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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A methodology for urban bike network design using floating car data: evidence from a medium-size city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban mobility plays a key-role in developing sustainable cities, prompting planners to promote alternatives to private cars. Among these, bikes offers significant potential. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology for designing bike networks using floating car data (FCD) and survey insights. FCD enables the estimation of origin-destination matrices, while surveys identify car trips that could shift to bikes. The approach is validated through a case study in Rovigo, a medium-size city in Northern Italy. Data from five working days, covering about 1,900 cars and 24,000 trips, allowed classification of travel patterns and demand analysis. Based on these findings, the proposed methodology achieved notable results, extending the existing bike network by approximately 28% in length. This study demonstrates the feasibility of leveraging FCD and behavioural data to support sustainable mobility planning and enhance cycling infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709492</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Towards new models based on the promotion of proximity mobility planning for the implementation of LEZs in medium-sized cities in Spain: the case study of Cartagena</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of low emission zones (LEZs) has been a widely used tool in recent years in Europe's large capitals, with considerable success in the fight against traffic-related pollution. However, its implementation in medium- and small-sized cities is still a challenge that needs to be addressed by local authorities in many countries. This work proposes, in the current framework of convergence of urban planning and transport, a new approach in which the development of an alternative LEZ model is proposed, using as a basis a planning with measures aimed at proximity mobility. To this end, the case study of the city of Cartagena in Spain is taken in which a pilot project is developed with superblocks combined with woonerf-type traffic calming strategies and tactical urban planning actions. In this context, the effects of different alternative scenarios are compared using an innovative hybrid approach with simulation software and full-scale monitoring through the development of an urban laboratory that implements a multilayer digital twin of the study area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 16:32:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704085</guid>
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      <title>Adapting the 15-minute city for medium-sized cities peripheries: Participatory insights into sustainable mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proximity-based urban models such as the 15-minute city have gained prominence as strategies to promote sustainable mobility and urban well-being. However, their applicability to medium-sized cities, particularly peripheral districts characterized by low densities, fragmented land uses, and strong car dependence, remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates how participatory evidence can inform the reframing of proximity-based mobility strategies in medium-sized urban peripheries, moving beyond purely spatial interpretations of accessibility. Using the Northern District of Cáceres (Spain) as a critical case, the research adopts a constructivist grounded theory-informed qualitative design. Four multi-stakeholder focus groups were conducted with residents, public authorities, service providers, and mobility-related actors to examine lived experiences of accessibility, everyday mobility barriers, and locally acceptable transition pathways. The material was coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti 25 through thematic, frequency, and co-occurrence analyses structured around key analytical dimensions related to the built environment, transport systems, governance, diversity, and digitalization. The findings show that perceived proximity in medium-sized urban peripheries is shaped less by physical distance alone than by experiential and systemic factors, including public space quality, continuity of active-mode networks, public transport structure, and institutional legitimacy. Behavioral lock-ins and skepticism toward decontextualized, large-city mobility measures emerge as critical barriers to policy acceptability. Based on the participatory evidence, eight context-sensitive strategies were derived, emphasizing social infrastructure-based micro-centralities, enhanced public transport connectivity, continuous active-mode networks, and inclusive digital integration. By reframing proximity as lived accessibility, this study contributes to the sustainable mobility and proximity planning literature and demonstrates the value of participatory qualitative methods for designing socially robust and transferable mobility strategies in medium-sized cities, supporting SDG 11–aligned urban transitions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 16:32:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701392</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Participatory Agent-Based Scenario Development for Mid-Sized Cities: Evaluating Housing and Sustainable Mobility Interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the interplay between housing supply strategies, specifically greenfield and infill developments, and long-term changes in car ownership, travel mode choices, and vehicle/passenger kilometres travelled in the context of mid-sized North American cities. The City of Moncton serves as a representative case study, having recently experienced rapid internal and international migration. Particular focus is given to the emerging four-unit zoning strategy, currently being deployed in several Canadian provinces, as a means to address rising housing demand. An agent-based integrated land use and transportation (ILUT) modelling framework is applied to project population and behavioural dynamics from 2021 to 2046 under multiple land use and housing development scenarios. These scenarios were co-produced through an iterative collaborative process involving practising planners and engineers from the City of Moncton and the DalTRAC research group. The ILUT framework was developed using the 2023 CanTRAC survey data through calibration of discrete choice and heuristic behavioural models, with further validation of model outputs against the 2016 and 2021 Canadian Census data. Validation results indicated close agreement, with mean absolute error below 3% and root mean square error below 5%. Simulation outcomes revealed that while infill development alone does not sufficiently reduce car dependency, the combination of four-unit zoning with residential parking restrictions yields a significant reduction in car ownership and fosters a shift toward active modes of travel. These findings offer actionable insights for policymakers and planners aiming to shape sustainable mobility in rapidly growing mid-sized cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Bayesian quantile-based analysis of micromobility usage and challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As mid-sized cities in the United States adopt micromobility to promote sustainable transportation, understanding the local factors that drive usage is critical than ever. This study examines neighborhood-level e-scooter and e-bike usage patterns using a Bayesian quantile regression (BQR) framework, focusing on how the influence of neighborhood characteristics varies across different levels of usage intensity. Leveraging data from the micromobility pilot program in Tacoma, Washington, the research departs from prior studies focused on large cities by highlighting opportunities and challenges in a mid-sized city context. Findings reveal that micromobility usage is unevenly distributed across sociodemographic groups and income brackets. Areas with higher percentages of minority populations and females report lower trip rates, while adults aged 25 and older consistently show higher usage. Socioeconomic factors also shape usage patterns, with mid-income households ($50 k–$100 k) more active in high-trip-rate areas. Environmental and infrastructural factors, such as flat terrain, tree canopy coverage, and off-street bike/pedestrian paths, show strong positive associations with micromobility usage, particularly at higher quantiles. The study also identifies opportunities for multimodal integration and design improvements along 30–35 mph corridors. While urban heat islands correlate positively with usage, they may raise concerns over user comfort. Lastly, parks were not major trip generators, indicating a potential disconnect between recreational spaces and micromobility networks. These insights underscore the need for equity-driven, environmentally sensitive, and infrastructure-supported micromobility planning. The findings provide a blueprint for expanding micromobility in mid-sized urban areas, ensuring it serves as an accessible and sustainable transportation mode across diverse communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2690333</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Design and multiple criteria evaluation of last mile delivery solutions for a down town area of a medium sized city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the development, analysis and multiple criteria evaluation of certain modern, innovative transportation/ logistics solutions for a last mile delivery system of goods in Poznan City in Poland. 9 alternative, technologically advanced “last mile” delivery concepts based on: drones, autonomous vehicles, cargo bikes, crowd shipping and freight car pooling are considered and simulated. The results of simulation constitute an input for the definition of 7 evaluation criteria of the considered solutions/ variants. Based on the evaluation of the considered variants, last mile delivery solutions are ranked from the best to the worst. Their ranking is generated in the computational phase carried out with the application of a selected Multiple Criteria Decision Making/ Aiding (MCDM/A) method (ELECTRE III/IV). The results of computational experiments are demonstrated as a ranking from the best solution to the worst and a final recommendation is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Walking in an unwalkable context: Exploring methodology for co-producing knowledge in secondary cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the methodologies used to acquire knowledge on pedestrian walking experience in secondary cities in Ghana and Nigeria. The study adopts a participatory and community-based approach, leveraging digital innovation (eyeglasses concealing a camera) and other approaches to capture data. In contrast to conventional walkability studies in African cities, which use traditional methods, this innovative approach positions participants as active contributors to knowledge production. Moreover, it provides rich, real-world audio-visual data that offers deeper insights into the quality of their walking experiences. The study highlights how effective planning and timely execution of community engagement in the walking environment affect urban residents. Despite the cost-free nature of walking and its critical role in connecting people to opportunities, video evidence and other methods highlighted significant dissatisfaction with walking environments. Participants expressed varying levels of discontent: residents of Cape Coast described their walking spaces as unattractive and inconvenient, while those in Owerri identified safety and security concerns. This collaborative approach effectively uncovered and documented essential insights into commuters' walking experiences across both locations. The study recommends extending this method to vulnerable population groups to provide a more inclusive understanding of walkability challenges from diverse demographics perspectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study of Economic Activities in the Small and Medium-sized Cities with HSR Local Stations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) development on economic activity in small and medium-sized cities in Japan that have local HSR stations. It also assesses the effectiveness of policies and other measures aimed at promoting settlement and industrial development in these areas. To achieve this, this paper analyzes changes in the number of business establishments and population over time and across municipalities with intermediate stations on the Tohoku Shinkansen line. Additionally, the paper categorizes and evaluate measures related to residential and business attraction, examining their relationship with the statistical trends. The municipalities are classified into two main groups: one experiencing declines in population, daytime population, number of establishments, and station ridership, and the other exhibiting growth in these indicators. The latter group is found to implement policies leveraging their HSR station, such as initiatives to attract residents and business.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 16:30:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operative methodology for the assessment of pedestrian accessibility to facilities for the 15-minute city neighbourhood-scale planning scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept of the “15-Minute City” (FMC) has gained increasing attention in urban planning debates as a strategy to promote proximity-based, equitable and inclusive urban living. The FMC concept advocates for ensuring that urban functions are accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride. This study investigates how pedestrian accessibility to local facilities can be assessed and enhanced within the FMC framework, with a focus on neighbourhood-scale interventions. The paper develops a GIS-based methodology firstly, to analyse accessibility at the urban and then at the neighbourhood scale through the mapping of urban facilities and amenities, and pedestrian isochrones to obtain an accessibility score. The approach allows for scenario-based evaluations of accessibility and supports the planning of targeted urban regeneration actions. The methodology is tested in the pilot area of the San Leonardo neighbourhood of Parma, a medium-sized Italian city, demonstrating its potential to guide public administrations in identifying spatial inequalities and prioritising walkability improvements. By operationalising FMC principles at the neighbourhood scale, this research contributes to improve planning tools that foster equitable and sustainable mobility spaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a BRT planning tool for small and medium-sized cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633590</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has predominantly been implemented in major urban areas worldwide, but interest is growing in its application within small and medium-sized cities. In these contexts, enhanced bus-based public transport is often essential for promoting more sustainable transport systems. However, limited research has explored how BRT can be adapted to smaller cities, particularly in Europe, where challenges such as limited space, lower passenger demand, and fragmented governance require collaboration among multiple stakeholders during the planning process. A key problem is that there is no common understanding of how to plan and implement BRT in such contexts. This paper addresses that gap by developing a BRT planning tool using a Delphi-inspired approach to identify shortcomings in existing tools. The resulting "Planning Tool for Swedish BRT" aims to facilitate collaboration among stakeholders early in the planning process. The proposed tool offers a more balanced approach to achieving BRT status, moving away from the traditional infrastructure-heavy focus on capacity and commercial speed prevalent in large urban areas. It integrates infrastructure, urban design, vehicle systems, and operational strategies while promoting thoughtful design decisions that ensure high-quality services. This approach recognizes the evolution of BRT projects in smaller cities, transitioning from purely transport-focused solutions to broader urban development initiatives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 14:44:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633590</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Transition to Electric Bikes in China and its Effect on Travel Behavior, Transit Use, and Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627326</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite rapid economic growth in China over the past decade and rise in personal car ownership, most Chinese still rely on two-wheeled vehicles (2WV) or public transport for commuting. The majority of these 2WVs are bicycles. In recent years, concern about poor air quality in urban areas and rising energy costs have caused cities to ban gasoline-powered scooters in city centers. Simultaneously, a new 2WV mode emerged to fill the void: the electric bike (e-bike). This shift from bicycles to e-bikes is occurring at rapid pace throughout China, especially in large cities. E-bike sales reached 10 million/yr in 2005 as more bike and public transit users shifted to this mode. City planners and policy makers are undecided, however, on how to plan for and regulate e-bikes because it is not yet clear what effect they will have on travel behavior, public transportation use, and safety. In order to determine these effects, the authors have thus surveyed bike and e-bike users in Shijiazhuang (SJZ), a city with particularly high 2WV use, to identify differences in travel characteristics and attitudes. The authors conclude the following: (partial list)  1) E-bikes are enabling people to commute longer distances. This will likely result in more employment opportunities and the further expansion of cities. 2) People under-served by public transportation are shifting to e-bike. 3) Women feel safer crossing intersections on an e-bike compared to regular bike, however, they have strong reservations about e-bike speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Dec 2025 16:15:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627326</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Guidebook for Mobility Monitoring: In Small to Medium-Sized Communities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary objective of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) research from which this guidebook was generated was to develop and test a framework for mobility monitoring in small to medium-sized communities (SMSCs). This guidebook provides a user-friendly step-by-step process for public- and private-sector transportation professionals to implement a mobility monitoring program in their communities. A companion document located in a pocket at the back of this guidebook serves as a reference for nontechnical audiences. This guidebook, and the companion documents produced by this research effort, will be useful for state DOT staff in SMSCs as well as state DOT partnering agencies, including metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), municipalities, and counties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 22 Nov 2025 17:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRT Accessibility Tool: User Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Demand Response Transit (DRT) is a critical form of transportation for mobility-impaired, low income, and small/medium-sized communities. This type of service transports riders on demand. Unfortunately, DRT systems face many challenges that restrict how well they can serve their community, including limited funding, understaffing, aging fleets, a lack of technical support, a lack of quantification of level of service standards, and limited modeling/planning practices. This guide discusses a unique DRT Accessibility Tool developed for the Texas Department of Transportation that addresses these challenges by determining how well a DRT system serves its riders and the most efficient ways to improve this service. The DRT Accessibility Tool, which is developed in Microsoft Access based on DRT travel logs, service characteristics and surveys from Brownsville, Texas, uses a system of models to simulate actual daily DRT travel patterns. The DRT Accessibility Tool is transferable, practical, and valuable for all small and medium sized communities. The tool utilizes service fleet and region information that all system operators already have, and it is designed to be applicable to demand response systems of any size and location. Ultimately, DRT system operators can use the Accessibility Tool in two ways. First, they can evaluate their current accessibility levels for various combinations of population groups, times of day, and travel purposes. Second, the Accessibility Tool allows system operators to undertake “what if?” scenarios to evaluate changes in fleet characteristics (supply), population demographics (demand), and service areas (scope). Similarly, system operators can predict (and anticipate) future needs of their riders by using the tool to analyze the impact of changes in population demographics. These results have the potential to inform important public transportation planning, budgetary, and policy decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 22 Nov 2025 17:17:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582247</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shared micro-mobility meets bus: A spatiotemporal heterogeneity analysis in Chinese medium-sized cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When the rapidly expanding shared micro-mobility (SMM) system meets bus network, it introduces both new opportunities and challenges to medium-sized cities where transportation dynamics differ significantly from those in larger urban areas. To comprehensively understand the impact of SMM on bus ridership while accounting for spatiotemporal heterogeneity and unidirectional time effects, this study employs the Unidirectional Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression model to analyze the influence of the SMM system—comprising free-floating bikeshare (FFBS), station-based bikeshare (SBBS), and electric free-floating bikeshare (E-FFBS)—on bus ridership in Yancheng, a representative medium-sized city in China. The results suggest that the SMM system is negatively associated with bus ridership overall, with heterogeneity across modes and spatial contexts. FFBS and SBBS exhibit positive associations, particularly in peripheral areas, while E-FFBS shows a negative association in both central and peripheral zones, attenuated in areas with well-developed bus networks such as the southern new urban district. Ridership levels also differ across land-use types, with commercial zones aligned with lower usage, while residential, employment, and educational areas exhibit stronger bus utilization. Demographic segmentation indicates that young adults are generally linked to lower bus usage, except in areas with high-quality services. Weekday–weekend comparisons reveal that the favorable linkages of FFBS and SBBS with bus ridership are less salient on weekends, while the presence of E-FFBS more consistently corresponds to reduced usage, likely due to leisure-oriented travel. This study not only enriches the literature on medium-sized cities but also offers a transferable framework for examining similar urban contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 09:25:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution and Challenges of Sustainable Public Transport in Medium-Sized Cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport in medium-sized cities is crucial for ensuring the mobility of their inhabitants despite lower resources and population density. These cities struggle with increasing communication demands due to suburbanisation and changing demographics. Public transport must connect urban and suburban areas, providing access to services and jobs. The challenge is the decline in passenger numbers, partly due to the increasing popularity of individual transport. The paper aims to identify the conditions for the development of public transport in medium-sized cities in Poland and the conditions and challenges for its sustainable development. The research method used was a case study based on the example of Kalisz, a medium-sized Polish city in Greater Poland. As a result of the research conducted, the situation in the city was diagnosed, including a decline in the number of public transport passengers, and the actions taken and planned by the local government were analysed, such as the introduction of free public transport for residents, the modernisation of the bus fleet, including the purchase of electric vehicles, the integration of public transport with suburban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592053</guid>
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