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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Full-Scale Field Performance of Steel Wire Mesh Reinforced Unpaved Road</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study investigates the efficiency of hexagonal steel-wire-mesh reinforcement in the granular layer of unpaved roads through a full-scale field test. Three-test sections were constructed in the widening portion of the Sahol-Kim state highway in Gujarat, India. The first test section was reinforced with geogrid. The second was reinforced with hexagonal steel wire mesh, and the third was left unreinforced for comparison purposes. The test sections were subjected to in situ light weight deflectometer (LWD) tests to determine the in situ elastic modulus. With the addition of geogrid and steel wire mesh in the base layer, the composite elastic modulus of pavement layers increased by factors of 1.10 and 1.32, respectively. Finite element analysis was conducted in PLAXIS 2D to obtain critical vertical compressive strain and service life ratio (SLR) values. A higher SLR value of 1.65 for steel-wire-mesh (SWM) reinforcement indicates its effectiveness in enhancing road durability and confirms its suitability in preventing rutting failure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:49:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580998</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A restoring force model for the RC bridge piers retrofitted with UHPC jacket and high-strength steel wire mesh: Experiment, theoretical analysis, and simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The restoring force models of structures or components are the basis for analyzing their hysteretic ductility and elastoplastic response under earthquake. To estimate the restoring force characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers retrofitted with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) jacket and high-strength steel wire mesh (HSSW), quasi-static tests were carried out on one control RC bridge pier and four UHPC-HSSW strengthened bridge piers varying in height and thickness of UHPC jacket. The failure phenomenon, skeleton curves and hysteretic characteristics of each specimen were analyzed. The test results show that the use of HSWM not only improves the confinement effect of the UHPC jacket, but also gives full play to the material toughness of the UHPC. As the height and thickness of UHPC jacket are 450 mm and 50 mm, respectively, an increase of 30.8 % in the displacement ductility coefficient of the specimen can be achieved. On this basis, a four-segment linear restoring force model (RFM) for RC piers retrofitted with UHPC jacket and HSSW was developed. Moreover, a nonlinear analysis program for compression-bending members was developed using the section fiber model. This program comprehensively considered the transverse constraint effects of stirrups, steel fibers, and HSSW. Besides, the four key points (i.e., crack point, yield point, peak point, and ultimate point) in the RFM were identified. Finally, the proposed RFM was validated by the experimental results. The comparative results indicated that this model can effectively simulate and reflect the seismic hysteretic performance of UHPC-HSSW retrofitted RC piers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 09:44:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642512</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Influence of interweaving configuration and impactor rotation on the performance of flexible rockfall barriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Frequent rockfall events in mountainous regions pose significant threats to public transportation and the safety of human lives and property. Flexible rockfall barriers with different interweaving configurations are widely employed to mitigate and prevent such hazards. Focusing on puncture failure of the net layer, this study combines physical experiments and numerical analyses to explore the dynamic response of four interweaving configurations including ring net, wire rope mesh, chain-link mesh, and double-twisted mesh, and investigates intercept performance under varying impactor rotational velocities and orientations. Results indicate the ring net exhibits superior interception performance. Under low impact velocity conditions, the ring net sustained peak stresses of 675 MPa (below its 800 MPa yield stress) and experienced 1.6 to 7.4 times greater displacements than other configurations. Conversely, when the impact velocity exceeded 10 m/s, all other interweaving configurations suffered puncture failure, notably excluding the ring net. The presence of impactor rotational velocity promotes stress concentration and intensifies the stress by approximately 200 MPa. This causes the material’s stress to reach its tensile strength limit, resulting in material failure and a consequent reduction in the overall protective efficiency of the barrier system. These findings provide quantitative insights into the deformation progress of different interweaving configurations and offer practical guidance for the optimized design of flexible rockfall barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 09:09:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact fatigue behaviour of GFRP mesh reinforced engineered cementitious composites for runway pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete runway pavement faces a long term issue of cracking resulting in reduced durability and increased maintenance cost. This paper proposes a new type of runway pavement using engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) mesh reinforcements. This paper investigates the impact fatigue behaviour of the GFRP mesh reinforced ECC pavement through a series of cyclic impact tests. Five impact pressures were adopted considering the impacts induced by various types of airplanes. The number of impacts when the first crack appeared (N0) and at the failure (NC) were reported. The experimental results show that N0 of GFRP mesh reinforced ECC is increased by a maximum of 800 times comparing to that of concrete pavement. The GFRP mesh reinforced ECC could sustain 30,000 impacts without failure. Finally, a non-destructive health monitoring algorithm was proposed based on the ultrasonic testing method and validated using the experimental results. This method is able to assess the damage status, and predict the remaining impact fatigue life of the GFRP mesh reinforced ECC pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic strengthening of RC bridge piers using UHPC jacket and high-strength steel wire mesh: Experimental investigation and numerical simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2541094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To enhance the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers (e.g., those with early design limitations, construction defects, or long-term degradation), this study proposes a strengthening method combining Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) jackets with high-strength steel wire mesh (HSWM) in plastic hinge zones. Quasi-static tests were conducted on five UHPC-HSWM strengthened piers and one control pier to evaluate seismic performance metrics, including failure modes, hysteresis behavior, displacement ductility, energy dissipation, and stiffness degradation. The effects of the HSWM arrangement, thickness and height of the UHPC jacket on the seismic performance of bridge piers were studied. The experimental results show that the combination of HSWM and UHPC not only improves the restraint effect of the UHPC jacket but also fully leverages the fracture toughness of the UHPC material, resulting in fuller hysteresis curves. When the thickness and height of the UHPC jacket were 50mm and 450mm, respectively, the displacement ductility coefficient and overall energy dissipation capability of the strengthened specimens were increased by 31% and 245%, respectively, compared with the control specimen. The K value in the Concrete02 model was adjusted in the OpenSees to account for the enhancement roles of steel fibers and HSWM in UHPC. A finite element model on seismic performance of RC piers strengthened with HSWM-reinforced UHPC jacket was developed and validated against experimental hysteresis data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 09:52:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2541094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of steel mesh impact on GPR detection of voids behind lining in railway tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The strong electromagnetic reflections produced by the double-layer steel reinforcement embedded within a lining significantly impairs the detection capability of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system. However, current analyses about the impact of steel mesh are generally qualitative, lacking quantitative assessment. Motivated by this issue, the effect of steel mesh on GPR detection of voids behind lining in railway tunnels is qualitatively investigated in this study. First, a FDTD numerical model and a physical model for a typical railway tunnel with steel mesh embedded are built, and the consistency between the two models is observed in terms of radargrams and spectra. Then, the effect analyses are conducted in three aspects, including the relationship between field strengths at the same depth and grid spacings of the steel mesh, the relationship between signal peak at void location and antenna frequencies, and the fluctuation of field strength as a function of void depth and antenna frequency. It is found that these three relationships can be formulated respectively as a linear function, a power function, and a modified Bessel function. The coefficients in these functions are solved through curve fitting. The data from a GPR-based tunnel detection task in a karst mountainous area of western China showcase the effectiveness of the quantitative evaluation methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2025 09:49:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation of welded galvanized steel wire mesh reinforced asphalt pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2464133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Welded galvanized steel wire mesh is fabricated from longitudinal and transverse steel wires welded at specific intervals, followed by hot-dip galvanizing. To address the issue of asphalt pavement cracking, this study incorporates the welded galvanized wire mesh between the base and surface layers, thereby reducing the stress-strain levels of the pavement structure and mitigating the stress concentration at cracks. This results in a novel reinforced asphalt pavement structure. To validate the road performance of asphalt mixtures reinforced with welded galvanized steel wire mesh, this paper presents an indoor experimental study comparing various reinforcing materials: unreinforced, glass fiber geogrid, a polyester fiberglass geotextile, and 1.0 mm welded galvanized steel wire mesh. The results demonstrate that welded galvanized steel wire mesh significantly constrains asphalt mixture deformation under wheel loads, enhancing shear strength by 58.9 % compared to unreinforced asphalt mixtures, and exhibiting robust high-temperature deformation resistance. Moreover, the flexural tensile strength of asphalt mixtures reinforced with welded galvanized steel wire mesh increased by 36.3 %, and the maximum bending and tensile strains rose by 79.9 %, showcasing exceptional low-temperature crack resistance and crack propagation properties. Additionally, the fatigue life of the asphalt mixtures was markedly improved. Comprehensive analysis indicates that welded galvanized steel wire mesh is cost-effective, enhances the integrity and continuity of asphalt pavements, and extends their service life. Over the pavement's life-cycle, this method reduces overall investment, providing a robust basis for extensive application of welded galvanized steel wire mesh in asphalt highways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 12:01:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2464133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Cable-Enhanced, Wire-Mesh Reinforcement System for Structural Concrete to Improve Its Blast-Resisting Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2235570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional reinforced concrete structures typically employ steel reinforcing bars that are embedded within the structure. In the event of a proximate explosive detonation, such structures are ineffective in providing adequate protection because they are prone to disintegration under blast pressures that may be in excess of thousands of pound per square inch. Protection of people, buildings, bridges, etc. from car or truck bombs, remote controlled explosives, etc. is of increasing importance and necessity. It has been previously suggested that wire mesh may be employed on or just beneath the front and rear surfaces or inside the structural elements to mitigate "scabbing" (i.e. creation of craters on the target face due to a blast load) and "spalling" (i.e. separation of particles of structural element from the rear face at appropriate particle velocities) for light to moderate blast loads. It has also been previously suggested that a wire-mesh reinforcement system not only prevents scabbing and spalling for light to moderate blats loads but can be designed to deflect elastically and plastically in response to large explosive loads to absorb the energy of the blast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2024 09:31:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2235570</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Novel Rectangular Partially Bonded Steel Mesh–Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings for Seismic Isolation of Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2368006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steel plates have traditionally been the reinforcement of choice for conventional elastomeric bridge bearings. In addition, these bearings are often employed under fixed boundary conditions (bonded application) as seismic isolators. The main objective of this study is to develop a new type of elastomeric bearing with improved lateral flexibility and superior seismic isolation efficiency. The new bearing is a partially bonded mesh-reinforced (MR) elastomeric bearing. MR bearings employ high-strength steel mesh reinforcement layers instead of steel-reinforcing plates. Additionally, the bearing is utilized in a partially bonded application; that is, only a limited region at the central portion of the bearing contact surfaces is bonded to the top and bottom supports. Given this specific boundary condition and the bending flexibility of the mesh reinforcement layers, the MR bearing experiences lateral rollover deformations under shear loads. During lateral rollover deformation, the upper and lower surfaces of the bearing partially roll off the contact supports. This experimental study compared the cyclic lateral responses of bonded plate-reinforced (PR) bearings (as reference bearings) and their partially bonded MR-bearing counterparts. The elastomer material properties and geometrical characteristics of the two bearing types were identical. The experimental results suggest that partially bonded MR bearings are feasible, perform more flexibly in the lateral direction, and exhibit greater energy-dissipation capability than PR bearings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 09:15:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2368006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened using recycled industrial steel-wire mesh high-performance mortar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2251317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Industrial recycled steel wires extracted from waste tires can be combined with high-performance mortar by weaving them into a mesh to apply this type of strengthening method, which exhibits high tensile strength, high toughness, and excellent cracking resistance in building structures. This paper presents a flexural behavior study of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under different industrial recycled steel wire working conditions. The authors examined the resultant steel-wire mesh high-performance mortar, investigating the stiffness, ductility, and load carrying capacity of the experimental beams under different anchorage measures using different mesh types and sizes. The results showed that both the weaving of the recycled industrial steel wire into a mesh and the rebar-planting anchorage measures were effective in preventing the stripping of the strengthening layers, allowing the tensile performance of the recycled industrial steel wire to be fully utilized and the ultimate load capacity of the RC beams to be considerably increased. At the same time, the industrial recycled steel-wire mesh also played an important role in the inhibition of crack development, with the width of the cracks in the strengthening beams decreasing and an overall appearance of "fine and dense" character. As the volume of steel bars in industrial recycled steel-wire mesh increases, the ultimate bearing capacity and stiffness of the beam increased. To verify the strengthening effect of industrial recycled steel-wire mesh high-performance mortar on the beams from multiple angles, this study used finite element analysis software to conduct numerical simulation analyses on four of the experimental beams. The damage cloud charts of the specimens from the numerical simulations were compared with experimental failure phenomena, the deviations between the simulated and experimental values of the specimens being within 10%—that is, the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The use of industrial recycled steel-wire mesh high-performance mortar strengthening could be applied in actual projects, its green low-carbon credentials achieving the purpose of solid-waste utilization as well as providing strong support for China's early realization of carbon neutrality and related strategic objectives. At the same time, the recycling of waste tires could provide a new research direction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2023 17:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2251317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Hybrid Design Approach for Surface Stabilization of Soil Slopes Using Steel Wire Mesh: Towards a Deformation Based Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2236960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anchored (or pinned) wire mesh, commonly employed as passive stabilizing systems for potentially unstable slopes in granular soil or highly fragmented weak rock, are composite structures consisting of wire mesh, steel plates and reinforcing bars/ties. Their stabilizing action is determined by the complex interaction of such elements with the underlying unstable layer, depending on the geometry of the slope, the stabilizing intervention, mechanical properties of the soil and mesh, and the intensity and time variability of applied loads (especially environmental loads, e.g. seasonal water table variations). Standard design approaches are often based on an Ultimate Limit State hypothesis (ULS), assuming the full mobilization of both the ultimate soil resistance and the ultimate tensile force in the wire mesh. Such hypothesis can potentially lead to an unsafe design, especially when passive stabilizing systems are considered, since the stabilizing action is mobilized only upon the activation of soil displacement. In the present paper, based on recent advances in design methods for slope stabilizing systems, an advanced “hybrid” method is presented combining an ULS analysis of the unstable slope with a Serviceability Limit State analysis (SLS) for the wire mesh. This hybrid method allows the designer to easily and consistently estimate the affect of soil displacement on the factor of safety of the slope, thus proving the efficacy of the wire mesh to reduce soil displacement and allow the influence of both its strength and stiffness to be determined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Sep 2023 09:47:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2236960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A multi-objective optimisation study of trimaran hull applying RBF-Morph technique and integrated optimisation platform at two design speeds</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an efficient optimisation method to improve the main hull of a trimaran ship, whilst proposing a computational fluid dynamics-based automated approach to reduce total resistance. A mesh-based method is introduced to modify a wave-piercing bow trimaran hull at two cruise and sprint speeds. Therefore, the problem pertains to a hydrodynamic multi-objective optimisation problem. Radial basis function-based mesh-morphing tool is implemented to alter the geometry at the mesh level. Mesh-morphing tool leads to elimination of geometry and mesh regeneration steps that consequently provides a shortcut for the designer's extrication from optimisation time and complexity of geometry modification. Ten global parameters accomplish expansion and contraction of the 10 sections, which are known as Magnification Factor. Optimisation results and design comparison illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate 6.77% reduction in total resistance at cruise speed and 1.55% at sprint speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2023 09:23:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Case Study for Ditch Cover with Ultra-High-Performance Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2060595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The case study is to explore the ditch cover with ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and mainly focuses on seven different contents of steel fibers (0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%) as variables. The fabrication of the UHPC ditch cover was performed with 60㎝×35㎝ ditch cover mold for UHPC casting and added wire mesh for 2 layers. The test parameters of the ditch cover included the spot welded wire mesh with iron or steel, the steel fiber content, the number of openings, and the thickness. The number of openings in the ditch cover model is 8 holes and 12 holes. The case study is to find a UHPC ditch cover that is strong enough to withstand the weight of a heavy vehicle. The purpose of the research is to develop a UHPC ditch cover, and compare the weight, load bearing, and unit price with zinc grid ditch cover, cast iron ditch cover, and FRP ditch cover. The results show that the compressive and flexural strengths of UHPC with 0% to 3% steel fiber content can be rapidly increased by 40% and 260%, respectively. The study found that the UHPC trench cover is added with 3% steel fiber, double-layer spot welded steel mesh, with a thickness of 4cm and 8 openings, its load-bearing strength can exceed 11 tons, and the load capability/price (C/P) value is extremely high.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:58:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2060595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on dynamic characteristics of novel filled damping block mesh-type rail pads for heavy haul railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2028637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently, the commonly used rail pads for heavy haul railways are grooved rubber rail pads (GRRP) and prismatic thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) rail pads (PTRP). However, the rail pad of the traditional structure has an obvious stress concentration when compressed and limited damping performance, which severely limits the service life of the rail pad. This study proposes a novel filled damping block mesh-type rail pad (NFDBMTRP) suitable for heavy haul railways. The rail pad has better damping performance than that of the traditional rail pad under the same stiffness condition. When the rail pad is under pressure, its hexagonal mesh structure can ensure that the stress distribution of the rail pad is uniform. Meanwhile, the damping block filled in the hexagonal mesh cavity can absorb part of the energy so that the overall stress level of the NFDBMTRP is small, which is beneficial for prolonging the service life of the rail pad. On the basis of the vehicle–track coupled dynamics theory, the C₈₀ truck–track coupled dynamics calculation model was established, and a field test of the heavy haul railway was conducted. The time and frequency domain signals of the rail and sleeper acceleration obtained from the test were compared with those from the simulation to verify the accuracy of the dynamics model calculations. Under the same stiffness (70 kN/mm), the dynamic response differences in the four rail pads were compared and studied. The dynamic calculation results showed that the NFDBMTRP not only has smaller acceleration than that of the other three rail pads on the rail, sleeper, and car body but also has the smallest wheel–rail vertical force and derailment coefficient. This implies that improving the damping of the rail pad is beneficial for improving the safety and stability of train operation and has a certain protective effect on the under–track structure. To sum up, the NFDBMTRP has better structural properties and vibration damping performance compared with the traditional rail pad, and has broad application prospects in the heavy haul railway fastening system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Nov 2022 10:16:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2028637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reduce vehicle-animal collisions with installation of small animal exclusion fencing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of small animals on Minnesota’s roadways presents a public safety concern and negatively affects wildlife populations. For the past four years, the Minnesota Zoo has partnered with the Minnesota Department of Transportation to test and evaluate the effectiveness of standard plans for small animal exclusion fencing, with the goal of redirecting turtles and small wildlife away from roadways and to existing through-road infrastructure where practicable. Wildlife can pose a significant threat on roadways, and driver avoidance of or direct collisions with small animals can result in substantial damage or injury, particularly for motorcyclists and bicyclists and those who stop to assist wildlife across roadways. Turtles are the focus of this research as their unique life histories and slow population growth rates make them particularly vulnerable to impacts from road mortality. To address this, the authors implemented a before-after-control-impact study at 11 sites around the greater Twin Cities region during the 2018– 2021 period. The results showed that standard chain-link fencing (including trenching and wrap-around end treatments) can effectively reduce mortality of adult turtles. However, this design did not result in decreases in mortality of juvenile and hatchling turtles. After retrofitting fences with 1⁄2-inch wire mesh, the authors documented a substantial reduction in the mortality of all age classes (up to 91% over pre- treatment) of turtles, thereby demonstrating its utility as an effective mitigation strategy. The development and adoption of a vetted standard plan will increase efficiency, reduce costs, improve public safety, and reduce mortality of turtles and other wildlife on Minnesota roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:27:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008560</guid>
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