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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>SOIL-CEMENT BASE COURSE FOR RUNWAY AT COVENTRY CIVIC AERODROME</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LABORATORY C.B.R. TESTS GAVE VALUES OF BETWEEN 16 AND 60% OVER THE GREATER PART OF THE RUNWAY AREA, THESE VALUES BEING SLIGHTLY LOWER FOR THE SOAKED CONDITION. THE MINIMUM DESIGN LOADING FOR THE RUNWAY WAS FIXED AT L.C.N. 45 FOR THE EXPECTED AIR TRAFFIC. ALLOWING FOR A MINIMUM C.B.R. VALUE OF 13% IN THE SUB-BASE, THE FLEXIBLE PAVING THICKNESS FOR THIS L.C.N. IS 15 IN. AND THIS IS MADE UP AS FOLLOWS: A 1-IN. WEARING COURSE OF HOT ROLLED ASPHALT, A 2-IN. BASE COURSE OF HOT ROLLED ASPHALT, A 6-IN. TOP LAYER OF SOIL-CEMENT (PLANT MIXED, SPREAD AND COMPACTED), A 6-IN. BOTTOM LAYER OF SOIL-CEMENT (PROCESSED IN SITU AND COMPACTED BY MIX-IN-PLACE SINGLE PASS TRAIN).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:42:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Soil-Cement Mixtures for Base Courses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE LATEST INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE ON THE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS IN USE FOR BUILDING SOIL-CEMENT BASE COURSES FOR PAVEMENTS. THE TYPES OF SOIL-CEMENT CONSTRUCTION DESCRIBED COVER THE INCORPORATION OF CEMENT WITH SUBGRADE SOILS, BORROW SOILS, PIT-RUN MATERIALS AND COMBINATIONS OF THESE MATERIALS BY MIXED-IN-PLACE, TRAVELING AND STATIONARY PLANT METHODS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122047</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A METHOD FOR IN-PLACE MIX CONTROL IN RECONSTRUCTION OF SOIL- AGGREGATE ROADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE DESIGN METHOD IN THIS PAPER IS SPECIFIC FOR THE CASE IN WHICH AN OLD AGGREGATE SURFACE IS TO BE SCARIFIED AND INCORPORATED IN THE NEW SURFACE AND THE BINDER MATERIAL IS TAKEN FROM THE ROADBED. THE QUANTITIES OF EXISTING MATERIAL ARE CALCULATED FROM TRENCH SAMPLE DATA. EQUATIONS ARE PRESENTED FROM WHICH QUANTITIES OF ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ARE CALCULATED AND SPOTTED. QUANTITATIVE CONTROL IS ACCOMPLISHED BY REQUIRING A PERCENTAGE OF MATERIAL FINER THAN SOME SPECIFIC SIZE IN THE FINAL MIXTURE. THE QUANTITIES ALSO DEPEND ON THE DIMENSIONS DESIRED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PRACTICE OF TAR STABILISATION IN SWITZERLAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE ADVANTAGES OF TAR STABILIZATION OVER HOT MIX BASES ARE GIVEN. THE FLEXIBILITY OF THIS TREATMENT ALLOWS CONSIDERABLE DEFORMATION WITHOUT CRACKING. THE TAR STABILIZATION IS MORE ECONOMICAL WHERE THE LOCAL AGGREGATE COULD BE STABILIZED AND TRANSFORMED INTO A FLEXIBLE BASE IN SITU / MIXED IN PLACE/. WHEN THERE IS NO ADEQUATE ACCESS TO A MIXING PLANT, FOR HOT MIXES BASES, THE TAR STABILIZATION METHOD IS SUPERIOR BECAUSE OF THE HAULING PROBLEM. THE TAR STABILIZATION ALSO OFFERS AN ECONOMICAL APPLICATION FOR STRENGTHING EXISTING ROAD PAVEMENTS AND PARTICULARLY THOSE OF UNSURFACED ROADS IN RURAL AREAS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TECHNOLOGICAL QUESTIONS ON STABILIZATION IN ECONOMIC FARM ROAD CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE TOOLS REQUIRED FOR THE MIXED-IN-PLACE METHOD FOR SOIL CONSOLIDATION ARE COMPARED. INFLUENCES SUCH AS SIZE OF SECTIONS, DISTANCE THE BUILDING MATERIALS HAVE TO BE TRANSPORTED, ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AND MANAGEABILITY ARE CONSIDERED. THE COMPARISON FAVORS THE EMPLOYMENT OF SINGLE MIXERS, WHICH ALLOW CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION AND INVOLVE LITTLE COST. AT A DAILY PRODUCTION OF 2,000 SQUARE METERS, THE SAVING, AS COMPARED TO MULTIPLE MIXERS, IS APPROXIMATELY 10 PER CENT. MOREOVER, THEY ARE MORE ADAPTABLE TO WEATHER CONDITIONS AND ARE ESPECIALLY ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN HYDRAULIC BINDERS ARE USED. /RRL/FG/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:40:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN EVALUATION OF MIXED-IN-PLACE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE FOR BARNYARD AND FEED-LOT PAVEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN IMPACT REBOUND HAMMER WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE RELATIVE QUALITY OF 12 BARNYARD PAVEMENTS MADE OF MIXED-IN PLACE CONCRETE (S/C) AND READY MIXED CONCRETE.  IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT AGGREGATE AND PORTLAND CEMENT CAN BE ADEQUATELY MIXED IN A NUMBER OF WAYS.  THE QUALITY OF THE AGGREGATE AND CEMENT-AGGREGATE RATIO APPEARS TO AFFECT MOSTLY THE IMPACT-REBOUND READINGS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:26:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A HANDBOOK OF SOIL-CEMENT CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CONTENTS: THE ADVANTAGES OF SOIL-CEMENT FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL-CEMENT IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS SOIL SURVEYS AND SOIL SAMPLING TESTING OF SOILS CONSTRUCTION OF A SOIL-CEMENT BASE SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SOIL-CEMENT BASE BY THE PRE-MIX METHOD SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SOIL-CEMENT BASE BY THE MIX-IN-PLACE METHOD MODIFICATION OF SOILS WITH PORTLAND CEMENT UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:26:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119636</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND COMPARISON OF LOUISIANA'S CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE BASE COURSES UNDER ACCELERATED LOADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/707631</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes the test results of the first project at the Louisiana Transportation Research Center's Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF).  In 1995, 9 test lanes were constructed at the Louisiana Pavement Research Facility in Port Allen.  These test lanes consisted of 3.5 in. of type 8 wearing and binder course and crushed limestone or soil cement bases made with either 4% or 10% cement and either plant-mixed or mixed in-place courses.  These mixed courses had the same structural capacity but with variable shrinkage cracking potentials.  The lanes were loaded to failure using the ALF and the results were used to compare the performance of the various base materials.  The experiment was organized into three phases.  Phase I of the program evaluated a flexible pavement with a typical crushed stone base and compared it to two innovative flexible pavement designs.  Phase II compared plant mix stabilized soil bases. Phase III compared other stabilized pavement layer configurations, including the conventional (benchmark) pavement. Pavement condition was monitored by measuring surface deformation, cracking, and falling weight deflectometer surface deflection.  A number of lined bores allowed monitoring of moisture content by down-the-hole meters.  Ambient climate was recorded and "in pavement" temperatures were measured.  Since traffic loading on each section stopped at different distress levels, all test sections were compared at a standard failure level for rutting.  Regression models were developed for each test lane in order to be able to predict the number of equivalent single axle loads carried to a standard rutting failure level of 0.75 in. (19 mm).  A post-mortem was conducted after loading to investigate the pavement failure modes and base conditions.  A pavement performance comparison among various lanes and survival analysis on pavement life was conducted.  The relative performance comparisons showed that the stone base performed as well as the soil cement base and that the stone over a cement stabilized base performed best of all.  Using an A-4 soil, the 4% cement treated bases performed as well as the 10% cement stabilized bases and the mixed-in-place bases performed similarly to the plant-mixed bases.  The Phase I test results suggested a layer coefficient for the stone stabilized soil of 0.10. Estimating the Present Serviceability Index from the roughness, fatigue cracking, and rutting results provides a reasonable relationship for lanes with crushed stone or cement-stabilized soil bases that could be applied in pavement management systems models.  Phase II and III test results suggested a layer coefficient for the cement stabilized subbase of 0.16. Performance of the stone over cement stabilized base ("inverted" design) pavement structure was significantly different from that of the other lanes in both failure mode and fatigue life. Cracking was found to initiate at the bottom of the asphalt layer or to reflect into the asphalt layer from the soil cement bases in all pavements except for the "inverted" base pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/707631</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STANDARDS OF ROAD BUILDING PRACTICE IN THE TROPICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/96773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/96773</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA - SYMPOSIUM - ASPHALT BOUND BASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/100970</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LIMITATIONS ARE DESCRIBED OF SEVERAL BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED IN VIRGINIA: HEAVY DUTY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH WATER BOUND MACADAM BASE WITH A MIXED-IN-PLACED SURFACE COURSE, AND PAVEMENTS CONSTRUCTED USING PENETRATION MACADAM. SUCCESSFUL USE OF HEAVY DUTY BITUMINOUS CONCRETE BASE COURSE CALLED BLACK BASE IS DESCRIBED. FIVE BLACK BASE DESIGNS ARE DISCUSSED FOR THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF HIGHWAYS: SECONDARY ROADS AND MEDIUM TRAFFIC PRIMARY ROADS, MEDIUM TRAFFIC PRIMARY ROADS WITH HIGHER TRUCK TRAFFIC, HEAVY TRAFFIC PRIMARY ROADS, INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM DESIGN, AND AN ALTERNATE FLEXIBLE DESIGN FOR INTERSTATE ROUTES. CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. THE ADVANTAGE OF BLACK BASE OVER OTHER TYPES OF FLEXIBLE BASES DESCRIBED ARE (1) EASE OF CONSTRUCTION, (2) COST, AND (3) PERFORMANCE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/100970</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PERFORMANCE OF A ROTARY SOIL CUTTER IN PULVERIZING A COHESIVE SOIL PRIOR TO STABILIZATION WITH CEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107465</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE FACTORS GOVERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF A MIX-IN-PLACE STABILIZATION MACHINE IN PULVERIZING SOIL ARE BEING INVESTIGATED. A TEST RIG COMPRISING A 6-FT. WIDE ROTOR MOUNTED BEHIND A 70-H.P. TRACTOR WAS SPECIALLY BUILT FOR THE INVESTIGATION. A POWER-TAKE-OFF DRIVE FROM THE TRACTOR ENGINE SUPPLIED POWER FOR THE ROTOR, WHICH WAS CAPABLE OF BEING DRIVEN IN EITHER DIRECTION OF ROTATION AT A WIDE RANGE OF FORWARD AND ROTOR SPEEDS. A STRAIN GAGE TORQUE METER MOUNTED ON THE FINAL DRIVE SHAFT OF THE ROTOR ENABLED MEASUREMENTS TO BE MADE OF THE POWER ABSORBED BY THE ROTOR. A SILTY CLAY AT 19% MOISTURE CONTENT WAS USED FOR THE INVESTIGATION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107465</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MIXING PROCEDURES FOR SOIL CEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/348388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is noted that an important aspect of good construction practice for portland cement stabilized base material is proper mixing techniques and processing.  Contractors choose from two methods: mix-in-place procedures using various traveling machines; and central-plant procedures using a stationary pugmill or other continuous type mixer. The details of each procedrue and equipment are described. Limitations of the methods are also noted.  It is noted that there is a time and place for both mixing processes.  All the factors inolved in any project must be considered, and job cirteria regarding mixing procedures must be developed before making a choice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/348388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYNTHESIS OF TECHNOLOGY ON BITUMINOUS SURFACING MATERIALS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/279540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because agency officials responsible for the management of low-volume roads work with limited budgets, guidelines for selecting the most practical design, maintenance, and rehabilitation alternatives must be established.  Bituminous surfacings provide a good, often low-cost surfacing for low-volume roads.  These surfacings may consist of hot-mix asphalt concrete, cold bituminous plant mixes, mixed in-place cold mixes, surface treatments or chip seals, slurry seals, and, in some cases, recycled mixes.  Recycling should be considered as a cost-effective alternative for rehabilitating distressed pavements.  The synthesis report contains sufficient information on the above topics to assist engineers and administrators in the decision process of designing, constructing and maintaining low-volume roads. The text is thoroughly referenced to identify sources of additional detailed information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/279540</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGH TECHNOLOGY OPENS ROAD FOR ECONOMIC RECYCLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/278011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recycling now offers an equivalent process to overlaying or replacement at a considerably lower cost.  The author reviews recent UK developments, discussing the conditions where mix-in place recycling would be beneficial and describing some of the equipment available.  Work has ranged from full width reconstruction to haunch-type in depths from 100 mm to 300 mm.  In recycling, the stabilisation process used in new road construction is transferred to the strengthening of existing pavements. A wide range of binders have been employed, including bituminous emulsion, cement, lime and no binder at all. The choice depends upon the reason for distress, the material in the pavement and the type of soil below it. Traffic loading and available casing periods also influence the choice of binder.  Raw materials are conserved, transportation costs are greatly reduced and the disposal of the old pavement does not become an environmental problem.  The road foundation is not exposed to the elements and at least 2000 sq m of pavement can be repaired and opened to traffic in one day.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/278011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECONSTRUCTION TRIALS FOR EAST SUSSEX COUNTY COUNCIL OF MIX-IN-PLACE RECYCLING WITH CEMENT AND GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED SURFACE DRESSING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/283598</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes reconstruction trials carried out on two rural roads in East Sussex during the latter half of May 1985.  The purpose of the trials was to assess whether the combination of mix-in-place recycling with cement of the existing pavement structure, followed by the application of glass-fibre-reinforced double surface dressing, is a viable technique for the rehabilitation of structurally failed/failing "flexible" roads.  One trial was a full-width reconstruction carried out under a road closure, whilst the other involved sectional repairs carried out between traffic lights.  The trials are reported from inception to visual inspection during the months immediately following the reconstruction work.  No attempt is made here to compare the technique, either technically or economically, with other methods of reconstruction.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/283598</guid>
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