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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of marine soft soil foundations under minute-level intermittent loads from subway trains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marine soft soil foundations are widely distributed in coastal urban areas, where subway systems are increasingly being constructed. During subway operation, soft soil foundations are subjected to alternating vibration and intermittent loading, while the mechanical behavior during intermittent periods is often neglected in existing studies. This study investigated marine soft soils in the construction area of Shenzhen Metro Line 27 through a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests conducted under K0 consolidation conditions (σ3c′ = 100 kPa). The loading frequency was set to 1 Hz with a cyclic stress ratio of 0.2. Minute-scale vibration–rest cycles with different numbers of loading cycles and intermittent durations were considered. The evolution of pore pressure, deformation behavior, and stiffness softening characteristics was analyzed and compared with those under continuous cyclic loading. Specifically, a 10-min intermittent interval reduced the cumulative plastic strain by approximately 20% relative to continuous loading. The results indicate that intermittent loading significantly influences the dynamic response of marine soft soil. Minute-scale rest periods promote pore pressure redistribution and thixotropic structural recovery of the soil skeleton under undrained conditions. This implies that the internal stress adjustment, rather than external drainage, governs the stiffness recovery. The findings provide experimental support for the evaluation of long-term settlement and the dynamic design of subway foundations in coastal marine soft soil areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cyclic failure mechanisms and cyclic resistance evaluation of saturated marine clay under initial static shear stress conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The safety and stability of marine structural foundations in complex, dynamic marine environments present challenging frontier issues in marine geological engineering. In marine engineering design and stability analysis, the initial static shear stress conditions of seabed foundation soils are critical factors that must be considered. In this study, a series of undrained cyclic direct simple shear tests was conducted on marine clay from the Yangtze Estuary to explore its cyclic failure mechanism and resistance characteristics under complex static and dynamic stresses. The analysis shows that under the coupling action of static shear stress τₐ and cyclic shear stress τcy, there are two failure modes [cyclic mobility and cumulative plastic deformation] of marine clay, and the corresponding cyclic failure mode discrimination line [τcy = Aτₐ] is established. In addition, a strain contour diagram was drawn to represent the γcy and γₐ values of marine clay subjected to various τₐ and τcy visually and accurately and compared with the existing literature data. The increase of τa contributes to a significant reduction in cyclic resistance. The static shear index η (=1-τa/Sᵤ,₀) was introduced to characterise the influence of static stress conditions on cyclic resistance; there is a single negative power function relationship between (τcy/Sᵤ,₀)/ηᵏ and the number of cycles to failure Nf. Based on this, a unified cyclic resistance evaluation procedure for marine clay considering τₐ/Sᵤ,₀ and τcy/Sᵤ,₀ was proposed. Sᵤ,₀ is the undrained shear strength with τₐ = 0. Finally, the cyclic mode discrimination method and cyclic resistance evaluation procedure are systematically and comprehensively verified using marine silty clay from the Cangnan Sea, China. Finally, a new method for constructioning strain contour diagram based on the unified cyclic resistance evaluation approach is proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2026 09:48:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627175</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cyclic behavior of marine silty clay with and without reconsolidation: Examining the critical cyclic stress</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Silty clay is a common soil type that serves as the foundation for marine structures. Understanding the cyclic behavior of silty clay is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of these structures. This study conducts a series of triaxial tests to investigate the cyclic characteristics of marine silty clay under undrained cyclic loading and multistage cycling-reconsolidation conditions. The results identify a critical cyclic stress ratio (CSR) that separates cyclic stability from failure, which increases with confining pressure. The results show that cyclic failure is more accurately characterized by cyclic strain rather than accumulated strain, establishing a cyclic strain amplitude of 0.2 % as a critical threshold. Although cyclic stiffness degradation occurs, the silty clay exhibits stiffness recovery, resulting in minimal degradation when the CSR is below the critical value. Moreover, increasing the degree of reconsolidation for silty clay can enhance the resistance to subsequent loads. The paper also introduces an empirical formula to describe the relationship between cyclic modulus and cyclic strain, applicable for specimens with different confining pressures and reconsolidation conditions, offering valuable insights for geotechnical design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2627113</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Creep characteristics and constitutive model construction of offshore soft soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this study was to investigate creep characteristics and construct a suitable constitutive model for soft soils in offshore areas. Soft soil samples were obtained to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, a triaxial creep test was conducted by applying different axial deviator stresses under three confining pressures to analyze the creep characteristics and establish a creep constitutive model suitable. It was found that the physical and mechanical properties of soft soils at different depths are significantly different, and the physical properties have a significant correlation with compression modulus and compression coefficient. The soft soils creep mainly present linear viscoelasticity under low axial stress, while it shows nonlinear viscoplasticity characteristics when the axial deviator stress is greater than the yield stress. The correlation coefficient R2 of Merchant model fitting curves are significantly larger than that of Burgers model. The Burgers model fitting curves have a large deviation from the actual creep characteristics under smaller axial deviator stress and the parameters are also inconsistent with the internal creep mechanism. The Kelvin body in Merchant model can better simulate attenuation creep characteristics of soft soils, but it cannot exhibit nonlinear viscoplasticity creep characteristics. Furthermore, a combination of Merchant model and power function empirical model can dramatically characterize the linear viscoelasticity and nonlinear viscoplasticity creep behaviors of offshore soft soils, with a correlation coefficient above 0.94. Verification of the combined constitutive model indicates that it has excellent credibility and applicability in offshore areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 08:49:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Analysis of Methods for Assessing the Environmental Security of Territories</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407774</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of a study on the water quality, bottom sediments and coastal soil based on the level of anthropogenic pollution by heavy metal compounds and organic polutants are presented. The most commonly used integral and complex indicators used to assess the environmental safety of territories have been calculated. A comparative analysis, using the Shannon Biodiversity Index, highlighted the total pollution index (Zc) as the most informative, among those analysed, in terms of the impact of anthropogenic pollution on biota. The results established a methodology for assessing the environmental safety of territories that needs to be improved. By using the Maximum Permissible Exceedance (MPE) indicator, objective data will be available when determining the negative impact of pollution of natural environments on the state of ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 09:36:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407774</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bearing performance and failure mechanisms of HSCM piles in marine soft soil under lateral loads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2466256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Helix Stiffened Cement Mixing (HSCM) pile represents a novel type of grouted composite pile known for its excellent compressive and tensile performance. Based on field tests, this study introduces a laboratory-based test design methodology and piling technique for HSCM piles. A comprehensive analysis of their horizontal bearing capacity, pile-soil failure mode, optimal piling technique, and reinforcement mechanism is performed. SEM-EDS technology is utilized at a microscopic scale to examine the reinforcement mechanism of HSCM piles. Through ABAQUS finite element simulation, a full-scale model simulating the HSCM pile-soil interaction is developed. The analysis includes pile cross-sectional stress, displacement, and pile-soil failure mode. The p−y curve of the HSCM pile is then plotted, elucidating the reinforcement mechanism of cemented soil. The results indicate that compared to ordinary helical piles, the horizontal bearing capacity of HSCM piles increases by 125.9%. SEM-EDS images reveal that cement and kaolin form a mutual bond, enhancing the strength of the soil around the pile. Additionally, unlike other composite piles, the direction of soil flow around HSCM piles encircles the first helix of the pile core. This research offers a design basis for understanding the horizontal bearing performance and failure mechanisms of HSCM piles in marine soft soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2024 17:14:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2466256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on vertical–lateral coupling pipe–soil interaction characteristics and speed amplification effect of marine pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under actual marine environment, the steel catenary pipeline’s touchdown zone frequently interacts with the seabed. The existing understanding of vertical–lateral coupling effect and speed amplification effect is insufficient at present. In this paper, the mechanism tests for the vertical and lateral soil resistance of small-scale pipes are carried out in both dry soil and saturated soil environments. The pipe–soil interaction presents quite different characteristics in dry soil and saturated soil due to the soil liquefaction effect. The pipe movement speed affects the soil reaction force significantly, especially in the high-speed range. During the vertical penetration of the pipe, soil shear strength follows a tri-linear relation. The lateral pipe–soil interaction could be classified into three phases i.e. fast growth, fast descent and stable fluctuation. The vertical–lateral coupling has a significant influence on pipe–soil interaction, presenting that the penetration depth greatly affects the lateral soil resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Nov 2024 09:28:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pipe-soil interaction behaviors of deepwater J-lay pipeline on sloping seabed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294338</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The pipe-soil interaction behaviors are crucial factors for the J-lay pipeline design, which are mainly investigated on the horizontal seabed in previous studies. This paper develops an innovative method for the static and dynamic analyses of pipe-soil interactions considering the J-lay pipeline on a sloping seabed. This approach simulates the motion processes of the pipeline particles and solves the internal forces of the pipeline elements by the vector mechanics and finite element principle. The position coordinates formulations of pipeline particles are derived to calculate the pipeline locations on the sloping seabed. The non-linear hysteretic soil model and the modified Coulomb friction model are employed to simulate pipe-soil interactions in the vertical seabed plane as well as the axial and lateral directions. Moreover, a large-scale pipe-laying experimental test system is established to carry out the model experiments of a J-lay pipeline on different seabed conditions. The static and dynamic pipe-soil interaction responses are then analyzed by the VFIFE method for a 6-inch gas pipeline J-laying on the negative sloping seabed. The influence of seabed slope type and angle and soil characteristics is further explored on the pipe-soil interaction behaviors, which provide significant evidence for the design of pipe-lay on the sloping seabed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Dec 2023 08:46:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294338</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Suction Properties, Subgrade Modulus and Compressibility of Marine Soil Subgrade for Flexible Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the important parameters that governs suitability of soil subgrade for flexible pavements is subgrade modulus and it depends on many factors such as type of loading and its magnitude, soil type and its engineering properties, flexural stiffness of the pavement structure and relative stiffness of the soil subgrade and pavement structure. The strength and stiffness of soil affects its relative stiffness with pavement structure and depends on various factors such as water content, soil type, degree of compaction and soil suction. For most soils, soil suction is mainly due to matric suction. However, for marine soils, soil suction is due to the presence of osmotic suction in addition to matric suction. The evaluation of the influence of both matric and osmotic suction on engineering properties of marine soil would be quite useful to understand its performance as soil subgrade for pavement. In this regard, the present work attempts to understand the relationship between subgrade modulus, suction and compressibility characteristics of marine soil. Experimental studies have been carried out to evaluate the subgrade modulus from California bearing ratio (CBR) tests; matric, total and osmotic suction from filter paper tests; and consolidation and compression characteristics for marine soil from oedometer tests at different degree of compaction. It has been observed that subgrade modulus has good correlation with matric suction in unsoaked condition, however for soaked specimen, the correlation is not conclusive and further studies are envisaged. The study suggests that exhaustive studies on evaluation of variation of soil suction at different water content and degree of compaction for different marine soils can serve as a good tool for understanding the behavior of soil subgrade for coastal region pavement design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jun 2023 11:10:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113113</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic analysis of skirted foundations under combined loading in soils modelled by non-stationary random fields</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Skirted foundations are widely used in offshore engineering. The soils that skirted foundations are sited in commonly exhibit inherent spatial variability due to complex formation processes and stress history. In this study, probabilistic undrained capacities are investigated for skirted foundations with varying embedment ratios in spatially variable soils characterised by both stationary and non-stationary random fields using lower bound random finite element limit analysis combined with Monte Carlo simulation. Results show that the spatial variability of soil tends to decrease the uniaxial capacities. The coefficient of variation of soil strength, among the investigated parameters, could significantly affect stochastic uniaxial bearing capacities. Both embedment ratio and soil heterogeneity index affect the size and the shape of probabilistic failure envelopes, while statistical characteristics of soil strength including coefficient of variation and autocorrelation distance affect the size of probabilistic failure envelopes but have a minor influence on the shape. A larger embedment ratio is recommended to be adopted for skirted foundations sited in spatially variable soils from the perspective of load-carrying capacity. A series of expressions are proposed to describe the deterministic and probabilistic normalised failure envelopes for skirted foundations under combined vertical, horizontal and moment loadings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:19:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical and experimental modeling of wave-induced forces on submarine pipeline buried in the soil of different engineering properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2120788</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the present paper, the wave-induced forces on the submarine pipeline buried in porous soil having different properties are studied. The mathematical problem is solved using the higher-order boundary element method, and the numerical results are validated with experimental results obtained through rigorous model tests. Four different types of Kuwaiti marine soil: Al-Khiran, Al-Koot, Sabiya, and Shuaiba are considered in the present study. The effect of burial depth of the submarine pipeline in the soil seabed, incident wave period and wave height, and hydraulic conductivity of the soils on the wave forces acting on the submarine pipeline is analyzed in a detailed manner. The study reveals that for moderate burial depth of the pipeline in the soil bed, the wave force acting on the submarine pipeline can be reduced up to 50% for soil having less hydraulic conductivity. The measured wave forces and numerical predictions are matching well for a wide range of wave, soil and structural parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2023 09:20:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2120788</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable Pavement Subgrades for Unsaturated Saline Bhavnagar Coast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present case study discusses the subgrade enhancement strategies for highly saline marine soils located at Bhavnagar District, Gujarat, India. In addition to the presence of various salts, the saturation levels of these soils were observed to vary throughout the year due to several climatic and geographical factors. Initially, the unsaturated behaviour is evaluated using the standard filter paper method. Due to the low in situ California bearing ratio (CBR) value (1.62%), locally available fly ash (10%–30% by weight) was used to improve the strength and stiffness of the soil. Addition of fly ash resulted in the considerable reduction of salinity and suction levels at all dosages of fly ash. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and CBR have increased until 20% fly ash and reduced from thereof. The maximum CBR obtained was about 9%, which can withstand low to medium volumes of traffic. However, the UCS developed at seven days was observed to reduce at 28 days. This may be due to the secondary reactions and change of form of salts present in the matrix. Henceforth, further investigations on interactions at micro-level, formation of secondary compounds, and suction levels were recommended to prepare a sustainable subgrade in this terrain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2022 09:03:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2015466</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of scour-hole dimensions and bulb positions on the lateral response of under-reamed pile in soft clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1892304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The failures of pile foundations in water-borne structures are often attributed to the scouring phenomenon. Even though many studies are available on the countermeasures against scour around the pile, no attempt is made to increase the load-carrying capacity of pile foundation by changing the pile geometry. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of scouring on the lateral response of a single under-reamed pile in soft clay is investigated using three-dimensional numerical analysis. The variables considered in the present study are embedment ratio and bulb position of the under-reamed pile, depth, slope angle, and bottom width of the scour-hole. For a given scour-hole dimension, the lateral load-carrying capacity of the under-reamed pile increases; whereas, deflection, maximum negative shear force, and bending moment in the shaft portion reduce compared to the pile without bulb. A notable improvement in the pile response is found when the bulb is placed just below the scour-hole. The lateral load-carrying capacity of the under-reamed pile reduces with an increase in depth and bottom width of scour-hole from the pile surface and a decrease in slope angle of scour-hole. Pile responses reduce with the consideration of stress history due to excavation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Dec 2021 11:22:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1892304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Booster for Dynamic Installation of OMNI-Max Anchor in Clay: Numerical Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An innovative booster is proposed with the aim of increasing the ﬁnal penetration depth of the OMNI-Max anchor in the clayey seabed with high strength gradient. The booster is attached to the tail of the OMNI-Max anchor, which is beneficial in improving both gravitational and kinetic energies of the hybrid anchor (i.e., booster + OMNI-Max anchor) during installation and can be retrieved after dynamic installation. The present study carried out two categories of large deformation numerical analyses to simulate the dynamic penetration processes of OMNI-Max anchors and hybrid anchors in normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clay. The coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach was used to investigate the effects of impact velocity, booster weight, and soil strength characteristics (including the strain-rate behavior, the strain-softening behavior, and the undrained shear strength) on the final penetration depth of the anchor. Due to the limitations of the CEL approach in simulating the adhesion friction at the anchor–soil interface, a thin layer region method coupled in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to investigate the effect of the friction coefficient at the anchor–soil interface on the final penetration depth of the anchor. Based on numerical simulation results, a comprehensive prediction model based on the anchor total energy was established to rapidly predict the final penetration depth of the OMNI-Max anchor and the hybrid anchor by considering the strain-rate effect, strain-softening effect, and friction coefficient at the anchor–soil interface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 2021 15:28:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic impedance of monopiles for offshore wind turbines considering scour-hole dimensions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1761312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents an effective solution to evaluate the dynamic impedances of scoured monopiles for offshore wind turbines in a wide excitation frequency range, which can properly account for both the effects of the scour-hole dimensions as well as of the soil stress histories, and the evaluation of these complex-valued impedance functions can be later used to take into account the soil-structure interaction in efficiently performing dynamic/seismic analyses of the scour-affected offshore wind turbines through substructuring techniques. Based on the common soil-pile configurations encountered in offshore practice, a series of parametric analyses are performed by using the presented solution to examine the dynamic impedance of scoured monopiles through varying scour-hole dimensions. The results show that the effects of scour-hole dimensions do not sensibly modify the overall trends of the impedance, but they do reduce the oscillation amplitudes and resonant frequencies or quantities of the impedance when compared with those before scour in the frequency range of practical interest; the scour depth has a significant impact on the monopile's impedance at most frequencies, while the effects of the width and slope angle of the scour hole should not be negligible in certain frequency ranges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2021 06:17:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1761312</guid>
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