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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluations of Connectors, Inlets, and Adapters on Side-Load and Withstand Force</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report examines the mechanical forces that direct current fast charging (DCFC) electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) connectors and electric vehicle (EV) inlet ports experience during normal usage. As we witness the fast and growing variety of EVs, charge port locations, and bigger and more powerful EVSE configurations including the SAE J3400 North American Charging Standard (NACS), which has increased the use of adapters with J3400 and J1772 compatibility. These new conditions contribute to increased mechanical forces due to their size, weight and lever arm effect, which creates the need to study and compare these forces to the limits on UL2251 and IEC 62196-1 standards. This report focuses solely on high power DC charging EVSE connectors, EV inlets and adapters for the specific compatibility cases on J3400 with J1772. We first describe the details of the 100N and the 750N side-load evaluations as described in the standards, then present the data obtained by replicating these tests to finally go into more detail on the findings and our recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 17:08:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685494</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Subjected to Combined Loading Including Torsion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2234729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced Concrete (RC) bridge columns could be subjected to combined flexural, axial, shear and torsional loading during earthquake excitations. This fact is particularly true for bridges that are skewed, curved, have unequal spans, or unequal column heights. In addition, multi-directional earthquake motions, significant vertical motions, and structural constraints due to stiff decking, movement of joints, abutment restraints, and soil conditions may also lead to combined loading effects. This combination of seismic loading can result in complex flexural and shear failure of these bridge columns. As part of a NEES-R funded study, a total of 14 columns are being tested under various loading conditions: cyclic bending, cyclic torsion, biaxial bending, and combined cyclic bending and torsion. This paper presents the results of the first three columns tested under pure cyclic bending, pure cyclic torsion, and combined cyclic bending and torsion respectively. The effects of combined loading on the hysteretic load-deformation response, reinforcement stress variations, and plastic hinge characteristics are discussed. Finite element models of the RC columns were developed and analyzed for different combinations of bending and torsion to guide the experimental study. The finite element predictions are compared with the experimental data and the results are discussed. Based on the test results, it is concluded that combined loading reduces the flexural and torsional capacity of a column and can also change the failure modes and deformation characteristics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2234729</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Stress Analysis of Prefabricated Concrete Pavement under Thermal-Mechanical Coupling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined the stress responses in prefabricated concrete pavements under thermal and vehicular loads, with an innovative analysis of hollow slabs. A coupled thermal-mechanical analysis was conducted, applying thermal loads followed by dynamic vehicle loads to evaluate stress behavior. The results indicated that hollow slabs experienced more pronounced stress fluctuations, with thermal warping either amplifying or mitigating the effects of vehicular loads. Under positive temperature gradients, peak stresses in hollow slabs were 26% higher than in solid slabs, emphasizing the role of hollow channels in stress distribution. These findings highlighted both the advantages and limitations of hollow slabs, suggesting their potential for enhanced load diffusion and thermal management. The study offered valuable insights for optimizing prefabricated pavement designs to improve durability under combined environmental and traffic-induced stresses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comprehensive study on motion and mooring loads of floating fish cage in multi-directional focused waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The structural damage and biomass loss of the aquaculture net cage almost happen every year in China. It is of practical relevance and importance to study the dynamic response of the net cage in extreme offshore conditions. This study carries out comprehensive research on motions and mooring loads of floating fish cage in multi-directional random and focused waves. The multi-directional random waves are simulated by the spreading function and the random wave spectral, while multi-directional focused waves are generated at the predefined instant and locations. The net cage is modeled by the validated lumped-mass point method and Morison equations. Results indicate that surge motions increase and sway motion decrease with the increase of the wave directionality index. While the heave motion of the fish cage is insensitive to the wave directionality. The wave directionality leads to the unsymmetric mooring loads, indicating all mooring lines should be paid attention in multi-directional waves rather than the upwind moorings. Results demonstrate that the snap load of the mooring line is displayed and the net volume significantly decreases under the multi-directional focused wave. The multi-directional trough-focused wave leads to greater motions and slightly smaller mooring forces than the multi-directional crest-focused wave.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627103</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Rack and Pinion Alignment of the Cass St. Movable Bridge in Joliet, Illinois</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617970</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Cass St. Bridge is a rolling lift bascule bridge that spans the Des Plaines River, which divides the City of Joliet. The bridge has an average daily traffic (ADT) of 15,500 vehicles/day, and experiences approximately 2,000 lifts per year for commercial barges and casino boats. The racks and pinions, which are essential elements of the drive mechanism for lifting and closure of the bridge, have experienced severe wear in recent months due to misalignment. Wear is ascribed to minor track non-parallelism, insufficient pinion bearing collar bolting, and high rack and pinion tooth loadings. Rack tooth loadings at bridge opening are twice the AASHTO allowable tooth loadings. This report describes the non-standard stub teeth used in the original 1931 design and the retrofit of 1986, the verification of rack and track alignment by survey and gravity methods, and recommendations for realignment. Recommendations include: (1) exchanging unused rearward rack elements with worn forward elements; (2) leveling rack elements; (3) repositioning pinion bearing collars; (4) determining clearances and alignment reference marks and dimensions for final positioning and future monitoring; (5) future modification to shrink-fit the pinion gear bearing to the existing built-up structural plates instead of reliance on a small bolted collar; and (6) increasing rack face width.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 08:59:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617970</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A novel analytical model for the failure envelope of composite pipes under axisymmetric loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Composite pipes are crucial for continuously transporting deep-sea oil, gas, and mineral resources. Composite materials have been applied to the design of flexible pipes to cope with weight and extreme loading challenges. However, under the influence of many nonlinear factors, the failure behaviour of composite flexible pipes is complex. This paper proposes a novel failure envelope analytical and numerical models for composite pipes based on through-thickness failure criteria. The failure characteristics of each layer, the material's nonlinearity, and the fibers' local deformation are fully considered. The numerical model also considers the detailed geometric characteristics of the composite pipe. Select corresponding failure criteria for different material characteristics to construct the failure envelope of composite pipes. An 8-inch composite pipe was used as a case study to verify the accuracy of the analytical model. The failure behaviour of composite pipes under axisymmetric loading is discussed. The composite pipes' stress field and failure envelope under axisymmetric loading are analyzed. In addition, the factors affecting the maximum loading of composite pipes are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fundamentals of Automotive Structures and Battery Electric Vehicle Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book covers three topics; 1) automotive structure foundational information, 2) the physics of important loading conditions & how they influence the structure’s design, and 3) how the physics & design implications are different for the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) configuration. Currently, the automotive industry is desperately trying to develop cost competitive BEVs, with mixed success. The underlying engineering principles that enable efficient BEV structure are not well known within the industry and this book will provide that critical information to those seasoned automotive engineers. In many companies, a large portion of those seasoned engineers are nearing retirement and a new generation will be entering the workforce. Many companies are looking for ways to avoid the resulting knowledge loss and this book also addresses that; providing the information needed to quickly bring new engineers up to speed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Arrangement of Energy Pile Groups Under Thermal and Thermo-mechanical Loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The arrangement of energy piles in a group is an important and complicated topic that requires extensive study and research to provide reliable results. In this regard, a series of small-scale physical models were conducted in Babolsar sand. The first single energy pile and the second 3 × 3 pile group were performed with four different energy pile arrangements in the group. Different operating modes of energy pile were done symmetrically and nonsymmetrically with different distances. The results showed that the average thermal displacement of the pile cap of the symmetric was more than nonsymmetric ones, under completely similar conditions. Also, with the distance increase between the energy piles in the group, the average thermal displacement decreased by about 25%. In addition, the pile group’s thermal expansion values may be larger than the single pile. Also, it was observed that the maximum axial force of the pile in the positions of different piles in the group may be lower than that of the single pile. Such behavior can be seen by increasing the number of energy piles in the group (depending on the position of their implementation).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:05:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Strength Improvement for CVT Metal Belt by Ring Mesh</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fatigue strength of the mesh on the inner ring surface of the CVT metal belt was determined by ultrasonic fretting tests and low-torque high-tension loading mode. In the low-torque, high-tension loading mode, the cracks generated at the apex of the mesh geometry passed through the grooves of the mesh geometry, which arrested the crack propagation and increased the fatigue strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556920</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical assessment of marine hose load response during reeling and free-hanging operations under Ocean waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent times, the need for sustainable fluid transfer has necessitated the application of bonded hoses and composite risers. It has been considered increasingly within the marine-offshore industry, with advances in loading/offloading operations, and newer offshore platforms. This paper presents a reeling study under different operational and environmental conditions. In this study, finite element modelling (FEM) was used for the design of marine bonded reeling hoses, and two wave spectra were applied to two reeling hose operations. The design assessed the load response of the marine bonded hoses during two different operations, including free-hanging (static) and reeling (dynamic/loading), and assessments were made for reinforced and mainline hoses. The findings aid an understanding on the load response, tension profiles, stress profiles, strain distribution and hose curvature of marine reeling hoses. The study showed different fluid contents affect the performance of the hose differently parametrically. It justifies the use of design specifications for reeling hose under the operation modes for marine application. The recommendations obtained from this study can assist in developing standards and guidance for use by marine hose designers and manufacturers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2024 16:53:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural Safety Assessment of Lift Apparatus on Jack-Up Barge for Eco-Friendly Offshore Installation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Jack-up barge, one of the representative special vessels for installation and maintenance of offshore structures such as offshore plants, offshore facilities, and offshore renewable energy systems, secures the work stability of barge using mechanical holding force developed from leg or spud which is mounted on seabed. Lifting apparatus for jacket-up barge is the key equipment to maintain the holding force as well as to mount and to move the spud on the seabed under an extreme marine environment. Typical lifting apparatus types for offshore installation and maintenance are known as hydraulic pin type and rack-pinion. Recently, a new type of structural design has been devised to improve the holding power of lifting apparatus. Design uncertainty can exist in case that the evaluation of structural performance of such new type of lifting apparatus is carried out only by standard design guidance such as classification rules. In this study, structural safety assessment was performed for a new concept multi-ball holding clamp type lifting apparatus with 900 ton class holding capacity which was developed to improve the holding power. The evaluation of the structural strength performance was carried out by using the loading conditions which combine the mechanical loads of the operating cylinders with design load conditions for the deck lifting device of the mobile offshore structure specified by the classification rule. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model was generated, and the analysis results of the structural stress and deformation were compared to the allowable stresses recommended by the classification rule.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 16:53:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974337</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deformation Analysis on In-Plane Loading of Prismatic Cell</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The collision accidents of electric vehicles are gradually increasing, and the response of battery cell under mechanical abuse conditions has attracted more and more attention. In the real collision, the mechanical load on battery generally has the following characteristics, including multiple loading directions, dynamic impact and blunt intrusion. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanical response and deformation of battery under complex loading, especially in-plane dynamic loading condition. According to the actual accident, the constrained blunt compression test of the battery in different speeds and directions was designed. For out-of-plane loading, the structural stiffness of battery increases obviously and the fracture is advanced compared with the corresponding quasi-static tests. For in-plane constrained loading, the force response can be approximately divided into two linear segments, in which the structural stiffness increases abruptly after the inflection point. Besides, the response inflection point is advanced under the in-plane dynamic loading condition. A detailed finite element (FE) model was established for further analysis, including separator, current collector, anode coating and cathode coating. The jellyroll of in-plane loading will undergo two stages: bending deformation and compaction. The analysis of the simulation shows that the elements below the indenter will enter the compaction state in advance under high-speed loading, which leads to the inflection point in advance. The intrusion speed could affect the bending deformation, only forming shear kinks at the ends of jellyroll. This makes the deformation under dynamic loading different from quasi-static loading. Consequently, the findings can provide a reference for the safety design of the actual collision of the battery package and module.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2024 09:33:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367853</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Load Factor Optimization for the Auto Carrier Loading Problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The distribution of passenger vehicles is a complex task and a high cost factor for automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). On the way from the production plant to the customer, vehicles travel long distances on different carriers, such as ships, trains, and trucks. To save costs, OEMs and logistics service providers aim to maximize their loading capacities. Modern auto carriers are extremely flexible. Individual platforms can be rotated, extended, or combined to accommodate vehicles of different shapes and weights and to nest them in a way that makes the best use of the available space. In practice, finding feasible combinations is done with the help of simple heuristics or based on personal experience. In research, most papers that deal with auto carrier loading focus on route or cost optimization. Only a rough approximation of the loading subproblem is considered. In this paper, the authors present two different methodologies to approximate realistic load factors considering the flexibility of modern auto carriers and their height, length, and weight constraints. Based on the authors' industry partner’s process, the vehicle distribution follows a first in, first out principle. For the first approach, the authors formulate the problem as a mixed integer, quadratically constrained assignment problem. The second approach considers the problem as a two-dimensional nesting problem with irregular shapes. The authors perform computational experiments using real-world data from a large German automaker to validate and compare both models with each other and with an approximate model adapted from the literature. The simulation results for the first approach show that, on average, for 9.37% of all auto carriers, it is possible to load an additional vehicle compared with the current industry solution. This translates to 1.36% less total costs. The performance of the nesting approach is slightly worse, but as it turns out, it is well-suited to check load combinations for feasibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Dec 2023 08:46:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2307283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preparation of Parametric Model of Underground Metro Door Force Acting on Coarse Structure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article deals with the design and use of the underground metro door, taking into account the operational and normative requirements for the underground metro’s outer door. The dimensions of door gained from its previous design will serve as input data for performing technical calculations which will be used to determine the load conditions for the numerical simulation. The aim is using this preparation to obtain all the necessary data entering the analytical calculations for the parametric model creation. This will be able to be used for other door systems of a similar design thanks to the use of variables. The designed door system will meet all imposed requirements on safety, reliability and comfort.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation on coupled thermo-mechanical critical response of curved ramp bridge deck pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2204442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the critical response of the curved ramp bridge deck pavement under coupled thermo-mechanical loads through a three-dimensional (3D) tyre-bridge interaction numerical model. The temperature fields of bridge deck pavement in different seasons were simulated using measured air temperature and solar radiation data. The influence of seasonal temperature changes on the viscoelastic behaviour and stress accumulation of the deck pavement layer were assessed according to the changes of dissipated energy under different cyclic thermal loads. The results indicated that varying load modes could result in different damage patterns and adverse load locations. The deck pavements above the diaphragm and longitudinal clapboard have better thermal fatigue resistance when subjected to the cyclic thermal loading; while the ones near the flange cantilever panel have stronger resistance to coupled thermo-mechanical load. Compared with the tyre load, the coupled thermo-mechanical load can yield larger critical response and more potential damage initiations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:52:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2204442</guid>
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