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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamic risk assessment for methanol ship-to-ship bunkering operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Methanol is a promising alternative marine fuel that can contribute to greenhouse gas emission reductions. Despite its significant environmental potential, the inherent toxicity and high flammability pose substantial safety challenges during ship-to-ship (STS) bunkering operations. Effective risk management is essential to enhance operational safety in methanol bunkering and promote its adoption. To address this, a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) combining physical and statistical models is proposed for methanol STS bunkering. This approach improves dynamic probabilistic assessment of hazardous consequence by integrating weather, operational, and port conditions that change over time. It builds a fault tree from investigation reports and methanol properties, and maps it to a DBN with time-dependent properties. Conditional probability tables are derived from weighted scoring, fluid mechanics, and diffusion models. The method was applied to three sites in Hong Kong to assess dynamic probabilities of hazardous consequences. The analysis identified Cheung Chau South Anchorage as the most suitable location for methanol STS bunkering due to its lower mean threat probabilities during the bunkering process across toxic dispersion, vapor cloud explosion, and flash/pool fire. Sensitivity analysis identified key influencing factors, revealing that although methanol and oil fuel share common key factors, they also exhibit significant differences. Methanol requires particular attention to bunkering pressure, bunkering rate, and corrosion degree. The validated and adaptable model offers actionable guidance for ports and regulators to enhance methanol STS bunkering safety. It can also be extended to other ports for dynamic probabilistic safety assessment of methanol STS bunkering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:36:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation-driven aftertreatment optimization and emissions characterization of a high-efficiency methanol DI engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents an integrated calibration and aftertreatment optimization framework for a 1.5L direct-injection methanol-fueled spark-ignition engine targeting compliance with China 6b emission regulations. Methanol’s unique physicochemical properties, high latent heat of vaporization, fast flame speed, and elevated octane rating, enabled advanced ignition phasing at high loads and significantly reduced CO, HC, NOₓ, and PM/PN emissions relative to gasoline. Furthermore, the methanol engine displays unique emission behaviors in response to the aftertreatment system, in contrast to those observed in the gasoline engine. A simulation-driven approach was applied to develop a tailored aftertreatment system, leveraging a validated catalyst performance model to define platinum group metal (PGM) loadings and washcoat architecture. Experimental validation under WLTC conditions demonstrated strong agreement with simulated midbed temperatures and tailpipe emissions, confirming predictive model fidelity. Although calibrated under fresh conditions, a thermal aging sub-model incorporating Arrhenius-based degradation was used to extrapolate full useful life (FUL) catalyst performance over 240,000 km. The results highlight methanol’s heightened sensitivity to catalyst aging due to its oxygen-rich and chemically reactive exhaust composition. To address this, a Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology was employed to optimize catalyst volume and PGM distribution across close-coupled and underfloor positions. The finalized configuration, consisting of dual TWC bricks and an underfloor uGPF, achieved regulatory compliance with reduced PGM usage and packaging feasibility, offering a cost-effective solution for low-emission methanol engine applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methanol sprays in marine engines: CFD modelling of port fuel injection systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime sector aims to achieve short and medium-term sustainability targets through the conversion of Internal Combustion Engines to methanol operation. For small to medium sized engines, Port Fuel Injection (PFI) is the most viable injection method to achieve this conversion. However, the knowledge of the behaviour of methanol in combustion engines, particularly its spray characteristics under PFI conditions, is limited. To better understand liquid methanol sprays, this paper studies the injection of methanol in marine PFI conditions through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling. The CFD models use the Lagrangian-Eulerian (LE) coupling method within the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) turbulence framework. Numerical results were validated using dedicated methanol experiments from the literature for both high and low injection pressures. Subsequently, this predictive CFD framework was used in a number of different injection pressures with scaled injection quantities that represent marine applications. Moreover, we demonstrated that high injection pressure improves atomisation and, thus, evaporation prior to wall impingement. This work strongly contributes to our understanding of marine PFI methanol engines by modelling fuel quantities relevant for ship applications. Our approach can be implemented in full engine simulations to solve evaporation challenges often found in small-bore methanol marine engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 09:34:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701215</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An experimental and simulative study for transient performance and emissions analysis of a marine engine fed with flex-fuel as methanol and ammonia blends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation, being a significant contributor to rising global emissions, underscores the need for alternative fuels like ammonia, methanol, hydrogen, and others. Transient scenarios are crucial to study because they reflect real-world driving conditions where engines frequently transition between different loads and speeds, significantly impacting emissions and performance. There is a significant gap in research on using ammonia and methanol blended fuels in engines, particularly under transient conditions, due to the complexity and challenges in combustion control. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive simulative investigation of ammonia-methanol flex-fuel blends for a transient marine engine. Utilizing an experimentally validated GT-Power model, the study evaluates three key characteristics: performance, combustion, and emissions, under various operating conditions involving parameters such as injection timing, spark timing, and different blend ratios of both fuels. The study reveals that increasing the ammonia content in methanol blends results in moderate changes to engine performance, with slight decreases in indicated mean effective pressure and indicated efficiency, despite maintaining constant energy input. These performance reductions are minor compared to pure methanol. However, the most significant advantages are seen in emissions, with carbon dioxide levels decreasing by up to 80% when comparing blends of 25% Methanol and 75% Ammonia to 100% Methanol, highlighting the potential of ammonia-methanol flex-fuels as environmentally friendly alternatives. Furthermore, the air-fuel ratio fluctuation was also observed to be reduced with methanol-ammonia blends, which can make the engine drivability smoother during transient operation with sudden load changes that will minimized the engine vibration during transition stage. This research positions ammonia-methanol blends as a 100% renewable fuel option for engines, offering significant potential for reducing emissions and improving environmental sustainability in the transportation sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation on the effects of water blending on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel pilot high pressure direction injection methanol combustion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Water blending is a potential method to reduce NOₓ emissions for the diesel pilot high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) methanol combustion. In this study, experiments were conducted on a specially designed dual direct injection single - cylinder engine to explore the effects of water blending on the combustion and emission performance of diesel pilot HPDI methanol combustion under a high methanol substitution rate of over 90%. Results indicate that water blending increases the density, viscosity, and surface tension of methanol while significantly elevating specific heat capacity and latent heat. Combustion remains stable even under 30% water blending conditions, though water blending slightly delays ignition timing (CA10) and combustion phasing (CA50). As the water blending ratio increases, the peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates (HRR) decline, particularly at high loads, while combustion duration (CA90–CA10) shortens with 20–30% water ratio, effectively reducing exhaust losses. However, when the water blending ratio reaches 30%, it causes a significant increase in heat transfer loss, resulting in a decrease in thermal efficiency. Under all load conditions, increasing the water blending ratio can greatly reduce NOₓ emissions with slightly increased carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions at low loads. When the water blending ratio reaches 30%, NOₓ emissions fully meet Tier III emission standards under all operating conditions, yet thermal efficiency is lower than that of pure methanol. By contrast, a 20% water blending ratio maintains thermal efficiency superior to pure methanol while still having the potential to meet Tier III NOₓ limits. Therefore, to balance emissions and efficiency in practical engine applications, a compromise ratio within the 20%–30% range is recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on chemical kinetic mechanism of methanol/diesel surrogate fuel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to study the combustion process of diesel/methanol dual-fuel (DMDF) in the engine cylinder, a methanol/diesel surrogate fuel reaction mechanism was constructed, which includes 101 species and 288 reactions. This study optimized the diesel/methanol combustion mechanism by adjusting the rate constants of key reactions based on ignition delay sensitivity analysis. A zero-dimensional model was used to validate the ignition delay time (IDT), laminar flame speed (LFS), and concentration of key species under various conditions for the dual-fuel mechanism. Furthermore, the methanol/diesel surrogate fuel mechanism was coupled with multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to validate the combustion process within the engine cylinder under both pure diesel and DMDF modes. The results show that the combustion mechanism of methanol/diesel surrogate fuel is highly consistent with the experimental data in terms of IDT, LFS, and concentration of key species. In addition, by combining the combustion mechanism with CFD simulation, the simulation results of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethylene, and butadiene emissions are consistent with the experimental data, further verifying the reliability of the methanol/diesel surrogate fuel mechanism. The constructed DM mechanism can provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of clean, low-carbon alternative fuels in engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of alternative pre-chamber fuels on engine performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696111</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The application of active pre-chamber (PC) combustion systems offers potential increases of the indicated efficiency of spark-ignition (SI) engines by increasing the lean operating limit. In conventional SI operation, methanol revealed promising engine performance without substantial knock limitation. In PC operation with methanol under lean conditions, the PC jets can fail to ignite the charge in the main combustion chamber (MC) due to methanol’s high enthalpy of vaporization. The PC jet characteristics in turn depend on the applied PC fuel. In this study, it was assumed that the application of alternative liquid PC fuels might extend the lean operating limit of an engine that was operated with methanol as MC fuel. To this end, methanol, ethanol, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, 1,3-dioxolane, and diethoxymethane were investigated as PC fuels in this study, while the MC was fueled with methanol. The fuels were experimentally investigated on a thermodynamic SI single-cylinder engine equipped with an active PC and a compression ratio of 16.4. Variations of the relative air/fuel ratio in the exhaust gas at net indicated mean effective pressures of 6?bar and 15?bar were performed. The observed differences in the engine performance between the investigated PC fuels were minor because a large fraction of the PC mixture consisted of the MC fuel methanol that was forced into the PC during the compression stroke. However, measured PC-driven HC emissions depended on the applied PC fuel and increased toward the engine’s lean operating limit at low engine load. At high engine load, this behavior was not observed. In PC operation, a maximum net indicated efficiency of 47.3% was observed, which was 0.8%-points higher than in conventional SI operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696111</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lessons Learned from Designing, Constructing and Operating the Methanol-Powered Vessels in the FASTWATER Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports on lessons learned during the design of the vessels, including the risk assessments; during the actual build/retrofit; and during the vessels’ operation. The focus is on the gained knowledge, to serve as proofs of concept and as a starting point for other methanol vessel conversions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 08:54:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards Green Ferry Corridors in the Adriatic Sea – Integrating Monte Carlo Simulations into Life Cycle Costing Scheme for Methanol</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime transport sector is essential to global trade, handling a large share of international trade volume, but its reliance on fossil fuels raises significant environmental and economic concerns. The transition to greener options is slow, with 98.8% of the fleet still using fossil fuel, while the research into economic performance of this transition often overlooks fuel price volatility, a critical factor influenced by global events which have caused significant fuel price fluctuations. This paper introduces a model which incorporates fuel price volatility into lifecycle cost assessments (LCCA) on an example of a ferry connecting the Croatian and Italian shores of the Adriatic Sea. A comparison of diesel- and methanol-powered systems is provided, using Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate economic sustainability under volatile fuel prices. Diesel prices showed a consistently symmetrical and normal distribution across all simulations, indicating a stable price range, while methanol prices demonstrated more volatility. The LCCA results, which included the simulated fuel prices, showed that methanol-powered systems despite greater price volatility, show lower overall costs through different carbon taxation scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of hydrogen admixture on efficiency and emissions in a spark-ignition engine fueled with gasoline and methanol</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is increasing regulatory and public pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. This can be achieved by further improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines. The addition of small amounts of hydrogen to the combustion process of a spark-ignition engine can reduce CO₂ emissions by reducing the carbon content of the fuel as well as increasing engine efficiency. Therefore, the combination of hydrogen port injection with direct injection of a liquid fuel was investigated on a single-cylinder research engine. RON95 E10 gasoline and methanol were tested as liquid fuels. The measurements carried out show that the addition of hydrogen reduces the knocking tendency of RON95 E10 gasoline, allowing a more efficient combustion phasing. Hydrogen admixture also increases the tolerance to mixture dilution, allowing an increase in the relative air-fuel ratio of 0.8 and thus further efficiency gains. The maximum net indicated efficiency achieved with RON95 improved by 4.9%-pts. With methanol as a liquid fuel, there is no advantage of hydrogen admixture in the combustion phasing due to the high knock resistance of methanol. Hydrogen admixture still allows leaner operation by 0.35 units of relative air-fuel ratio, but does not result in increased efficiency. The maximum indicated efficiency with hydrogen admixture was 1.5%-pts. lower than with pure methanol.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:17:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663668</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical Approach Towards Green Methanol as Maritime Propellant</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579998</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime transport plays an essential role in the EU economy and is one of the most energy-efficient modes of transport. Nevertheless, it is as well a large and growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the use of alternative carbon-neutral propellants in shipping must be investigated and promoted. Green methanol is a promising candidate as a future maritime propellant, which is currently investigated in the scope of the research project MariSynFuel funded by the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport. At the project’s core is the development and construction of a facility for manufacturing green methanol on a demonstration scale in Bremerhaven, Germany, and the direct use of the fuel for the newly-built research ship ‘Uthörn’ of the Alfred Wegener Institute. The vessel, christened in November 2022, is equipped with two diesel engines retrofitted for methanol combustion. Because methanol has favourable storage and transport characteristics, it has numerous advantages in terms of storage and handling compared to pure hydrogen or ammonia. It is also biodegradable, which is important in the event of accidents at sea or in ports. In addition, existing tank farms and tank transporters can be converted with little effort and continued to be used. The planned demonstration facility is to produce at least 500 kg of green methanol per day, matching the expected daily consumption of the ‘Uthörn’. To ensure the operation of the methanol synthesis facility and the acceptance of the manufactured methanol, a supply and distribution concept is developed within the project, which together with the preparation of a business plan will facilitate an economic perspective of the project’s approach. The generation and marketing of synthetic fuels at Bremerhaven is a first, essential step towards a more sustainable, local maritime energy supply and contributes to becoming less dependent on the import of fossil energy sources in future as well. The presentation will provide insights into the project and highlight first project results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:11:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579998</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methanol as a Fuel in Shipping: Review and Outlook to ICE Research Within MENENS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579996</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Waterborne transportation has long been the backbone of global trade, with the reciprocating internal combustion engine (ICE) as the dominant power source. In the efforts to decarbonize shipping, methanol has emerged as a promising alternative fuel due to its easy storability and favorable combustion characteristics compared to non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. In the MENENS project, one of the research objectives is to better understand, further develop, and demonstrate different engine technologies that can employ methanol fuel in marine-sized engines. This study reviews maritime stakeholder research on methanol fuel for marine ICEs, emphasizing the chosen injection and ignition strategies across different engine technologies. In this paper, we aim to identify research gaps concerning methanol as a marine engine fuel, and provide insight into the initiatives and proposed research direction within MENENS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 16:23:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579996</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Multi-Model Ensemble and its Portability for the Prognostics of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells under Different Dynamic Operating Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate estimation of State Of Health (SOH) and prediction of Remaining Useful Life (RUL) are all-important to ensure the fuel cells’ reliable operation. During the ageing of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs), the output voltage can be monitored in real-time to acquire the degradation trend. However, traditional prognostic methods relying solely on observed voltage trend regression cannot cope with dynamic changes in operation. The deep-level degradation information, which is merely affected by environmental factors, can be accessed by the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Using the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM), degradation covariates such as internal impedances can be identified and tracked over time. This paper proposes an approach that combines internal characterization and direct observation to predict the RUL of DMFCs under dynamic operating conditions. The proposed approach is implemented on two DMFCs of the same type prepared for accelerated ageing tests under different scenarios: one DMFC following the China Light Vehicle Test Cycle (CLTC) for training, and the other following the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) to verify the method’s portability. Compared to the traditional data-driven prediction method, experimental results show that the proposed multi-level degradation indicator-based approach can provide more accurate SOH estimation and RUL predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 10:15:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental footprint of hydrogen- and methanol-powered fishing vessel under steady and transient engine operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2637869</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shipping sector is faced with ever stricter environmental regulations pushing it to reduce its environmental effect by set of technical, operational and market-based measures or their combinations. While these primarily target large merchant vessels, smaller and underregulated fleets, such as fishing vessels, also play a significant role in overall emissions. This study evaluates the environmental feasibility of methanol and hydrogen as alternative fuels for reducing the environmental footprint of fishing trawler traditionally powered by marine diesel oil. A combined 1D/0D engine model is developed using AVL Boost and validated with real-time measurement results onboard a trawler operating in the Adriatic Sea. Simulation model was used under steady-state and transient conditions, across multiple operating cycles. The results indicate that methanol–diesel blends reduce NOx emissions by up to 82 % and CO2 emissions by 78.5 %, though specific fuel consumption increases by about 95 % due to methanol's lower energy density. In contrast, hydrogen–diesel blends achieve up to 81.1 % CO2 reduction and 53 % lower specific fuel consumption but result in a 52 % rise in NOx emissions, attributed to higher combustion temperatures. The simulation of a split-cycle operation with diesel fuel yielded 8.0 % fuel savings and a 12.78 % reduction in NOx emissions. Results demonstrate that methanol offers an immediate pathway for NOx compliance with minimal engine modification, whereas hydrogen provides greater long-term decarbonization potential, highlighting the importance of optimizing fuel strategies for sustainable maritime operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:55:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2637869</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable yacht refits: Structural solutions in methanol-powered conversion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the pursuit of sustainable solutions to reduce carbon emissions, the maritime industry is increasingly focusing on transitioning from fossil fuels to alternative fuels. Methanol offers significant environmental benefits, including Well-to-Wake greenhouse gas emission reductions of 95% with synthetic methanol and 89% with green methanol. Gray methanol can increase emissions by 20% compared to marine diesel oil. Methanol reduces sulfur oxides by 99%, nitrogen oxides by 60%, and particulate matter by 95%. However, its lower energy density requires 75% larger storage volumes to maintain comparable ranges. This study explores retrofitting a 60-meter yacht for methanol propulsion, addressing structural, spatial, and safety challenges associated with converting existing vessels into more environmentally sustainable ships. Key innovations include compact cofferdams, reduced from 800mm to 100mm, and corrugated bulkheads, improving tank efficiency from 0.32 to 0.83 while preserving safety. A Finite Element Model validated the structural integrity of these solutions, confirming their ability to withstand operational stresses while meeting stringent safety standards. Methanol propulsion provides a 23% range reduction compared to diesel, a trade-off balanced by its environmental advantages. This work highlights the interplay between structural modifications, onboard capacity enhancements, and alternative fuels in maritime decarbonization, contributing to more sustainable and responsible yacht transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 15:10:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661493</guid>
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