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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Microscopic simulation of bicycle traffic : analysis and modeling of heterogeneity and free riding on bicycle paths</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As bicycling becomes an integral part of sustainable mobility, reliable planning tools are essential to ensure bicycling as an efficient mode of transport. The growing bicycle demand requires not only expanding infrastructure, but also ensuring that such infrastructure supports well-functioning traffic under high demands. Given the high heterogeneity in bicyclist characteristics, the use of microscopic traffic simulation, which explicitly considers individual properties and preferences, becomes particularly useful for evaluating bicycle traffic performance. While traffic simulation has been extensively utilized for traffic planning of various modes of transport, this type of modeling support is largely lacking in the planning of bicycle traffic. Although most commercial simulators allow multi-modal traffic analysis, bicycle traffic is often modeled by adjusting parameters in models originally designed for other modes, even though bicyclists may exhibit distinct characteristics and behaviors. Consequently, the proper inclusion of bicyclists into various traffic simulation analyses is difficult, and often inaccurate. The objective of this thesis is to develop and evaluate mathematical models for accurate microscopic simulation of bicycle traffic, with a focus on developing empirically well-founded models that capture the heterogeneity in bicyclists' characteristics and preferences, as well as their interactions with the built environment and with each other. The thesis delivers an empirical characterization of bicycle traffic in diverse contexts, describing the heterogeneity in characteristics and preferences of bicyclists - including disaggregated analyses by bicycle type - that potentially influence traffic performance. Methods for processing and validating bicycling data are developed to support this characterization. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates that bicyclist speeds are highly context-dependent and proposes simulation models for context-related features of bicycling trips, such as topography, curvature, and wind, that integrate heterogeneous and adaptive free riding behavior to improve the accuracy of simulated speeds and the reliability of bicycle traffic simulations. This thesis advances the accuracy and applicability of microscopic simulation of bicycle traffic for its use in the planning of well-functioning bicycle traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:18 GMT</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Modelling road traffic noise and human exposure : from simulation to application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Noise pollution is a leading environmental risk, causing widespread annoyance, sleep disturbance and an increased burden of disease. In Europe alone, more than 100 million people are affected by noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Road traffic is, by far, the largest contributor to this urban noise exposure. Despite extensive regulatory efforts, including the EU's Environmental Noise Directive, current approaches to environmental noise assessment remain limited in their capacity to capture the true complexity of road traffic noise pollution and its impacts on exposed populations. In particular, prevailing methodologies often rely on static assessments, using time-averaged indicators which ignore the highly dynamic nature of road traffic noise exposure in cities, and adopt a source-centric approach, focussing more on where the noise is emitted rather than who is exposed to it. The present thesis aims to address these limitations by advancing the methodological chain for road traffic noise exposure assessment. It introduces and validates a suite of new tools and approaches for near-real-time, dynamic, and population-centric noise modelling, based on both advanced simulation and empirical data. Central to this work is the use of microscopic traffic simulations, calibrated using real-time sensor data, to generate temporally and spatially resolved representations of urban traffic. These simulations form the basis for more realistic modelling of noise emissions, enabling the assessment of exposure at both individual and population scales.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666489</guid>
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      <title>Characterization of Aggregate Susceptibility to Polishing Using the Micro-Deval Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Skid resistance is a critical pavement surface property affecting roadway safety, especially under wet weather conditions. This study evaluated the frictional characteristics of a wide variety of aggregates used in roadway construction in Ohio. The micro-Deval test was used to apply different levels of polishing (0, 60, 180, and 360?min) to each aggregate material, and the frictional properties of the unpolished and polished aggregates were evaluated using a British pendulum tester (BPT) and a dynamic friction tester (DFT). Texture and angularity of the unpolished and polished aggregates were also evaluated using the second-generation Aggregate Image Measurement System (AIMS2). Carbonate aggregates were generally found to exhibit higher initial friction than natural gravels, but some carbonate aggregates provided poor friction retention after polishing. Slag aggregates were found to have high initial friction properties and good friction retention, while the trap rock used in this study exhibited relatively low initial friction and poor friction retention. It was found in this study that mass loss after abrasion in the micro-Deval test is not a good indicator of the aggregate’s resistance to polishing. Some aggregates exhibited high mass loss but maintained high friction properties, while others showed low mass loss and poor friction retention. The AIMS2 texture was also found to have a relatively low correlation with direct contact friction measurements obtained using the BPT and the DFT. These findings confirm the need for direct contact friction measurements to properly characterize aggregate susceptibility to polishing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Sep 2025 17:46:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598679</guid>
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      <title>Microscopic traffic simulation of automated driving : modeling and evaluation of traffic performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of automated driving systems (ADSs) in road transportation systems will affect the traffic flow characteristics, and have ripple effects which will lead to larger societal implications. The traffic flow is characterized by speed, density, and vehicular throughput, which determine the road capacity and the traffic performance in terms of, among others, travel times and delays. A tool used to study traffic flow dynamics and analyze traffic performance is microscopic traffic simulation, which works by describing the interactions between road users to simulate observed traffic phenomena. To use microscopic traffic simulation to evaluate the impact of ADSs on traffic performance, driving models need to be able to simulate driving decisions and behavioral patterns of ADSs. Driving models have been proposed specifically for ADSs, however, it remains to be validated whether these driving models when used in combination with traditional human driving models adequately simulate mixed traffic that includes human drivers and ADSs. Ideally, a clear interpretation of the behavioral assumptions for each type of vehicle should be possible, as these determine the simulation results. However, it is challenging to compare behavioral assumptions when using different driving models to describe different vehicle types. Empirical research has validated that some driving models, such as the intelligent driver car-following model (IDM), are well-suited for describing both human or automated driving when calibrated with the proper data. The aim of this thesis is two fold: to further develop microscopic traffic simulation for the study of mixed traffic, and to evaluate the effects of mixed traffic on motorway traffic performance. To enhance the modeling of mixed traffic, a model for perception is proposed which allows the explicit inclusion of perception errors in driving decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598565</guid>
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      <title>Analyzing the safety effects of different operating speeds for an autonomous shuttle bus service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims at evaluating the impacts of different operational speeds of an autonomous shuttle bus service on road safety by increasing Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) Market Penetration Rate (MPR) and combining network characteristics. A microscopic simulation analysis was performed in order to quantify the impact of road safety of an automated shuttle bus service within traffic. In the traffic network of Villaverde, Madrid, several scenarios were simulated using the Aimsun software considering the various CAV MPRs (0%–100%), and the different operational speeds of the service, namely 15, 30, and 45 km/h. From the microscopic simulation, the vehicle trajectories were extracted and analyzed using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) software that identified conflicts. Statistical analysis was then performed using negative binomial regression using the frequency of conflicts that the shuttle bus service was involved in as the dependent variable. The analysis revealed that the conflict frequency is lower when the shuttle bus operates at 45 or 30 km/h compared to 15 km/h, with the 45 km/h speed showing the largest reduction. This reduction in conflicts is probably due to the shuttle bus adapting more easily to the average traffic speed and is more synchronized with traffic flow. Furthermore, greater CAV MPR results in steadily decreased conflict frequency probably due to the automated shuttle's adaptability and collaboration with automated and connected traffic vehicles. The current study establishes a solid relationship for the conflict frequency of AV shuttles enabling stakeholders to optimize road safety towards a future of automated traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Apr 2025 10:34:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533902</guid>
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      <title>Together, we can get somewhere : exploring potential factors for the implementation of shared, autonomous public transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis explores the factors influencing the implementation of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) as part of public transport. Originally titled "Societal Readiness Levels for Autonomous Vehicles," the research shifted early on to focus on SAVs, distinguishing itself from studies on privately owned autonomous vehicles. Conducted as an industrial PhD project, the research examines the interplay between technological acceptance and societal adaptation in the deployment of SAVs in a public transport context. The study focuses on Australia and Sweden, with its methodology adapting to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic significantly influenced the scope and approach, prompting a shift toward digital data collection methods. This allowed for continued exploration of shared mobility, even when it became a sensitive topic for stakeholders and users. A multilevel analytical model (MLAM) was developed to identify and evaluate factors affecting the adoption of SAVs within a sociotechnical system. The model examines three interconnected levels: (i) Macro level-encompassing national policies, regulatory frameworks, technological development, infrastructure investment, cultural values, and economic conditions, with key actors shaping the enabling environment. (ii) Meso level-focusing on regional stakeholders like transportation authorities and local governments, who interpret and adapt national policies to meet local needs, particularly within regional mobility networks and digital infrastructure. (iii) Micro level-centered on individual users, analyzing sociodemographic, psychographic, and behavioral drivers of acceptance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534272</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety performances of instrumented micro-mobility modes by leveraging microscopic driving behavior data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shared micro-mobility services offer a sustainable alternative to cars for short trips and as feeders to public transport in cities. However, in several areas, there are concerns with the safety performance of the users of such services. This results in negative feedback from the public, especially for e-scooters, and the service providers also may be required to pay high insurance premiums to compensate for such safety and security challenges. It is, therefore, imperative from the perspective of all stakeholders to develop new solutions to improve the safety performance of the users of such modes. The main research question targeted in this prestudy is how to assess the safety performance of a trip using a shared micromobility mode. The process attempted in this prestudy is performing a comprehensive review of the literature and the state-of-the-art and adopting a multi-disciplinary approach with experts from industry and research institutes to identify the research gaps and identify a practical and structured approach to address them. Consequently, an attempt has been made to develop a methodology and identify future research projects that shall help to achieve the end goal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534181</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating urban intersections: a comparative study of roundabouts versus protected U-turns—which is better?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effective urban traffic management is a significant challenge in rapidly urbanizing areas with increased vehicular usage, impacting both congestion and safety. Busy cities, like many urban centers, face these issues. Roundabouts, known for their ability to reduce severe crashes, represent a traditional approach to intersection design. However, in high-traffic conditions, roundabouts can become less efficient, leading to increased congestion. Alternatively, protected U-turns, which are a relatively modern approach, are designed to handle high traffic volumes more effectively. They potentially reduce waiting times and improve overall traffic flow but may pose different safety and longitudinal challenges. This study aims to explore these complexities by analyzing the effectiveness of roundabouts and protected U-turns in the context of the unique urban landscape of the Hail City in Saudi Arabia. PTV VISSIM was used for dynamic traffic simulation, providing a realistic representation of traffic patterns in Hail City. Parameters such as vehicle queuing lengths, wait times, and overall intersection capacity are comprehensively evaluated. The simulation settings are adjusted to reflect different traffic densities and patterns, thus ensuring a thorough understanding of the performance of each intersection type under varied conditions. Additionally, various statistical analysis techniques were used to better understand the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Results showed scenarios of high traffic volume, roundabouts led to longer vehicle queues and increased wait times. On the other hand, protected U-turns exhibited a notable capability to manage high-volume traffic, effectively reducing congestion and improving intersection throughput. This research may contribute to urban traffic management literature, offering insightful guidelines for future intersection design and traffic flow optimization in rapidly urbanizing cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Mar 2025 11:34:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analys av omkörningar och hastighet på en mötesfri motortrafikled : djupgående analys baserat på ny teknik för återigenkänning av fordon från videomätning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding driving behaviour and traffic operations on oncoming separated roads with intermittent passing lanes (so called 2+1 roads) requires more detailed data than traditional cross-sectional measurements. The ideal case is measurements of all vehicles over a longer stretch (including several one and two lane segments), but this is difficult with today's data collection techniques. New video-based techniques enable measurements of all vehicles over a shorter stretch and could potentially enable analysis of traffic operations between camera positions if several cameras are connected. This report presents a methodology for re-recognition of vehicles detected at different video-based measurement systems. The methodology was applied to analyse traffic operations on a two-lanesegment on the 2+1 road E18 close to Brottby, Sweden. We have, for example, analysed number of overtakings, number of overtaking and overtaken vehicles, cross-sectional and segment speed for overtaking and overtaken vehicles, relation between flow and space mean speed for three different sub-segments. We have also conducted traffic simulation of this road stretch in the microscopic traffic simulation tools, RuTSim and SUMO. The aim of this part was to investigate to what extent it is possible to reproduce the observed traffic operations in a traffic simulation model specifically developed for 2+1 roads (RuTSim) and a traffic simulation model developed mainly for urban and motorway traffic(SUMO).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:18:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Detection and quantification of cracks in concrete bridges using drone-image inspection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The assessment of civil infrastructure play an important role in ensuring the safety of the general public and the durability of structures. Traditional inspection methods often involve manual labour and subjective evaluations, resulting in limitations in efficiency and accuracy. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest on using advanced technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), image analysis and machine learning techniques, to establish them as alternatives for the inspection process. These techniques provide different advantages compared with the manual method in terms of time, objectivity and safety. The results of these techniques can allow the engineers in charge of the assessment and maintenance planning to obtain detailed results that can improve their efficiency but they are not without challenges. This research project aims to evaluate different methods used for damage detection and quantification and their integration with UAVs as an alternative to structural inspections. The proposed methodology combines image analysis techniques, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with drones to address the different aspects of inspections, from the data gathering to the damage detection and quantification. This methodology focuses on detecting and quantifying small cracks as narrow as 0.1 mm on concrete structures, aiming to achieve results comparable to those of traditional inspection. Furthermore, an application demonstrating the feasibility of the methodology in inside environments is also presented, focusing on the inspection of the internal section of a box girder bridge, including the creation of 3D photogrammetrical models to improve the inspection process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:17:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Noise emissions from sustainable transport : a multi-scale modeling approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project addresses the need for green end-to-end long-distance transportation over land and noise emissions from transportation remain one of the greatest environmental issues of modern day. Inhabitants in urban environments are especially exposed, with almost 80 million people in the European Union exposed to noise levels exceeding the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The community engaged in the research field of environmental acoustics is in agreement: the exposure to road traffic noise must be reduced to the benefit of our health and well-being. While the health-related effects from exposure of traffic noise are problematic and of utmost importance to reduce, the provision of efficient transport is also a necessity. Therefore, innovative approaches and solutions are critical, e.g. in infrastructure, policies, legislation, or technological aspects of the vehicles, to sustainably fulfill the mobility needs of tomorrow. These conflicting requirements on transportation call for a more holistic approach to traffic analysis, and a better understanding of the relation between these effects from the traffic. This thesis introduces the noise exposure cost (NEC) methodology to evaluate the contributions from individual vehicles to the overall traffic noise impact in a systemic, multi-vehicle context. By integrating NEC with microscopic traffic simulations, the approach allows for feedback on the long-term noise exposure caused by specific vehicles at a micro-scale. Vehicle noise emissions result from both vehicle type characteristics and driving behavior, which can be assessed holistically. The work performed as part of this thesis emphasizes the trade-off between model scalability and fidelity in traffic simulations, noise prediction, and the evaluation of health and well-being impacts. It also explores the connection between models, highlighting dependencies on vehicle properties and kinematics. The research identifies the significant influence of acceleration on vehicle noise emissions, especially during peak urban traffic hours, impacting correlations between model outputs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:15:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulations with PROTON and RailSys : use of a macroscopic and microscopic railway simulation tool in Swedish applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the European Shift2Rail research project, a macroscopic simulation tool was developed in the sub-projects Plasa and Plasa2. Development was done by DB Analytics, which is part of DB (Deutsche Bahn) and one of the main goals was that the tool should be able to simulate large networks in short computation time. Both DB and the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), along with several others participated in the Plasa and Plasa2 projects. The tool is named PROTON (Punctuality and Railway Operation SimulaTiON), it was formerly known under the name PRISM (Plasa Railway Interaction Simulation Model). Trafikverket has an intention of introducing PROTON as an in-house tool and to increase the use of simulation as a method for analysing for example proposed future timetables. Trafikverket is currently using RailSys which is a microscopic timetable and simulation software. The intention is to use macrosimulation in applications where microsimulation is impractical or infeasible to use, typically in large area or even network wide simulations. SIMPOR is a project with the aim of using PROTON in different types of Swedish applications and it is carried out within KAJT (Kapacitet i järnvägstrafiken), Capacity in the Railway Traffic System which is a research program for improved railway system performance financed by Trafikverket. Most of the applications where PROTON has been used has been carried out in combination with other projects, such as FR8Rail2 and FR8Rail3, in which the use cases have been formulated. This report describes briefly PROTON and the input data needed for running simulations, and summarizes results from the different other projects where PROTON was used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:06:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389067</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Towards microscopic models for bicycle traffic simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As bicycling becomes an integral part of sustainable mobility, it becomes essential to enhance planning strategies that ensure bicycling as an efficient mode of transport. While traffic simulation has been extensively utilized for traffic planning of various modes of transport, this type of modeling support is largely lacking in the planning of bicycle traffic. Given the high heterogeneity in the characteristics of bicyclists, the use of microscopic traffic simulation, which incorporates the explicit inclusion of individual properties and preferences, becomes particularly useful for evaluating bicycle traffic performance. By examining real-world traffic, the objective of this thesis is to investigate essential requirements for microscopic modeling and simulation of bicycle traffic on off-street bicycle path segments, and to further develop and evaluate modeling approaches suitable for bicycle traffic. Understanding the fundamentals of how bicyclists interact with the infrastructure and other bicyclists is a necessary step towards accurate simulation of bicycle traffic. In this thesis, research gaps related to the evaluation of bicycle traffic performance and simulation are identified, and methods to validate bicycling data are proposed to determine its quality and suitability for traffic analysis. Furthermore, two distinct modeling approaches are investigated to simulate the impact of gradients in bicycle traffic. The first involves calibrating a car-based model using a widely-used microscopic traffic simulation software, and the second implements a power-based model rooted in the physical forces acting on a bicycle. Lastly, characteristics of bicycle traffic that are relevant for simulating bidirectional traffic are identified and described. The work in this thesis offers a starting point towards enhanced microscopic bicycle traffic simulation that effectively assist the planning of efficient bicycle traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:27:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344867</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CTR: Cykeltrafiksimulering för effektiv cykeltrafik på cykelbanor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modelling support is mostly missing for planning of cycling infrastructure, which impedes the planning of efficient, safe, and attractive infrastructure for cyclists. Based on a previously completed survey of modelling needs, this project investigates how microscopic traffic simulation of bicycle traffic can be further developed to satisfy the identified modelling needs. This project constitutes the second half of a PhD research study, and includes literature review, data collection, development, implementation, and evaluation of promising microsimulation approaches, as well as evaluation of bicycle traffic performance on bicycle paths. More accurate microscopic models for bicycle traffic would make possible to include cyclists in various traffic simulation analyzes, and thereby give better decision support for design of cycling infrastructure that allows efficient bicycle traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269704</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CTR - SMART3 - Simulation and Modeling of Automated Road Transport – del 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a large interest for automation of the road traffic system. Both vehicle industry, road administrators and other authorities have high expectations on automatization and hope that it can contribute to make the traffic system safer, more efficient and environmental friendly. The technological development runs at a high pace, but there is limited knowledge of which effects automatization might have on the traffic system and which measures road authorities should apply to ensure that the expectations are met. Traffic simulation is a powerful and common tool to study the effects on the traffic system resulting from changes in infrastructure and traffic control or introduction of advanced driver support systems. However, to enable analysis of traffic system effects of automated vehicles, todays traffic simulation models need to be enhanced and extended.  The aim of the project is to enhance and further develop todays state-of-the-art traffic models in order to enable analysis of future traffic systems. The project consists of two PhD projects, one focusing on microscopic traffic simulation and the behaviour of and interaction between conventional and automated vehicles, and one focusing on mesoscopic simulation and fleets of automated vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269679</guid>
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