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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Estimation of a loading/unloading parking duration model for commercial vehicles in urban areas in the Medellin metropolitan area using lasso regression models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701830</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over recent decades, the delivery of goods and services in urban areas has faced mounting challenges, including insufficient parking availability for deliveries, rising demand driven by e-commerce, and negative externalities such as congestion, pollution, and traffic accidents. This study develops a parking-duration model for commercial vehicle loading and unloading activities using Lasso regression, based on 247 recorded truck operations in Medellín, Colombia. The analysis identifies key determinants of parking duration—including cargo weight, units per pallet, number of employees, and the use of manual and mechanical handling equipment, as well as assisted delivery tools. While duration (survival) models such as hazard or Weibull approaches are commonly applied to time-to-event problems, this study adopts Lasso regression for practical reasons. Specifically, Lasso offers simultaneous regularization and data-driven variable selection, making it well-suited to small, noisy datasets. This choice is based on methodological fit rather than demonstrated empirical superiority over survival models for this dataset. The results indicate that the use of mechanical equipment significantly reduces dwell times, whereas greater cargo weights and reliance on manual handling increase them. By uncovering the operational drivers of freight parking duration in a Latin American metropolitan area, this research makes both methodological and practical contributions. The findings support planning-level design of regulated freight loading zones, targeted equipment adoption programs, and differentiated curb regulations calibrated to observed drivers' dwell times; evaluating welfare-improving or system-optimal outcomes would require additional simulation and/or field evaluation beyond this paper. Future research should aim to expand the dataset, integrate additional categorical variables, and compare results across cities in the Global South and North to enhance generalizability and policy relevance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 15:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701830</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Balancing accessibility and investment: A network design approach to job opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Work-related trips account for a substantial share of daily mobility in urban areas, making equitable access to employment a central concern for transport planning. Because redistributing jobs spatially is rarely feasible, expanding and restructuring transport networks becomes the most effective way to enhance accessibility. This paper develops a Network Design Problem (NDP) that explicitly maximizes access to job opportunities while minimizing construction costs under budget constraints. Using Medellin’s Metropolitan Region as a case study, we proxy accessibility through origin–destination employment flows. Two formulations are tested: (i) a one-shot model that explores different objective weightings under a fixed budget, and (ii) a multi-period model that simulates phased investment across successive budget cycles. Results indicate that budget availability is more decisive than preference weights. Additionally, the multi-period formulation yields similar coverage but offers additional insights into sequencing and prioritization, showing how staged investments can deliver the same outcomes with fewer resources and greater policy relevance. A limitation is that the model assumes static demand, without capturing induced trips or relocation effects that new corridors might generate. Moreover, corridor prioritization is influenced in practice by factors beyond demand and linear costs, such as land availability, right-of-way acquisition, and political feasibility, which are not explicitly modeled here. Even so, the proposed approach provides a flexible and computationally efficient tool to support policymakers and urban planners in balancing accessibility improvements with investment efficiency, especially in resource-constrained metropolitan regions of the Global South, where staged, equity-sensitive decisions are critical.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexible planning of dynamic airport infrastructure networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The critical importance of intergenerational responsibility has placed sustainable infrastructure development at the forefront of global attention, demanding designs that are highly efficient and adaptable to uncertain demands. To address this need, this article proposes and implements a novel methodology to incorporate flexibility into infrastructure system management, enabling dynamic evaluation of system performance and allowing decision-makers to determine the optimal intervention policy. The framework uses stochastic programming to evaluate a set of management policies across multiple scenarios, thereby defining an optimal, robust planning strategy for an airport system. The methodology was successfully validated through a case study of Colombia’s three primary airports (Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali), demonstrating its practical applicability. Key results indicate that the system should prioritize investments in gate facilities, and the selected policy provides a planning guide that ensures positive returns across the entire network. Finally, the study identifies two critical areas for future work: enhancing runway efficiency through network-wide scheduling and applying this framework to other case studies to maximize investments in infrastructure networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 16:58:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643359</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drivers of consumers’ adoption of parcel lockers as an alternative last-mile delivery solution in emerging economies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The sustained growth of online sales has increased pressure on urban logistics systems, especially last-mile operations. The freight traffic generated by parcel deliveries creates negative social, environmental, and economic externalities. To mitigate these negative effects, parcel lockers are considered a promising solution to optimize routes, decrease operational costs, and avoid failed deliveries. This paper assesses consumers’ intention to adopt lockers as an alternative for last-mile delivery in an emerging economy. Survey data were collected in the Medellin Metropolitan Area of Colombia. A Structural Equation Model is estimated to determine the consumers’ intention to adopt parcel lockers. The results indicate that parcel lockers are generally perceived as easy to use, and consumers expect their delivery speed to be comparable to traditional methods. Additionally, consumers who identify as innovative and environmentally conscious are more likely to choose parcel locker deliveries, with environmental awareness often driving their innovative behavior. However, the findings also revealed that although most respondents consider themselves environmentally conscious, they do not strongly associate the system adoption with clear environmental benefits. This suggests a gap in awareness or understanding of the sustainability advantages of parcel lockers, emphasizing the need for better education and communication on their environmental impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 13:58:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unequal benefits of metro station proximity: Income-level differences in housing price effects in Medellín</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how proximity to metro stations is associated with housing prices in Medellín, Colombia, and how this relationship varies across income groups and spatial scales. While the capitalization of transport infrastructure into real estate values is widely recognized, its social and spatial heterogeneity remains underexplored in Latin American cities. Using a dataset of georeferenced housing transactions and spatial information on urban amenities, we estimate hedonic pricing models—including Ordinary Least Squares, Spatial Autoregressive, and Spatial Error Models—with income-level interaction terms and stratified buffer thresholds optimized through an iterative procedure.The results reveal that metro accessibility is not uniformly valued across the city. In low-income districts, proximity to a metro station is associated with a price premium of approximately 9.4%, whereas in high-income neighborhoods, it corresponds to a statistically significant price penalty of 9.8%. Moreover, the spatial reach of metro influence decreases with income level, ranging from 1.7 km in low-income areas to just 0.6 km in high-income zones. Among all urban amenities considered, metro stations exhibit the most pronounced variation in market valuation across socioeconomic groups.These findings underscore the need for disaggregated, income-sensitive approaches in both spatial modeling and urban policy design. The buffer-based strategy proposed here offers a flexible and empirically grounded method to capture how accessibility is differentially perceived and valued in stratified urban contexts. In cities of the Global South—where inequality is spatially embedded—planning efforts must account for these disparities to ensure that transit investments promote inclusive urban development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 09:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Co-producing space-time accessibility: A transdisciplinary approach to enhancing transportation justice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility analysis has long been used to gauge inequalities and inequities in people's ability to reach employment, education, greenspaces, and other activity locations. This paper proposes that the contributions that accessibility analysis makes to addressing transportation justice can be enhanced if the knowledge production processes that generate accessibility outcomes are adapted. It therefore introduces a transdisciplinary approach to co-produced space-time accessibility measurement, CoProSTAM, in which experiential, practitioner, and academic knowers collaborate closely. CoProSTAM has been developed on the basis of our collaboration between academic researchers, a collective of low-income women (Dimú), and local policymakers in the Medellin metropolitan area in Colombia. The paper also presents an empirical application which shows how accessibility varies according to the location of publicly available childcare facilities, with profound implications for the livelihoods and opportunities for healthy living among low-income women in the Global South. By building on our CoProSTAM approach, accessibility researchers will be able to reduce the epistemic injustices that are embedded in much transportation research and foster new ways of understanding inequalities in accessibility in urban and peri-urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:53:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of license plate number-based vehicle restrictions on crash frequency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the effects of license plate-based vehicular circulation restrictions, known as “peak-and-plate” policies, on urban traffic crashes in Medellín, Colombia. Although such policies are widely implemented to reduce congestion and emissions, limited research has examined their unintended safety impacts on crash frequency before and during the restriction periods. Considering high-resolution crash data from 2008 to 2022, this study evaluates the temporal effects of these restrictions on crash frequency across different hours, months, and weekdays. Statistical preprocessing and hierarchical clustering techniques were applied to discover crash temporal patterns, and negative binomial, pooled, fixed effects, and random effects models were tested to account for overdispersion and panel structure in the data. Results reveal that crash frequencies increased consistently in the 30 min preceding the enforcement of circulation restrictions, particularly during the morning hours. Surprisingly, crash rates remained elevated during the restriction period, contrary to expectations that reduced vehicle volume would lower crash occurrences. These findings suggest the presence of confounding behavioral, spatial, or enforcement-related factors. Additionally, monthly and weekly crash patterns correlate with seasonal variations, holidays, and changes in traffic volume, emphasizing the importance of context-aware traffic policies. Statistical evidence suggests that current vehicle restriction policies may inadvertently concentrate risk in specific time windows. These insights highlight the need for policymakers to refine urban mobility strategies by considering crash and traffic data simultaneously, implementing targeted public awareness campaigns, targeting speed enforcement, and incorporating enforcement dynamics into the design of vehicle restriction programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 09:29:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Social impacts and road safety in intermodality: Case study of the Ayacucho Tram in Medellín-Colombia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the social impact and road safety implications of intermodality between the Ayacucho Tram and active transport in Medellín-Colombia. The analysis is based on a mixed-methods approach, combining open data on road incidents (2008–2023) with a 2024 user survey to assess key metrics including accessibility, safety perceptions, and satisfaction. A logistic regression model was employed to determine the main predictors of perceived accessibility improvements. The model identifies three user characteristics as key predictors of a positive perception of improved accessibility: being male, having a higher educational level, and using walking as a primary mode of transport. These findings highlight the Ayacucho Tram as a key axis of urban connectivity that supports intermodality with active mobility — particularly cycling — while also revealing persistent concerns related to road safety, especially in cycling infrastructure. This intermodal integration enhances travel times, connectivity, and access, contributing to sustainable urban mobility in Medellín and offering a comprehensive perspective on the interaction between public transport and active mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Better or worse job accessibility? Understanding changes in spatial mismatch: Evidence from Medellín, Colombia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We propose a methodology to calculate the mismatch between places of work and places of residence that incorporates monetary and opportunity transportation costs while correcting for possible overestimation of job accessibility. This methodology enables the analysis of spatiotemporal changes in spatial mismatch without discarding data from spatial units that change over time. We apply the methodology to measure spatial mismatch in Medellín, Colombia, – a developing country city – for public and private transportation from 2012 to 2017. In line with previous work, our results indicate that including transportation and opportunity costs leads to a more realistic measure of job availability. Despite investments in public transportation and infrastructure, spatial mismatch in Medellín increased between 2012 and 2017. Our analysis shows that job accessibility through private transport decreased more than through public transport, and that the expansion of the latter in Medellín may have mitigated spatial mismatch.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 13:32:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585712</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on e-commerce adoption in emerging economies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruptions to daily life, limiting in-person shopping and accelerating the shift to online retail. As lockdowns and social distancing measures were put in place, many consumers turned to e-commerce as an alternative. This study examines how the pandemic affected consumer behavior and evaluates how economic incentives influence the decision to shop online. Using survey data from the Medellín Metropolitan Area in Colombia, the authors estimate two ordinal logistic regression models to understand (1) how often consumers visited physical stores before making online purchases and (2) how frequently they shopped online. The results show that delivery costs, access to digital devices, and the types of products purchased online all affect whether consumers still visit stores. In contrast, online shopping frequency is more strongly associated with income and the purchase of specific items, such as pet and grocery products. Among the incentives tested, free shipping was more effective than discounts in encouraging consumers to shop exclusively online. These findings provide valuable insights into e-commerce adoption and can help inform strategies to improve urban logistics and support sustainable growth in the online retail sector, particularly in emerging economies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2025 08:55:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the applicability of the predictive HSM method in signalized urban intersections in Colombia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rising number of traffic collisions in developing countries has sparked concern due to a lack of understanding and mitigating measures. To grasp their behavior and contribute to the quantitative assessment of road safety, the adaptation of predictive procedures for estimating the frequency and type of crashes, created in the United States and contained in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM), has been chosen. The applicability of these procedures in developing countries with different conditions depends on their adaptation to the environment, which is the objective of this work—to assess the applicability of the predictive method of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) for urban intersections under conditions unique to Colombia. Signalized intersections in Medellín were selected, collecting data on crash occurrences, vehicular volumes, and geometric characteristics to create simulation scenarios to evaluate the applicability of the predictive method. Calibration Coefficients for the HSM's predictive method at three- and four-way intersections were calculated using the Crash Prediction Module (CPM) of the IHSDM software, concluding shortcomings in the application and transferability for Colombia and likely for other developing countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:57:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of light-rail transit systems on cadastral values</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the well-known nature of Medellin as an innovative city there is little evidence regarding the impact of its mass transit systems on cadastral values. The authors examined the extensions of the Light-Rail Transit (LRT) system on cadastral values between 2007 and 2019 through a difference in difference research design looking at the effects of the announcement, construction and starting of operations milestones of the project. The authors' research findings suggest that the expansion of the city’s transportation network, with the LRT project, has premiums on the cadastral values. The authors found positive effects between 0.3 % and 1.2 % between 2017 and 2019, after the beginning of commercial operations in 2016. Based on the authors' findings the authors discussed the implications for transportation and urban development policies in cities implementing LRT systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:57:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does formal public transport serve the city well? The importance of semiformal transport for the accessibility in Medellin, Colombia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548930</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility to public transport is a fundamental component of connecting individuals to urban services. Guided by the UN Habitat Sustainable Development Goal 11.2, which aims to ensure accessible, safe, affordable, and sustainable transport systems for all, this study focuses specifically on accessibility as a key dimension of achieving this goal and its implications for social and spatial equity. In this study, the authors employ the walking distance indicator proposed by the responsible working group of UN Habitat to calculate accessibility to public transport. Because underlying population data are an essential parameter for the indicator, the authors compare three distinct population datasets - cadaster-based population data, remote sensing-based population data, and a global dataset - to investigate spatial variations in accessibility across the city of Medellin, Colombia. Furthermore, the authors examine the impact of both formal public transport and the local semiformal minibus system (paratransit), analyzing differences across formal and informal settlement types of the city, as well as the influence of socio-economic factors. The authors' findings suggest that remote sensing based population data can serve as a valuable data source, albeit with limitations for global population data. Particularly, their results highlight the significance of the semiformal local minibus system in enhancing accessibility to public transport, despite ongoing expansions of the metro system by responsible authorities, which have led to considerable improvements in accessibility. Notably, the authors observe that residents with lower socio-economic status and those living in informal settlements experience longer walking distances to public transport stops, highlighting spatial and socio-economic disparities in accessibility. Overall, this study underscores the complex interplay between transport infrastructure, socio-economic factors, and urban development, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address spatial and socio-economic disparities in public transport accessibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 May 2025 12:52:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548930</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Freight trip generation modeling for large facilities in urban areas: An empirical Investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491947</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses a significant gap in the literature regarding freight trip generation in Large Freight Trip Generators (LFTGs) in urban areas and emerging countries. The authors employ a comprehensive approach using linear and nonlinear models and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques to provide insights into various types of urban generators, including universities, firms, shopping centers, and markets. Their research aims to enhance the understanding of trip generation patterns in these diverse LFTG contexts within a framework of modeling and application in public policies. The freight trip generation models were estimated by analyzing the variables associated with the production and attraction of freight trips in an LFTG. The variables used were specific to the type of establishment, such as the number of employees, the area and extent of the commercial premises, hotels, and universities, and the number of rooms and students, respectively. The 2018 Freight Transportation Study of the Medellin Metropolitan Area (Colombia) played a crucial role in their research, providing the data necessary to estimate 108 models explaining freight trip generation in large facilities across seven categories: universities, hotels, firms, shopping centers, hospitals, buildings, and markets. The results can aid in planning LFTG infrastructure in cities, facilitate vehicle emission analysis, and support decision-making by considering multiple methods for planning, making informed decisions, and opening avenues for further research. Additionally, indicators can be created to align with urban norms in city plans; for example, this research proposes an indicator for the urban planning of LFTGs in cities, which can be continuously measured and evaluated alongside the analysis of Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ). This study is the first in South America and opens the door to logistical planning within Latin American cities for LFTGs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:14:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491947</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Housing prices, buses and trams in Medellín (Colombia)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2410794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to establish the impact of two medium-capacity transportation systems (MCTS) on housing prices in Medellín (Colombia): Metroplús, a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, and Tranvía, a tramway system. Using repeated cross-sectional data from the Medellín Quality of Life Survey from 2008 to 2018 and difference-in-differences estimators, the authors find that Metroplús has a negative impact on the growth of rental prices, whereas Tranvía has a positive impact. The authors do not find any effect on several other outcomes, such as the perception of quality and coverage of the public transportation in the neighborhoods they serve, and the number of private vehicles in the household.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 11:59:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2410794</guid>
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