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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7TWV0YWxsdXJneSZxdW90OyIgb3JpZ2luYWxfdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O01ldGFsbHVyZ3kmcXVvdDsiIC8+PC9maWx0ZXJzPjxyYW5nZXMgLz48c29ydHM+PHNvcnQgZmllbGQ9InB1Ymxpc2hlZCIgb3JkZXI9ImRlc2MiIC8+PC9zb3J0cz48cGVyc2lzdHM+PHBlcnNpc3QgbmFtZT0icmFuZ2V0eXBlIiB2YWx1ZT0icHVibGlzaGVkZGF0ZSIgLz48L3BlcnNpc3RzPjwvc2VhcmNoPg==" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Structural Service Performance of Low-temperature Modified Asphalt Pavement based on Peavy-Duty traffic Engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742441</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Relying on the reconstruction project, the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement significantly reduces the construction temperature of the asphalt mixture by 40 °C compared with the traditional asphalt pavement, and improves the road performance of the material. By comparing the two mixture rolling schemes, the compaction effect of scheme 2 is better. For AC-13 mixture, the flexural tensile strength of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 0.67 MPa higher than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and compared with SBS modified asphalt mixture, the final rut depth of USP-SBS composite modified asphalt mixture is 2.68 mm shallower than that of SBS modified asphalt mixture, and the total deformation rate is 43.8% lower than that of the latter. The post-construction quality evaluation shows that the stability of the low-temperature modified asphalt pavement test section under the bearing capacity and high-temperature-water coupling is better than that of the conventional road section, and the low-temperature stability is comparable to that of the two. This innovative application not only achieves energy saving and emission reduction but also provides a new solution for road construction under heavy traffic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742441</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultrasonic Assisted Room Temperature Welding of Liquid Gallium Indium Alloy Brazing Material and Its Solidification Behavior at the Cu-Cu Interface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considerable the gallium-based alloys low melting point coupled with easy to synthesize intermetallic compounds with diverse metallic elements, employing liquid gallium-based alloys as the soldering medium and leveraging ultrasonic as assistance are effective to construct pure copper joints under atmosphere condition. The investigation delves into the characterization of the reaction products, interface microstructure, elemental distribution patterns, and evolution of shear strength within the welds. Furthermore, the pivotal role of ultrasonic waves and constituent element diffusion mechanisms during the solidification phase is elucidated. Thus, the initial one-day occurred during solidification showed the 2.6 MPa shear strength but with the time increased to four and a half days, the shear strength raised to 8.4 MPa at room temperature. Thereinto, the results indicate the weld seam has achieved metallurgical connection. This innovative welding technique operates at room temperature provides significant guidance for designing a novel perspective low-temperature joining for applications. It is not only augments the repertoire of material connection methodologies but also presents a viable joining strategy for sensitive elevated temperature materials. Therefore, such process possesses substantial practical significance and promises avenues for future applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:36:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742574</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancement of Tractive Trafficability for a Four-Track Unmanned Amphibious Tracked Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the insufficient tractive trafficability of four-track unmanned amphibious tracked vehicles (UATV) in beach terrain by proposing an optimization strategy based on coordinated suspension height and hitch point adjustment. A mathematical model of vehicle drawbar pull was established to systematically analyze the influence mechanisms of vertical load distribution, suspension adjustment, and hitch point elevation on tractive trafficability. DEM-MBD coupling simulations revealed differentiated traction laws under sandy loam and clay conditions, particularly regarding track overlap effects. Results demonstrate that in sandy loam, rear-axle traversal over front-axle tracks reduces drawbar pull due to soil loosening, whereas track overlap enhances drawbar pull in clay through soil compaction. Nine suspension-hitch configurations were tested, validating optimization strategies: increased front-axle loading (Configuration a) in sandy loam and reduced front-axle loading (Configuration f) in clay. These configurations significantly improved tractive trafficability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 11:36:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Aluminium Alloy Composites Reinforced with Zirconium oxide and Solid Lubricant Attributes for Brake and Clutch Components of Aircrafts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For brake and clutch components of aircraft vehicles which require higher mechanical strength and wear resilient, light-weight aluminium composites were developed infusing solid lubricant. In this study, hybrid composites were developed using powder metallurgy route with aluminum alloy AA356 and various amounts of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) as reinforcements. A solid lubricant hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) at a fixed 5 wt.% is considered. Following the appropriate ASTM guidelines, the specimens were mechanically characterized by measuring their density, porosity, micro-hardness, compression strength, impact strength, and flexural strength, among other properties. The findings showed that the composites' mechanical and physical behaviour were greatly affected by the inclusion of ZrO2. Porosity increased as a result of particle clustering and interfacial voids, while density increased gradually as ceramic content increased. Consistently increasing ZrO2 addition led to micro-hardness improvements; at 20 wt.% reinforcement, values reached their maximum, indicating that the hard ceramic phase contributed to better surface resistance. The best balance between particle reinforcement and matrix continuity was suggested by the compression and flexural strengths peaking at 15 wt.% ZrO2. However, when the addition was raised to 20 wt.%, brittleness and porosity began to marginally deteriorate. Unreinforced and lower ZrO2 composites had superior toughness in impact, whereas materials with a higher content had a poorer energy absorption capacity. The 5 wt.% hBN improved fracture arresting capabilities and helped load transmission over the interface. Inclusion of hBN provides solid-lubricating tribofilm formation that enhances the tribological performance. This study reveals that AA356/ZrO2-hBN hybrid composites have good hardness and compressive strength improvements, with 15 wt.% ZrO2 being the best composition with good strength, toughness, and wear resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:32:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reasons of the D47 Motorway Pavement Deformations Caused by Swelling of Metallurgical By-Products</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metallurgical by-products, primarily blast furnace and steel slag, have ranked among important alternative sources of fill as well as of material for the structural layers in highways. These are always artificial aggregates produced within the ironmaking or steelmaking process, or in the production of nonferrous metals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:41:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2668466</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title> Strain-Based Fracture Assessment of Tailor Welded Blanks under Complex Loading Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tailor Welded Blanks are critical for automotive lightweighting yet prone to premature failure due to differential thickness and strength across the weld. This study utilized digital image correlation (DIC) to analyze the maximum in-plane principal Hencky strain (E1max) and axial strain (e????) of TWBs under complex loading conditions, including biaxial and plane-strain states. Twelve distinct material stack-ups were tested to evaluate the impact of material difference on formability. Results indicated that differential properties significantly altered strain distribution, often forcing localization onto the thinner or softer sheet. While UHSS welds provided high load capacity with limited ductility, combinations using HSLA or IF substrates were susceptible to early localization and unstable fracture.Comparative heatmaps illustrate strain evolution across all samples, providing spatial insights beyond conventional force–displacement analysis. Metallurgical characterization confirmed a strong correlation between failure behavior and microstructural features, specifically heat-affected zone softening and martensitic transformation. Notably, once the strength ratio exceeds 2.0, biaxial stretchability drops sharply and failure transitions from base-metal necking to weld-initiated cracking, indicating a severe mechanical mismatch effect. The observed hierarchy of critical strains (E1 biaxial > E1 plane-strain > E1 uniaxial) confirms that biaxial testing represents the upper-bound deformability condition for these welded blanks. Collectively, these findings provide actionable guidance for optimizing TWB design in battery electric vehicle structures, where material heterogeneity and complex loadings are prevalent challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:13:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2696799</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Iron from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries: A Stepwise Process Combining Citric-Acid Leaching and Fenton Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid increase in spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries from electric and hybrid vehicles highlights the urgent need for sustainable and economically viable recycling methods. This study presents an innovative recycling process that efficiently recovers lithium and iron from spent LFP batteries using citric-acid leaching combined with Fenton oxidation (Fe²+/H₂O₂ system) to generate hydroxyl radicals for enhanced LiFePO₄ dissolution. The process includes four steps: citric-acid leaching to release lithium and iron, removal of excess citric acid using lead sulfate (PbSO₄), a Fenton reaction to further leach LFP, and lithium recovery through precipitation with sodium phosphate. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize leaching conditions, achieving a lithium recovery rate of 94.74% with a purity of 98.83%. The study demonstrates that the citric-acid concentration, solid–liquid ratio, temperature, and leaching time significantly impact the metal extraction efficiency. The proposed method not only reduces waste and environmental impact but also offers economic benefits. This research provides a sustainable and cost-effective approach for recycling spent LFP batteries, contributing to a circular economy and resource conservation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Mar 2026 09:01:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Global and Local Formability Properties through Nb Microalloying</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[David Martin, CBMM Asia Bernardo Barile, CBMM Europe BV Caio Pisano, CBMM Europe BV  Automotive high strength steels have specific microstructure-dependent forming characteristics. Global formability is generally associated with high uniform strain values which imply good drawability and stretch forming properties driven by pronounced work hardening. Local formability on the other hand is often measured by various fracture strain values—generally higher in single phase steels. In this respect, the so-called ‘local/global formability map’ concept has been established not only to provide a comprehensive methodology to characterize existing automotive steels but also to enable improvement strategies toward more balanced forming characteristics. Niobium (Nb) microalloying is a powerful tool to achieve both property improvement in general and property balance in particular. More than two decades of research has demonstrated that Nb-induced microstructural optimization is applicable to HSLA steels, AHSS (DP, CP, TRIP, TWIP) and PHS, and it has been realized in commercial production of such steels. This contribution details the underlying metallurgical and processing effects of Nb microalloying in automotive high-strength steels and highlights achieved global and local formability improvements. Respective optimization vectors are demonstrated through intrinsic formability mapping, where the possibilities and limitations are indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 16:36:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Characterization of Pavement Performance Evolution Based on
          Accelerated Loading Test System (RIOHTrack)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To evaluate the performance evolution patterns of road structures under natural                     environmental conditions and loading, data were collected from the RIOHTrack                     system. Pavement deflection, smoothness, and skid resistance were selected as                     evaluation indicators. The performance evolution characteristics over 50 million                     load cycles were analyzed to investigate the impact of different structural                     configurations on service performance. The study results are summarized as                     follows: The deflection basin area exhibits significant annual cyclic                     fluctuations, indicating that ambient temperature significantly affects pavement                     deflection. The initial rapid decrease in texture depth was attributed to the                     compaction of the surface layer under traffic loading, leading to a reduction in                     texture depth. Differences in tire and subgrade stiffness can cause variations                     in texture depth across various scenarios. Circular pavement structures'                     smoothness can be categorized into three classes; however, even within the same                     class, different combinations of roadway structures can result in substantial                     variations in pavement IRI values. These research findings are crucial for                     understanding the evolution laws of road performance and developing long-life                     pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 17:04:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2614437</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neuronetwork Support for Subdivision Management of Fire Extinguishing of Rolling Stock During Unloading at Metallurgical Enterprises</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article discusses the procedure for finding alternatives to management solutions based on weighted boundary conditions of fire extinguishing, taking into account deviations in fire extinguishing tactics. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the possibility of making reference decisions on fire extinguishing based on the analysis of alternatives to the choice of reference decisions in fire extinguishing tactics at various stages of fire extinguishing using software based on neural networks. This is necessary to ensure the relevant development of the management system of fire and rescue units in the context of a constantly evolving level of computerization and automation. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the system for analyzing incoming fire data, based on software using neural networks, is capable of providing high-quality processing of information online in such a way that it will be able to provide support for managerial decision-making by the head of extinguishing the fire, in particular, when extinguishing a fire while unloading rolling stock at metallurgical enterprises.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:19:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Green Hydrogen Production: Progress, Challenges and Proposed Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, global interest in hydrogen as a powerful, promising and clean source of energy has increased. Green hydrogen production (GHP) is considered one of the most important modern projects worldwide, as it is the way to achieve a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. GHP plays a major role to improve public health. There are several methods for producing or harvesting green hydrogen, the most famous of which are: 1) The electrolysis of water using a proton exchange membrane and metal foam at low temperatures and 2) Flash Joule Heating (FJH) method for heating plastic waste at high temperatures using low-carbon emissions technology. However, both methods still suffer from some difficulties. This calls for the need to search for scientific solutions to make hydrogen available at reasonable prices. While the first method is considered better for producing high-purity hydrogen compared to the second method, it faces challenges in collecting hydrogen on the surface of the negative electrode (cathode) in a suitable manner (catalyst) to collect it in a less expensive way. While the second method is considered the cheapest, but it is complex and requires very high temperatures to produce graphene with hydrogen harvesting. Graphene can be used in the manufacture of digital processors, electronic cells and conductors. Green hydrogen is used sparingly in some applications such as automotive research and some metallurgical and chemical industries. The paper focused on monitoring and understanding the current situation and challenges to provide proposed solutions for enhancing hydrogen production based on advanced engineering materials and metrology techniques. These solutions aim to develop the cathode material and its surface in the first method. Furthermore, the use of SEM and AFM in both methods was proposed to improve the characterization process of both the cathode material with its surface and GHP. Adopting such approach is essential to contribute for reducing the costs of GHP with the aim of providing clean and sustainable energy, in addition to enhancing the role of doctors in performing their medical duties towards raising the level of health awareness of community members and maximizing the treatment and recovery of patients in a healthy environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2025 13:56:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Holistic assessment of ship scrubbers, with emphasis on the marine environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ocean is essential, providing life support, food and recreation and ocean economy is projected to grow, implying more human activities and ocean claims. A key player in ocean economy is the shipping sector, both as an industry on its own and as a prerequisite for the development of other ocean-based sectors. The daily operations of a ship exert multiple pressures on the environment, affecting climate change, human welfare and ocean health. As shipping can trigger change in environmental state which may cause negative impact on both the environment and human welfare, there is a need to get a complete perspective of the environmental impacts associated to ship activities. The DAPSIR framework offers a structured approach to assess the cause-effect relationship of society (Drivers, Pressures), environment and human welfare (State, Impact) and policy (Response). The overall aim of this thesis is to assess pressures, changes in environmental state and impacts on the marine environment following the wide-scale use of scrubbers, an aftertreatment technology to reduce sulphur oxide emissions to the atmosphere by spraying the exhaust with (sea)water, producing large volumes of heavily acidified and contaminated water that is discharged to the marine environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534201</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strain capacity of metallurgically clad pipes with girth welds during deep-sea reel-lay installation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2520005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Metallurgically clad pipes with a 3 mm-thick nickel-based alloy inner wall exhibit outstanding corrosion resistance. The strong metallurgical bond between the liner and the outer pipe ensures reliable adhesion, allowing the pipeline to endure significant strain during reeling operations. However, girth welds connecting pipe segments can result in pronounced strain concentration during reeling, increasing the risk of failure. In this work, a 3D finite element (FE) model of metallurgically clad pipes with girth welds is developed to simulate the reeling, unreeling, and straightening process of metallurgically clad pipe, in accordance with the specifications of the Shenda reel-lay vessel. The strain, moment, local curvature, change in diameter, and ovality of the pipe are continuously analyzed. A user-defined material subroutine was employed in the FE model considering the material nonlinearity. Parametric analyses of weld reinforcement height and misalignment on geometric nonlinearity were conducted. The results show that during installation, the girth weld regions experienced the highest strain levels, approximately 120% higher than the maximum strain in other MCP regions, leading to significant residual strain after unreeling. These residual strains are highly sensitive to weld reinforcement height and misalignment. Finally, prediction formulas of the maximum equivalent plastic strain at the girth weld, the maximum normalized bending moment, and the maximum value of ovality during the reeling process of the metallurgically clad pipes are presented. This study offered a theoretical basis for the Reel-lay installation of metallurgically clad pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 09:03:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2520005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Space-Time Evolution of Temperature of Asphalt Mixture during
          Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Temperature segregation significantly affects the compaction of asphalt mixtures                     and the durability of the asphalt pavement layer. Uneven cooling of the mixture                     during transportation is a key factor contributing to temperature segregation.                     This study uses finite element simulations to analyze the temporal and spatial                     temperature evolution during the transportation of asphalt mixtures. A                     temperature segregation evaluation index (TSIv) is proposed to                     assess the significance of various factors affecting segregation. Support vector                     regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), and extreme gradient boosting                     (XGBoost) models are employed to predict temperature changes during                     transportation and optimize the predictive models. The results indicate that the                     proportion of areas with a temperature difference of less than 10°C is                     consistently the highest, followed by areas with a temperature difference                     greater than 25°C, and then those with temperature differences in the ranges of                     10-16°C and 16-25°C. Higher discharge temperatures, higher convective heat                     transfer coefficients, and lower air temperatures are associated with greater                     temperature segregation. In the early stages of transportation, the discharge                     temperature has a slightly greater effect than air temperature and convective                     heat transfer, whereas in the later stages, convective heat transfer plays the                     most significant role. Both the SVR and RFR models can effectively predict the                     distribution of various temperature ranges during asphalt mixture                     transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Mar 2025 16:24:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Hardening and Tempering Temperatures on the Mechanical
                    Behavior of Alloy Steel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alloy steel possesses high strength, hardenability, fatigue strength, and good                     impact toughness. It is widely used for making various machine parts, automobile                     components, shafts, gears, connecting rods, and more. Hardening and tempering                     develop the optimum combination of hardness, strength, and toughness in                     engineering steel, thereby providing components with high mechanical properties.                     Hardening and tempering temperatures are crucial factors that affect the                     mechanical and metallurgical properties of 42Cr4Mo steel. In this research work,                     42Cr4Mo alloy steel samples were subjected to hardening and tempering processes.                     The hardening temperatures were set at 830°C, 850°C, and 870°C, while the                     tempering temperatures were maintained at 590°C and 650°C. The test results show                     that hardening at 830°C and tempering at 590°C achieve high tensile strength,                     which decreases as the temperature increases. Different hardening temperatures                     and constant tempering temperatures will be optimized to achieve the desired                     hardness, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, impact resistance, and                     metallurgical properties. These parameters significantly contribute to                     determining the appropriate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 14:58:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511050</guid>
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