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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Vessel Trajectory Prediction with Novel Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System-Based Alpha - Beta Filter Using Ais Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shipping is integral to global trade, with increasing maritime traffic elevating safety risks. Accurate trajectory prediction based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data is essential to prevent collisions and enhance navigational safety. This study introduces a novel Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (MFIS)-based alpha-beta filter for vessel trajectory prediction, addressing the limitations of conventional static parameter tuning. The proposed method dynamically adjusts alpha and beta parameters using fuzzy logic and processes speed, heading, latitude, and longitude inputs to predict trajectories over extended periods. The fuzzy alpha-beta filter's performance was evaluated on AIS data from 50 ships using metrics such as Average Displacement Error (ADE), Final Displacement Error (FDE), Non-Linear ADE (NL-ADE), and R². It achieved superior accuracy (ADE: 0.020, FDE: 0.031, NL-ADE: 0.011, R²: 0.97) compared to conventional and deep learning models, demonstrating its efficacy in complex maritime scenarios. These findings mark a significant advancement in trajectory prediction systems, enhancing maritime safety and operational efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 16:48:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2734935</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Spatial Analysis Of Ship Movements Using Trajectory Clustering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2729621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automatic Identification System (AIS) records trajectories of ships for detecting and tracking vessels and plays an important role for maritime operation and management tasks. AIS data is useful in traffic monitoring, ship collision detection, location tracking for search and rescue operations, and route optimization. The paper implements an autoencoder based clustering strategy to reveal the underlying pattern from ship trajectories. The proposed Auto-Encoder Vessel Trajectory Clustering (AEVTC) algorithm takes trajectories of ships of varying length represented as spatial latitude and longitude points and converts them into latent features using an autoencoder. The extracted latent features are used for trajectory clustering using Euclidean Distance and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering. The clustering results are visualized and the results show that the cluster groups are formed based on the length of trajectories. The optimal encoder length for trajectory feature representation and methodology for clustering are validated by comparison of clustering metrics. Results indicate that an encoder with 20 features using Euclidean Distance and Agglomerative Hierarchical clustering optimally clusters ship trajectories. The performance metrics of the clustering algorithm are evaluated with k = 2, where k is the number of clusters. The clustering algorithm achieved a Silhouette score of 0.672, Davies–Bouldin index of 0.281, Calinski–Harabasz score of 541.67, a Dunn index of 0.439, and Xie–Beni index of 0.0720 in the average of 3 runs. These measures quantify the compactness and separation quality of the clusters. From the results it is inferred that the AEVTC algorithm is well-suited for length-based clustering of trajectories rather than shape or direction of trajectories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 17:00:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2729621</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Structuring a national approach to maritime decarbonization in Vietnam: a conceptual framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a conceptual framework to guide maritime decarbonization efforts in Viet Nam, aligning national climate goals with the International Maritime Organization’s revised greenhouse gases strategy. The framework integrates three pillars: policy instruments, technological options, and stakeholder collaboration—tailored to Viet Nam’s institutional and infrastructure context. Literature synthesis, international benchmarking, and the multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions were used to propose a phased roadmap illustrating typical transition pathways such as fuel switching, vessel retrofitting, green port initiatives, and regulatory reform. The study does not set out a final strategy but provides a structured foundation for developing a National Action Plan. It also addresses key challenges for developing economies, including institutional capacity and financing limitations. Insights may support other emerging maritime nations seeking context-sensitive approaches to low-carbon transitions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 16:54:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analytic Hierarchy Process for Predicting Customers’ Patronage of Inland Water Transport Towards a Sustainable Urban City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unprecedented urbanization and increased private vehicle ownership in India have led to the issues of traffic congestion and pollution. To meet the global emission targets set for the transportation sector towards sustainability, developing nations like India are in desperate need of a preferred sustainable public mode of transport. The paper discusses potential influencing factors considered by the users in their affiliation towards sustainable Inland Water Transport (IWT) systems within an urban context. An extensive literature review was carried out to identify the probable leveraging attributes of the public. A total of 20 qualitative and quantitative metrics from eclectic published resources were selected for the user perspective survey. Both stated and revealed preference queries were included in the questionnaire. The urban city of Kochi in the state of Kerala was selected for the study. The hypothetical situations required were analyzed using stated preference questions. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was carried out to reckon the pairwise weights of different characteristics on the final decision. Safety and comfort were the aspects given the highest priority contrary to the intuitive belief of the economy being the dominating one. This study is unique in its exploration of the under-researched area of IWT in India and the application of MCDM technique to this issue. The methodology and criteria employed in the study can be replicated in any other cities of similar terrain and demographics, albeit the conclusions arrived at may not be considered universal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 16:05:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671534</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying critical factors affecting passenger satisfaction in inland water transit integrating Best Worst Method and Ordered Probit Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594510</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Passenger satisfaction is paramount in realizing the required ridership in any public transit mode, more so in water transit. This study provides a methodological framework that employs the Best Worst Method (BWM) – an extensively used MCDM technique based on pairwise comparisons for weighting various criteria - to determine the global importance weights of influencing factors and marginal effects from Ordered Probit Model (OPM) to determine the critical influencing factors that need immediate attention. An extensive passenger perception survey was carried out, and a total of 408 valid responses were obtained, providing perceptions regarding importance-satisfaction and BWM-based importance weights for influencing factors. A novel importance satisfaction (IS) index – integrating BWM weighted importance with the satisfaction rating (IBWMS) – is proposed and compared with the conventional IS rating. The comparative analysis has shown that the new IS index brings to the fore critical influencing factors much better than the conventional IS rating. The novel IS index provides a global relationship that enables comparison between water transit services or routes, given that the influencing factors are similar. Using marginal effects from OPM and the importance weights from BWM, the identification of critical influencing factors – frequency, waiting time at the terminal, jetty platform protection, service reliability, service information at terminal and cleanliness - of an Inland Water Transport service has been demonstrated. These critical factors assist policymakers, practitioners, and operators in taking up interventions for improving passenger satisfaction, which is likely to positively influence patronage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 09:33:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594510</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of fisheries and maritime transport export on economic growth: The case of Türkiye</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several key sectors play a critical role in supporting both global and national economic development. For coastal countries such as Türkiye, the fisheries and maritime freight transport sectors are particularly significant drivers of economic growth, primarily through their export-oriented activities. This study analyses the effect of Türkiye’s fisheries and maritime freight exports on economic growth over the period 2000–2019, using various econometric techniques. These include cointegration tests, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR), Granger causality tests, and variance decomposition analysis. The findings show that in the short term, combined exports from fisheries and maritime freight sectors Granger-cause economic growth at the 0,01 level of significance. In the long term, both types of exports positively affect economic growth. By the sixth year, their contributions become almost equal, indicating a long-run equilibrium and co-movement. By the nineteenth year, fisheries exports explain 19.7% of the changes in economic growth, while maritime freight exports account for 18.3%, highlighting the strategic role of both sectors in Türkiye’s economic performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative and Sustainable Approaches to Urban Waterborne Transport: Insights from Gdynia Port City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to face current challenges, cities need to introduce and enhance resilient, sustainable and innovative decarbonisation policies and strategies. This also includes coastal urban areas, suffering from particularly heavy congestion, where local and regional authorities and other stakeholders should promote novel environmental-friendly, socially accepted and economically effective mobility patterns. Thus, the paper presents urban waterborne transport development prerequisites and conditions taking as a case study Gdynia located at the Baltic Sea in Poland. Its aim is to explore the tailor-made possibilities and solutions to create a ferry connection recommended in order to enhance sustainable and innovative mobility in the analysed city port area. The study focused on the selected variants investigating possibilities for allowing vessels with alternative fuels, appropriate length and draft parameters to approach existing locations. The paper is based on scientific papers, available industry reports, feasibility studies, urban policies and cities current experiences in planning and operating water transport. Urban waterborne transport development requires an interdisciplinary and multilevel perspective and approach so that future urban strategies contain a complex set of goals and actions to be successfully implemented by decision makers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2025 09:55:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572917</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting and analyzing ferry transit delays using open data and machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The utilization of public transport data has evolved rapidly in recent decades. Ferries, with their unique characteristics and sensitivity to weather conditions, pose significant challenges for delay prediction. Given their pivotal role in the transportation systems of numerous cities, accurately predicting ferry delays is crucial for synchronizing transit services.This paper demonstrates the value of open data for improving ferry delay predictions through machine learning, focusing on two case studies. The authors' approach leverages General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data, ridership and vessel information, and hourly weather data, combined with SHAP explainable artificial intelligence analysis to assess key delay determinants. While support vector regression and deep neural networks showed high accuracy in individual case studies, gradient boosting consistently offered the best balance between prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. Moreover, SHAP analysis reveals that operational and temporal features – such as stop sequence, trip start time, headway, and vehicle label – are the dominant drivers of delays, with weather-related factors exerting only a modest influence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:06:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The adoption of electric vehicles in public transport services: Space, path dependency and embeddedness: The Venice case</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534759</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The adoption of electric vehicles in public transport will be essential for the transition of the world's economies toward more sustainable mobility. For this reason, we need an in-depth understanding of the variables that affect the choice of a specific electric technology for public transport: successful implementation of electric transport is highly sensitive to operational context and there could be different types of challenges regarding the electrification of public transport in our cities. This study, by analysing the introduction process of fully electric buses and hybrid vaporetti in the Venice Municipality, contributes to the existing debate on EV adoption. The study explores why and how space can generate path dependency and embeddedness moving from an ICE public transport mobility service toward an electrified mobility service and identifies the specific space attributes that affect the adoption of electric vehicles for public transport. Findings help managers and policymakers in understanding which type of technological innovation, why and how, can support sustainable mobility in each place, while at the same time preserving existing service levels. Interestingly, the author's findings suggest that space availability in cities can generate barriers of entry for fully electric vehicles, especially for most performing vehicles with higher range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2025 09:45:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534759</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optical Remote Sensing Methods for Floating Marine Debris Detection – Review and Bibliography Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In  the  last several decades,  the  disposal  and  accumulation  of  debris  in  the  marine  and  coastal environment has been one of the biggest and fastest-growing threats to the health of the world's oceans. Marine debris is present in all marine habitats and represents a great danger to global environmental and human health. Therefore, this paper aims to support efforts to achieve Good Environmental Status with respect to marine debris in all oceans and seas. The application of optical remote sensing methods for floating marine debris detection was briefly reviewed and the bibliometric analysis of the professional and scientific literature elaborated upon. In the overview part, previously used marine debris detection methods have be enlisted. The WoSCC (Web of Science Core Collection) and Scopus databases were considered, and the   R Studio Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software tools used for bibliometric analysis. 209 documents that can be classified into 43 research fields were identified in the two databases. Approximately 20% of the documents were published in two journals: the Marine Pollution Bulletin and Remote Sensing. Marine debris research was mainly published in the USA, Portugal, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, and China. A total of 54 countries participated in the publication of documents and it should be emphasized that all countries have shown great interest in international cooperation during the scientific  research on marine  debris. Scientific  research  on  marine  debris was  found  to have  increased significantly since 2017, which is highly important for the protection of the environment and human health]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 14:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2448895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proposal of New Criteria Model on the Classification of Ports Open to Public Transport of the County Importance: Case Study – Zadar County</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Successful and sustainable development of county ports implies identification and assessment of all the elements that affect their performance. Several factors determine port’s performance out of which the most significant one is its position, usually in the centre of a town/settlement. This situation is the most common in the Mediterranean countries where small ports are usually in the centre of a settlement. Such a location of ports affects their urban and spatial planning, i.e., it affects planning the development of county ports. To determine a direction of development of any port (of county importance), analysis and assessment of the current port conditions as well as the role and proportion of its operations are a mandatory prerequisite. Currently defined criteria on the classification of ports open to public transport (of all categories) of county importance (in Croatia) are rigid and imprecise, and therefore, cannot be a credible element to assess ports open to public transport of county or regional importance not matter of their specific attributes. Therefore, this article, based on the conducted analysis, presents new criteria model on the classification of ports open to public transport of county importance – a methodology that can be applied when analysing the current condition of county ports in Croatia based upon eight ports of county importance in Zadar County – Ports of Preko, Biograd, Tkon, Brbinj/Lucina, Fortica, Zaglav, Silba/Žalic and Pag.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jul 2023 15:59:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2210216</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Hydrographic Survey Data with Crowdsourced Bathymetry Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186788</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A hydrographic survey is a standardized procedure for collecting data for the production of nautical charts and publications. It is a lengthy and costly procedure, so the survey is carried out depending on the capabilities of hydrographic organizations. It is known that relatively large parts of the world’s oceans are very poorly covered by hydrographic surveys. To increase the amount of data collected, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has introduced the concept of crowdsourced bathymetry (CSB). Under the CSB concept, all vessels meeting certain minimum technical requirements (carrying a global navigation satellite system and a single beam echo sounder) can participate in voluntary bathymetric data collection. The paper analyzes the method of collecting bathymetric data from CSB. The depth data collected as part of the CSB are compared with official data displayed on electronic navigational charts (ENC) in the United States of America. Four sea areas were selected in which 104 depths were compared at the same positions, and categorization was also made according to the criterion of navigational importance, i.e., the category zones of confidence (CATZOC). By comparing the official depth data from the hydrographic survey with the depth data collected from public sources for the same positions, their mutual relationships were established, from which it can be concluded that the CSB data, despite its limitations, is a very valuable supplement to the existing official data]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jun 2023 17:11:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186788</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-term increase in mortality of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary following anthropic activities: Evidence from the stranded dolphin mortality analysis from 2003 to 2017</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1969710</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the dramatic increase in anthropogenic threats to the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), the population size of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) has significantly decreased over the past decade. To understand the impact and potential risks of intense human activities on these dolphins, factors related to the mortality of humpback dolphins in the PRE were investigated by a detailed examination of 343 dolphin specimens stranded during 2003–2017. There was a significant (p < 0.01) increasing trend for humpback dolphin stranding, reflecting the accelerating rate of the population decline. A large proportion of strandings (35.88%) were neonates. A low recruitment rate implies slow population growth, and hence, limited capacity to resist anthropogenic stress. The most commonly diagnosed causes of death were vessel collision and net entanglement. The concentrations of trace metals, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and most of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the dolphin samples were greater than those previously reported in cetaceans globally. Furthermore, Cu, PCB77, PCB169, PCB81, PCB37, and PFASs (excluding PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHxDA, and PFODA) were the major pollutants accumulated in neonates. 67% of PCB, 78% of Cu, and 100% of perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in the neonates exceeded the threshold for toxicological effects in marine mammals, suggesting that these compounds could be important factors contributing to the low survival rate of calves in this area. This study revealed that vessel transportation, fishing activities, and pollutant bioaccumulation are the three major causes of humpback dolphin mortality in the PRE. These results highlight the need for more efforts to restrict anthropogenic activities, especially vessel traffic, the catching of these marine animals and fishing, and pollutant discharge, in order to prevent vulnerable species from continuous population decline and further extinction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2022 09:16:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1969710</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875947</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Better urban transport systems and the need for a healthier environment are continuous requirements that create a fertile atmosphere for original ideas, innovative approaches and applications of advanced technologies, their tests and evaluations in practice. Moreover, there is a growing need for integration with IT systems and applications to improve safety and efficiency.  Meanwhile, the substantial growth of maritime shipping has resulted in large transported quantities around the world, creating a demand for innovative solutions for ports and fleets.  The apparently parallel topics of Urban Transport and Maritime Transport meet in the transport and environmental management of coastal cities, both being affected positively and negatively by landslide and seaside traffic.  Maritime Transport is highly interconnected with rail, road and air services, as well as inland waterways. Each of these must therefore operate complimentary of one another to maximise efficiency and respond rapidly to variable economic and political contingencies.  The variety of topics covered in this volume reflects the complex interaction of transport systems with their environment and the need to establish integrated strategies. The goal is to arrive at optimal socio-economic solutions while reducing the negative environmental impacts of transportation systems typically by interdisciplinary approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Sep 2021 09:59:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875947</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal berth allocation under regular and emergent vessel arrivals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1843333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research proposes two optimization models to deal with the berth allocation problem. The first model considers the berth allocation problem under regular vessel arrivals to minimize the flow time of vessels in the marine container terminal, minimize the tardiness penalty costs, and maximize the satisfaction level of vessels’ operators on preferred times of departure. The second model optimizes the berth allocation problem under emergency conditions by maximizing the number of assigned vessels, minimizing the vessel’s waiting time, and maximizing the satisfaction level on the served ships. Two real examples are provided for model illustration under regular and emergent vessel arrivals. Results show that the proposed models effectively provide optimal vessel scheduling in the terminal, reduce costs at an acceptable satisfaction level of vessels’ operators, decrease the waiting time of vessels, and shorten the delay in departures under both regular and emergent vessel arrivals. In conclusion, the proposed models may provide valuable assistance to decision-makers in marine container terminals on determining optimal berth allocation under daily and emergency vessel arrivals. Future research considers quay crane assignment and scheduling problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Sep 2021 08:36:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1843333</guid>
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