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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Hindcast of Significant Wave Heights in Sheltered Basins Using Machine Learning and the Copernicus Database</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186786</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Long-term time series of wave parameters play a critical role in coastal structure design and maritime activities. At sites with limited buoy measurements, methods are used to extend the available time series data. To date, wave hindcasting research using machine learning methods has mainly focused on filling in missing buoy measurements or finding a mapping function between two nearshore buoy locations. This work aims to implement machine learning methods for hindcasting wave parameters using only publicly available Copernicus data. Ensemble regression and artificial neural networks were used as machine learning methods and the optimal hyperparameters were determined by the Bayesian optimization algorithm. As inputs, data from the MEDSEA reanalysis wave model were used for the wave parameters and data from the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis model were used for the wind parameters. The results of this study show that the normalized RMSE of the test data improved by 29% for Rijeka and 12% for Split compared to the original MEDSEA wave hindcast at buoy locations. The proposed method was extremely efficient in removing bias in the original MEDSEA hindcasts (e.g., NBIAS = -0.35 for Rijeka) to negligible values for both Split and Rijeka (NBIAS < 0.03).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jun 2023 17:11:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186786</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A comprehensive ship weather routing system using CMEMS products and A* algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1958701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We describe the implementation of a comprehensive software for Ship Weather Routing referred to as SIMROUTE. The A* pathfinding algorithm is used to optimize the sailing route as a function of the wave action. The aim of the software is to provide a comprehensive, open and easy tool including pre- and post-processing for ship weather routing simulations. The software is constructed considering the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) wave predictions systems which are available for free use. The code provides the optimized route and the minimum distance route together with additional modules to compute ship emission and safety on navigation monitoring. SIMROUTE has been tested in several cases using different CMEMS products over short and long distances. The comprehensive structure of the code enables it to be easily modified to include additional ship wave resistance models and the effect of the water currents and winds on navigation. SIMROUTE is also used for academic purposes, providing skills for ship routing optimization in the framework of standards of training, certification and watchkeeping (STCW) for competence-based maritime education and training. Due to the simplicity of its use, SIMROUTE is a good candidate for benchmarking strategies and inter-comparison exercises with advanced methods for ship weather routing. This contribution highlights the technical aspects, code organization and structure behind SIMROUTE, demonstrating its capabilities through examples of route optimization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2022 09:16:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1958701</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Chloride diffusion model for concrete in marine environment with considering binding effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a new chloride diffusion model for concrete exposed to marine environment, which considers the effects of different types of chloride binding. The present model has following new features. (1) The bound chlorides are divided into two types. One is reversible, which is related to the physical binding, and the other is irreversible, which is related to the chemical binding. (2) The reversible bound chloride remains its charge and continues to provide its driving force to influence the movement of free chloride ions. (3) The governing equation for the mass conservation of chlorides is established on the framework of representative elementary volume of concrete and thus the diffusion coefficient used in the present model is consistent with the effective diffusion coefficient defined in the steady-state diffusion tests of chloride in concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2019 10:23:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1595642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chloride assessment in structures. Influences of sampling and test location</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1581274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A reliable measurement of chloride content profile is a key parameter in condition assessment and service life prediction of existing marine structures. The variability associated with the measurement and heterogeneity of concrete made it an endless study subject. The article presents the experimental results of the chloride content of concrete obtained by two methodologies. These results are compared and discussed and recommendations are made for defining the sampling plan. Grinding and Cutting/Crushing methods were applied in a laboratory based study and performed on an existing coastal structure. Significant differences were observed in the results obtained by different sampling methodologies near the concrete exposure surface, these differences tending to be null in depth. Due to “wall effect”, at concrete surface, the chloride content by mass of cement will be higher than the real one, if the calculations do not account for the higher cement paste proportion of this zone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2019 19:05:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1581274</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The International Maritime Organization’s Initial Greenhouse Gas Strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an initial analysis of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s initial greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) strategy for international shipping. At the 72nd meeting of its Marine Environment Protection Committee, IMO adopted a resolution codifying an initial GHG strategy for international shipping. This strategy, the first global climate framework for shipping, includes GHG reduction targets through 2050 and a list of possible short- to long-term policy measures to help achieve these goals. The strategy assumes that international shipping would consume between 3.8% and 5.8% of the world’s remaining carbon budget under the Paris Agreement. Achieving the strategy’s 2050 goal will require near-term policies for significant improvement in the fuel efficiency of vessels and the development and deployment of low- and zero-carbon fuels and propulsion systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2018 16:54:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relating Short-term Measures to IMO’s Minimum 2050 Emissions Reduction Target</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates how improvements in the technical efficiency of newly built ships and reduction of their speed, along with the use of low-carbon fuels, could improve the probability of achieving the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s 2050 emissions reduction target. In April 2018, IMO agreed its initial greenhouse gas (GHG) strategy during the 72nd session of its Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 72). The strategy aims to achieve a reduction of at least 50% in international shipping’s GHG emissions by 2050, and includes short-, mid-, and long-term measures to achieve these reductions. This paper focus on the short-term measures. Because of the long time it takes to deploy technological innovations, the work on low-carbon fuels and technologies must begin now. In the short term, measures improving the technical and operational efficiency of ships are needed, and IMO has pronounced mandatory regulations for energy efficiency in international shipping under the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). The regulations mandate that new ships be steadily less carbon-intensive. The regulations will undergo regular review, and can be modified as necessary. The EEDI is the sole legally-binding, mandatory energy efficiency regulation for international shipping. While it will result in only marginal emissions reductions in the short- and mid-term, because of slow fleet turnover, it will have an increasing effect on efficiency and emissions in the long-term. Also, as the standards become more stringent, the EEDI can drive innovation in shipping by promoting the use of innovative technologies that reduce carbon emissions and GHGs still further.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2018 11:11:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durability for concrete structures in marine environments of HZM project: Design, assessment and beyond</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the fundamentals of the durability of structural concrete, and then applies the concepts to the durability design, quality control, performance assessment and maintenance planning of concrete structures in Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau (HZM) sea link project with design working life of 120 years. The durability design adopts a multi-level philosophy for different durability risks and uses model-based approach to determine design parameters. The long-term exposure data of 30 years were used to calibrate the chloride ingress model and quantify the modelling uncertainty. The durability quality control was realized through converting the design values to laboratory characterization values, especially for the chloride diffusivity. With the data collected in construction phase, a full-probabilistic assessment is performed on the achieved performance against the chloride ingress, serving as basis for maintenance planning. The open issues related to the durability of concrete infrastructures with long service life are elaborated in the end.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2018 17:06:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1541095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of 25-year-old silica fume and fly ash lightweight concrete blocks in a harsh marine environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the long-term durability performance of semi-lightweight concrete containing various levels of supplementary cementing materials (SCM) and steel fibers when exposed to a harsh marine environment for up to 25 years. Concrete specimens (305 × 305 × 915 mm [1 × 1 × 3 ft]) were cast using water/cementitious material (W/CM) in the range of 0.26 to 0.60. The depth of chloride penetration was greater than 90 mm (3.5 in.) for all the control specimens (without fly ash and silica fume). However, mixes containing both silica fume and fly ash (with W/CM ranging from 0.40 to 0.60) performed very well resulting in chloride penetration of approximately 40 mm (1.6 in.) during the same period. The results from the chloride permeability testing also indicate significant increases in the resistance to chloride-ion penetration for ternary concrete containing fly ash and silica fume.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Jul 2018 12:13:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Structural strength deterioration of coastal bridge piers considering non-uniform corrosion in marine environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the aggressive marine environment over a long-term service period, coastal bridges inevitably sustain corrosion-induced damage due to high sea salt and humidity. This paper investigates the strength reduction of coastal bridges, especially focusing on the effects of non-uniform corrosion along the height of bridge piers. First, the corrosion initiation time and the degradation of reinforcement and concrete are analyzed for bridge piers in marine environments. To investigate the various damage modes of the concrete cover, a discretization method with fiber cells is used for calculating time-dependent interaction diagrams of cross-sections of the bridge piers at the atmospheric zone and the splash and tidal zone under a combination of axial force and bending moment. Second, the shear strength of these aging structures is analyzed. Numerical simulation indicates that the strength of a concrete pier experiences dramatic reduction from corrosion initiation to the spalling of the concrete cover. Strength loss in the splash and tidal zone is more significant than in the atmospheric zone when structures’ service time is assumed to be the same.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jun 2018 13:49:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Propagation of corrosion-induced cracks of the RC beam exposed to marine environment under sustained load for a period of 26 years</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1491512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the corrosion-induced cracking process of a corroded reinforced concrete beam exposed to a chloride environment for 26 years. The cracking maps of the beam were drawn during different corrosion periods. The first corrosion-induced cracks in the compression zone occurred at about the 5th year and then developed significantly. The corrosion-induced cracks in the tension zone appeared at about the 7th year, followed by the stirrup zones in the transversal sections. At about the 14th year, the width of the cracks in the tension zone exceeded that in the compression zone. The cracks in the tension zone became connected almost throughout the span. The top-bar effect, bleeding and the “top surface ponding effect” led to the appearance of corrosion-induced cracks first in the compression zones, while the corrosion-induced cracks in the tension zone increased more significantly in both length and width as a result of the sustained load.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Dec 2017 13:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1491512</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of high-volume fly ash concrete in marine environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the durability performance of concrete incorporating high volumes of fly ash exposed to a harsh marine environment for 19 to 24 years. Concrete specimens (305 × 305 × 915 mm [1 × 1 × 3 ft]) were cast using water to cementitious material ratio (W/CM) in the range of 0.31 to 0.46, various types of fly ash with replacement levels of 56 or 58%, and various types of normal density and lightweight aggregates. Surface erosion/scaling was seen on all specimens; the extent of erosion was slightly worse for fly ash concrete with normal density aggregate compared to the controls (without fly ash), but fly ash concrete with two of the three lightweight aggregates exhibited severe surface erosion. Laboratory testing included taking cores from each block and determining the existing chloride profile, compressive strength and “chloride permeability” (ASTM C1202). The depth of chloride penetration was found to be in excess of 100 mm (4 in.) for the concrete specimens without fly ash, whereas the presence of fly ash significantly decreased the depth of penetration to approximately 30 and 40 mm in specimens containing either normal density or lightweight aggregate, respectively. The increased penetration in the concrete with lightweight aggregates is attributed to the surface erosion observed with these concretes. The results from the chloride permeability testing also indicate significant increases in the resistance to chloride-ion penetration for fly ash concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 2017 19:02:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Formula for Estimating Added Resistance of Ships in Engineering Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors previously introduced a semi-empirical formula that enabled fast estimation of the added resistance of ships in head waves, and in this study the formula is further refined for easy use in engineering applications. It includes an alternative ship draft correction coefficient, which better accounts for the wave pressure decay with ship’s draft. In addition, it only uses the speed and main characteristics of the ship and wave environment as input, and has been simplified to the extent that it can be readily processed using a pocket calculator. Extensive validations are conducted for different ship types at low to moderate speeds in various typical irregular sea conditions, and encouraging results are obtained. This relevant and topical research lies within the framework of the recent International Maritime Organization  Marine Environment Protection Committee (IMO MEPC).232(65) (2013) Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) guidelines for estimating the minimum powering of ships in adverse weather conditions, which specify for the use of simple methods in current Level 2 assessment within engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:42:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1429159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Underwater noise from maritime sources and impact on marine life</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Underwater Sound is essential for marine animal functioning. Sound levels from human sources in the marine environment interfere with sound-mediated behaviour in marine animals when shipping coincides with areas or pathways that are vital for animal populations. The impact of human-generated underwater sound to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity receives increasing attention, although as yet it has not been included in the work of international organisations, such as the IMO. At MEPC 55 a document on ships striking whales was discussed; it was noted that disturbed whale hearing might hamper the recognition of a ship approaching.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2016 09:03:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411731</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Suppression of Underwater Noise Induced by Cavitation: SONIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In EU FP7 project SONIC, partners set out in October 2012 to study the underwater radiated noise of ships and shipping. The objectives of the project were (1) to study the numerical and experimental techniques to determine the underwater noise; (2) to develop methods for mapping the noise of ships and shipping; and (3) to determine mitigation measures to reduce the underwater radiated noise. Numerical methods focused on determination of the cavitation extent and dynamics on propellers which is the main source of noise of commercial shipping. Research also focused on methods to determine the underwater radiated noise from machinery. Experimental methods in model test facilities have been studied and validated against dedicated full scale measurements. The ship noise source levels obtained from these numerical and experimental methods provide input to shipping noise mapping tools to determine the overall underwater noise in a certain sea area. Based on the experience gained in the SONIC project, a set of guidelines for regulators concerned with underwater radiated noise of ships was developed together with the AQUO project. These guidelines discuss the definitions, numerical and experimental methods and mitigation solutions for underwater radiated noise. This paper gives an overview of the work done by all partners in the SONIC project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Aug 2016 11:39:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414132</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Managerial Analysis of Energy Efficiency Standards' Implementation on Board to Operating Ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 2013, together with the Resolution Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC).203 (62)/2011 International Maritime Organization (IMO) enforcement, the vessels in service top and operational management must adopt the necessary measures to increase energy efficiency on board the ships in order to comply with the standards imposed. In this order, subscribed to a wide study in this mater, the present paperwork is focused punctually on the holistic analysis of the optimum energy efficiency measures that can be implemented at managerial level, on board the commercial vessels in service, operating more than 20 years. Through the proposed measures, the overtaken analysis provides the prerequisites for an efficient tool in shipping business management, providing a useful working framework, grounded in theory and practice, for adopting the optimum decisions to assure the energy efficiency on board the operating ships, targeting the ratio between lowest costs and best economic performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:03:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1415836</guid>
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