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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal tongue weight selection criteria for light vehicle-trailer combinations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When towing a trailer, proper weight distribution between the vehicle and trailer axles is crucial for system stability and manoeuvrability. Therefore, drivers are strongly recommended to keep the tongue weight, the downward force applied by the trailer at the hitch, within 10–15% of the trailer's gross weight. Despite extensive searches, the current academic and technical literature appears to lack quantitative analyses justifying the standard tongue weight recommendations. This paper presents comprehensive analyses of the lateral behaviour characteristics of light vehicle-trailer combinations influenced by variations in tongue weight. Subsequently, it proposes two novel selection criteria for determining the optimal tongue weight from the perspectives of stability and consistency. The optimal tongue weights for the stability and consistency of the nominal vehicle-trailer system are identified as 22.61% and 48.61% of the trailer weight respectively. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed criteria is verified through CarSim simulation experiments, assessing 3% settling time and Root-Mean-Square error of vehicle yaw rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 09:04:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stiffness of Structures and Drives in Fast Milling Machines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A stiffness requirement for high speed milling machines is determined by examining the stiffness of current generation high speed spindles. The desire for stability against chatter dictates that the stiffness of the machine structure and drives, when reflected to the tool tip exceed the spindle/tool holder/tool stiffness. The stiffness characteristics of a classical serial machine tool designed expressly for high speed milling are shown. Another potential design for high speed machining applications, the parallel kinematic or hexapod structure is also examined. It is found that hexapod structures exhibit lower structural stiffness than can be achieved in serial machines when using the same drive components. Furthermore, the stiffness of the hexapod structure varies widely across the workspace, leading to difficulties in control and limiting the achievable accuracy. Theoretically derived stiffnesses are compared with experimentally measured stiffnesses for two hexapod machines and are found to show good agreement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 13:22:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1784686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Path tracking and stability control of autonomous vehicles based on intelligent tires technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652242</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a novel adaptive path tracking and stability control strategy for autonomous vehicles based on intelligent tires technology that is introduced to estimate the tire-road contact states based on the in-tire sensor signals. Firstly, a tire finite element model was established based on ABAQUS software. On this basis, the Spearman correlation analysis method was used to acquire the optimal sensitive positions of the in-tire acceleration sensors. The feature values of the inputs of the tire-road contact states estimation model were determined through the PLS-VIP analysis method. Then, the tire slip angle and lateral force estimation models whose inputs are the in-tire sensor signals was constructed using the LSTM neural network. Subsequently, an adaptive MPC path tracking control strategy in which the tire cornering stiffness is calculated in real-time by the intelligent tires model was designed. Finally, an adaptive NFTSM lateral stability control strategy which uses the tire lateral force estimated by the intelligent tires model was designed to determine the direct yaw moment, and an efficient and concise algorithm was then designed to achieve torque distribution. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy provides better path tracking accuracy and stability control effect in emergency lane change and high-speed evasive maneuvers under different road conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 09:18:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652242</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Functional-Observer Implementation for Road-Profile Prediction in Quarter-Vehicle Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ensuring safe driving requires continuous monitoring of both vehicle dynamics and external conditions such as road irregularities, which often act as unknown disturbances. Accurately estimating these unmeasured states and inputs is critical for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and vehicle stability control. This study proposes a novel functional observer that simultaneously reconstructs unknown road disturbances and estimates unmeasured vehicle-state variables in real time using only standard onboard sensor measurements. The observer design is grounded in Lyapunov stability theory, with estimation conditions expressed as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), whose solution guarantees robust convergence and stability. Validation is conducted through numerical simulations of a quarter-car vertical dynamics model under two scenarios. Results demonstrate that the proposed observer achieves accurate and reliable state estimation, outperforming conventional approaches such as the Kalman filter and full-order Luenberger observer, particularly in the presence of unknown inputs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Feb 2026 09:11:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666765</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability characteristics of steel cylinders under large surcharges in deep soft foundations reinforced with stone columns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The steel cylinder has significant potential for marine engineering applications. The deformation and stability characteristics of steel cylinders with deep soft foundations under a large surcharge of 300 kPa remain insufficiently explored. In this work with the use of a case study, the stability characteristics of steel cylinders with deep soft foundations under 300 kPa surcharge are examined during the dry construction and surcharge periods. The results indicate that rotational dislocation towards the land side occurs during both the dry construction and surcharge periods. The pore water pressure remains stable during the dry construction period but significantly fluctuates during the surcharge period, and excess pore water pressure is generated. The maximum settlement occurs in the mud layer during both the dry construction and surcharge periods. The hoop tensile strain response of the steel cylinder varies along the depth direction during the surcharge period but remains within the allowable range of the material. Furthermore, variations in the pile axial force, shear force, and pile‒soil stress ratio indicate that the stone columns play crucial roles in reducing the lateral earth pressure and enhancing the foundation bearing capacity. These findings provide new insights into the application of steel cylinders under 300 kPa surcharges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle posture wheelbase preview control of in-wheel motors drive intelligent vehicle on potholed road</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The in-wheel motors drive intelligent vehicle (IMDIV) has a strong ability of dynamic control, which makes it be a major development path of intelligent vehicles in the future. However, its stability is easily deteriorated by the impact of the road when driving on potholed road. To tackle this issue, a vehicle posture control method based on road feedback and elevation recognition is proposed. Firstly, an elevation recognition algorithm of adaptive Kalman filter (AKF) based on vehicle dynamic response is proposed after considering the flooded road and the system noise uncertainty. Secondly, a vehicle posture controller of fuzzy active disturbance rejection control (FADRC) is designed, with the function of dynamically adjusting the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) parameters. It is designed to implement front suspension feedback control and rear suspension wheelbase preview control. At last, the road elevation recognition algorithm and vehicle posture control method are proved by Simulink simulation and off-line hardware in the loop test. The results revealed that the AKF can effectively recognize both white noise pavement and potholed road, and the recognition accuracy is greater than 90%. The FADRC controller realizes accurate front suspension feedback control and rear suspension wheelbase preview control by adjusting the real-time online parameters of ADRC. The proposed vehicle posture control method can effectively control the pitch and roll motion, which significantly improves the stability of IMDIV on potholed road. This study can serve as a reference for the posture stability control of IMDIV on potholed road.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 11:33:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability coordinated control strategy of autonomous unmanned 4WID-4WIS vehicle based on APD-LQR and AFSMC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To improve the four-wheel independent driving and four-wheel independent steering (4WID-4WIS) autonomous unmanned vehicles’ active safety performance at their maximum operating capacity, the control of path following, four-wheel steering (4WS) and lateral stability should be coordinated. This paper introduces a hierarchical coordinated control framework, in which several independent controllers collaborate to enhance the overall performance of the vehicle system. Initially, in the upper controller, an adaptive preview distance linear quadratic regulator (APD-LQR) path following algorithm is proposed, considering the dynamic characteristics of the tire. It aimed at making the following error converge and obtaining the optimal front wheel steering angle. Meanwhile, an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control (AFSMC) algorithm is implemented for obtaining additional yaw moment. It aimed at coordinating and improving effectively path following performance and lateral stability. Using the phase plane approach, the sliding surface is dynamically modified. Subsequently, in the lower controller, a rear wheel angle controller based on vehicle speed is proposed. It aimed at further enhancing vehicle’s maneuverability and stability by fully utilizing its steering redundancy features. Moreover, a torque distribution controller establishes a comprehensive cost function and then the NSGA-III algorithm is employed to optimize the torque distribution coefficients. Finally, simulation and Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) test results demonstrates that the proposed coordination algorithm can fully utilize the redundancy features of the 4WID-4WIS vehicle, and significantly enhances the vehicle’s path following accuracy and lateral stability, especially under extreme driving conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 11:33:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Robust integrated control of autonomous vehicles path following with response performance improvement considering lateral stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a robust integrated control scheme is developed for autonomous vehicles path following considering both yaw stability and roll stability. First, a controller with H∞ and optimal guaranteed cost performances is presented, and the poles of the closed-loop system are configured in a given disk region to improve the state response performance. The controller outputs front and rear wheel angles for path following, as well as an external yaw moment and an external roll moment for lateral stability control. Secondly, the braking forces acted on four wheels are optimally distributed by means of quadratic programing. Besides, the steering angles of the four wheels conform to the Ackermann geometry relation. Finally, the proposed control scheme is verified by CarSim/Simulink co-simulation, the results show that the scheme has better performance on path following accuracy and stability of yaw and roll. Meanwhile, constraining the poles in a given disk region can improve the state response performance of the vehicle during operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:29:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of RBF-SMC Control Strategy for Vertical Dynamics of Maglev Car Considering Temperature Rise Effects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the levitation force attenuation in a magnetic levitation (maglev) car with a permanent magnet electrodynamic wheel (PMEDW) system caused by the temperature rise of the conductive plate, this paper proposes an adaptive sliding mode control strategy combined with a Radial Basis Function neural network (RBF-SMC). This approach enhances both the levitation stability and anti-interference capability of the maglev car system. Initially, a four-wheel dynamic model is established. The RBF neural network is then introduced to observe and mitigate disturbances caused by the temperature rise. An RBF-SMC control strategy is designed to improve the system's static levitation stability. The effectiveness of this control strategy is evaluated through simulations and experiments under various operating conditions. The research results indicate that, compared to the traditional PID control strategy, the proposed method reduces tracking error by 75.2%, compensates for the levitation force attenuation caused by the eddy current temperature rise of the conductive plate, and suppresses disturbances.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 17:05:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598804</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Observer-based interval type-2 fuzzy control of steering and lateral stability for steer-by-wire vehicles with time delay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625555</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigated observer-based fuzzy control for the lateral stability of steer-by-wire vehicles with time delay. An integrated dynamics model of the vehicle steer-by-wire system and lateral dynamics was established. The vehicle’s longitudinal velocity was considered time-varying, and an interval type-2 fuzzy method was adopted to address the nonlinearity and membership function uncertainty caused by varying velocity. Considering that the vehicle sideslip angle and front wheel steering angular velocity were difficult to measure online, an observer-based H∞ controller was proposed. Furthermore, the time delay was considered in the controller design due to the time required for signal transmission and control force generation. The performance of the designed control method was verified by simulations and real-time hardware-in-the-loop testing. The results showed that the designed controller could improve the lateral stability and steering accuracy of the steer-by-wire vehicles under parameter uncertainty, external disturbance, and time delay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:58:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625555</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An optimal torque allocation strategy for improving handling stability of hub motor electric vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The performance of the hub motor electric vehicle (HMEV) under poor road conditions is closely linked to occupant safety. To address this issue, this paper presents a hierarchical optimization-based torque strategy designed to enhance handling stability. The formulation of the optimization problem and constraints into a new objective function is incorporated to ensure that the vehicle can gain the ability to maintain a steady state even under stringent constraints. The active set method (ASM) is employed as the optimization algorithm. The results of the double lane change (DLC) simulation on a simulated wet road surface indicate that the optimization-based strategy more effectively tracks the reference values of the vehicle sideslip angle and yaw rate, with the mean tire load rate and the standard deviation of trajectory deviation reduced by 38.14% and 20.12%, respectively, compared to the average allocation strategy. The results of the road experiments show that the mean tire load rate of the optimization-based strategy decreases by 29.39%, with smaller fluctuations in the vehicle sideslip angle and yaw rate compared to the average allocation strategy. These results indicate that the optimization-based strategy provides a greater lateral safety margin for the tires, thereby enhancing vehicle handling stability on low road adhesion coefficient surfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Longitudinal and lateral control of truck platoons based on finite-time sliding mode</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, truck platooning has emerged as a promising technology to improve fuel efficiency, traffic flow, and road safety. However, achieving coordinated control of truck platoons presents significant challenges, especially considering the nonlinear dynamics and complex interactions between trucks. Longitudinal and lateral control of truck platoons with nonlinear dynamics are considered in this paper, in which a distributed controllers are designed. The characteristics of truck with nonlinear dynamics are considered, that is, a five-degree-of-freedom dynamics model of truck and tire model of “Magic Formula” are introduced, respectively. Simultaneously, a second-order longitudinal platoon model and a lateral lane-keeping model are developed, and a modified constant spacing policy to guarantee string stability is proposed. Then, a longitudinal and lateral decoupling sliding mode controller with finite-time convergence of truck platoons is designed. Furthermore, the finite-time stability and string stability of truck platoons are proved, respectively. Co-simulation experiments are carried out on the joint platform of Trucksim and Simulink, which demonstrate that the proposed controller can achieve fast attenuation of longitudinal and lateral errors, and consensus of truck platoons. Moreover, in order to guarantee safety of truck platoons, this paper gives a systematic estimation on the maximum driving velocity of truck platoons under different scenarios described by road curvatures and road adhesion coefficients. Finally, the main reason of instability for truck platoons is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driving stability control for in-wheel motors drive intelligent vehicle when it hits a pothole</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625527</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When the in-wheel motors drive intelligent vehicle (IWMDIV) turns and the outer wheels hit a pothole, the combination of the imbalance of the drive forces on both sides and the centrifugal force will cause the vehicle to become unstable. In order to avoid the above accidents, a driving stability control method based on drive torque distribution is proposed. Firstly, the instability evolution process of the vehicle under the stated condition is analyzed. Next, a multi-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model including uneven road tire model is established and verified, and the vehicle’s instability mechanism is verified. Then, the dynamic coupling among IWMs, suspension and the body is analyzed. A H∞ sliding mode control (HSMC) is designed to improve the control accuracy of H∞ and the chattering of SMC, and it can also effectively improve the adjustment time (AT) of control. Based on the above, a driving stability controller is designed. Finally, the effectiveness of the controller is verified by simulation and experiment respectively. The results show that the controller can effectively control the instability and reduce the fluctuation of control variables. This provides a basis for improving the driving stability of IWMDIV on potholed roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625527</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lateral collision avoidance stability control study of intelligent vehicles on low adherence roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To enhance lateral collision avoidance safety for intelligent vehicles on various road surfaces, this paper proposes a collision avoidance algorithm specifically designed for low-adhesion roads. The study begins by a fuzzy control lane change decision model that considers the relative state information between the ego vehicle and the front vehicle. Next, the environment risk potential field is modeled, with multiple lane change paths of varying parameters considered as candidate trajectories. Critical risks during vehicle steering are analyzed, leading to the design of a dynamic instability boundary risk point potential field. Trajectory optimization is then performed using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, a fuzzy PID controller is developed to track the optimal trajectory. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to the traditional artificial potential field method, the proposed collision avoidance algorithm provides better lateral stability in the planned paths. Additionally, the fuzzy PID controller designed in this study outperforms the Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) controller in terms of tracking accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2025 16:58:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of the ring-segment division scheme for the arch ribs outsourcing concrete in rigid skeleton reinforced arch bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents the first comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework for rigid-skeleton reinforced (RSR) arch bridge construction, addressing critical gaps in existing empirical and single-objective approaches. We develop an integrated methodology that combines NSGA-II optimization with a novel Structural Stability Index (SSI) for quantitative Pareto solution selection, validated through systematic testing across seven construction configurations. Using the Tian'e Longtan Bridge as a case study, both 1:10-scale model experiment and finite element analysis were conducted to validate the proposed approach. The optimization method employs working platform lengths as design variables, constrained by segment dimensions. Sensitivity analysis identified optimal NSGA-II parameters: a crossover probability of 0.92 and a mutation probability of 0.02, which achieved superior convergence and solution diversity. Across seven construction configurations (2-4 rings, 6-10 working platforms, 5-7 segments), the method consistently improved structural performance, achieving maximum reductions of 8.56% in compressive stress, 57.41% in tensile stress, and 22.56% in crown deformation. The Structural Stability Index was developed for Pareto solution selection identified the three-ring, eight-working-platform, five-segment scheme as optimal (index value: 5.9196). Validation through moving-load experiments and influence-line superposition confirmed result accuracy, with a maximum relative error of 4.08%. These findings provide valuable references for optimizing construction schemes for similar arch bridges projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:46:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626350</guid>
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