chosen for the AUTOSAR validation platform.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 2021 12:06:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementation of a Basic Single-Microcontroller Monitoring Concept for Safety Critical Systems on a Dual-Core Microcontroller</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic Control Units of safety critical systems require constant monitoring of the hardware to be able to bring the system to a safe state if any hardware defects or malfunctions are detected. This monitoring includes memory checking, peripheral checking as well as checking the main processor core. However, checking the processor core is difficult because it cannot be guaranteed that the error will be properly detected if the monitor function is running on a processing system which is malfunctioning. To circumvent this issue, several previously presented monitoring concepts (e.g. SAE#2006-01-0840) employ a second external microprocessor to communicate with the main processor to check its integrity. This paper will present a concept which maps the functions of the external monitoring unit into an internal second processing core which are frequently available on modern, 32bit, monolithic, dual-core microcontrollers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 2021 12:06:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1777133</guid>
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