<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Study on mechanical properties and mechanism of soda residue-fly ash stabilised marine clay based on orthogonal matrix method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the engineering and mechanical properties of marine clay (MC) by modifying it with soda residue (SR) and fly ash (FA), and stabilising with cement and /or lime to create Soda residue-Fly ash stabilised soil (SRFSS). Using the orthogonal design, the mechanical properties of SRFSS were analyzed, recommending a basic proportion of 70% SR + 20% FA + 10% MC. Results showed SR significantly impacted optimum water content (OWC), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and water absorption quality. FA influenced the maximum dry density (MDD), while cohesion (𝘤) was mainly affected by lime and cement. Cement had a higher unit contribution rate to mechanical indices than lime, except for MDD and OWC. The excellent properties of SRFSS were derived from good gradation and the cementation action of the materials. This research provides a solution for improving MC properties and promoting solid waste reutilisation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 15:30:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598420</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic behavior of hybrid monopile in soft clay subjected to submarine debris flows</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2597440</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In marine infrastructures, pile foundations are widely employed as the supporting systems, which often face threatening arising from geological hazards such as earthquakes and submarine landslides. Using coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite element method (FEM), a series of numerical simulations were performed to examine the performances of both regular monopile and hybrid monopile (with friction wheel) in soft marine clay subjected to submarine debris flows. Some important factors of hybrid monopile including radius, buried depth and thickness of the friction wheel, as well as the effects of initial velocity and thickness of debris flow, were taken into account. The investigation results suggested that the hybrid monopile had evidently more promising performance against debris flows than the regular monopile, which could be generally improved by increasing the friction wheel's radius or thickness. However, increasing the buried depth of friction wheel did not necessarily yield an improved performance. Besides, the improving effects of friction wheel were found to be dependent on the initial velocity and thickness of debris flow to varying extents. This study provides a useful reference for the design of pile foundation against debris flow risks in marine engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2597440</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic response of subsea shield tunnel under obliquely incident waves: considering cyclic stiffness degradation for marine clays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594649</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the nonlinear dynamic responses and damage mechanisms of subsea shield tunnel is essential for the seismic design, especially under near-field ground motions. However, conventional constitutive models often fail to capture the cyclic degradation of marine clays completely, leading to the underestimation of seawater-seabed-tunnel coupling effects. Thus, a modified Davidenkov model incorporating a damage evolution model and a critical shear modulus, is proposed and implemented in ABAQUS. Then, a three-dimensional (3D) seismic input method for marine sites is developed to simulate the obliquely incident P and SV waves. The proposed numerical method has been validated by comparing modelling results against both theoretical and numerical benchmarks in literature. Furthermore, a 3D finite element model for a segmental subsea shield tunnel has been developed to investigate the seismic responses under various incidence angles. Modelling results indicate that oblique waves intensify tunnel damage, with concentrations being found at the crown, invert, and haunch. The maximum damage occurs under 60° incident P waves and 30° SV waves. Oblique waves also exacerbate the residual vertically elliptical deformation and joint openings, particularly at the haunch. This study would pave a reliable numerical platform for the seismic design and safety assessment of subsea shield tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594649</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenges for the Compaction and Proving of Granular Fills and Layers in Airport Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The compaction and proving of granular materials during construction is fundamentally import to airport pavement design practice. This is particularly so in countries that make significant use of granular base courses with relatively thin asphalt surfaces, such as Australia. The compaction of dredged sand fills, up to 1500 mm deep is also important where airport pavements are constructed over low bearing capacity marine clays, primarily in areas of reclaimed land. The large 180 tonne Supercompactor for compacting sand fills is no longer available in Australia and the 50 tonne Macro rollers for proving granular pavement layers were downgraded from 1400 to 1000 kPa tyre pressure. Meanwhile, large commercial aircraft have ever-increasing tyre pressures and wheel loads. This has created a challenge in the form of a gap between roller capability and aircraft demand. The gap is relatively minor for the compaction of deep sand fills, but the inability to theoretically compare the effect of static rollers with that of vibrating and impact rollers makes this difficult to quantify. The alternate is an expensive field trial to demonstrate acceptable sand density at depths to 1500 mm. In contrast, a significant gap exists for the proving of fine crushed rock layers used in upper base courses under thin (60–100 mm) asphalt surfaces. This challenge requires rollers with higher tyre pressure or significantly thicker asphalt surface courses to be adopted, both of which are expensive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2025 17:13:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407403</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drainage Properties of Soft Clay Subjected to Intermittent Vibratory Loading: Role of Frequency and Confining Pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To enhance the drainage performance of soft soil foundations, this study investigated the drainage consolidation behavior of marine soft clay under various confining pressures, intermittencies, and frequencies. A series of laboratory cyclic loading tests were conducted on soft soil specimens, employing a fusion of vibratory drainage consolidation and dynamic drainage consolidation methods. Test results showed that an elevating confining pressure diminishes the drainage rate of soft soil and triggers early-stage soil failure. An optimal pressure of 100?kPa significantly improves drainage efficiency in the test. And in engineering applications when dealing with similar soft soils, it is recommended to explore the optimal confining pressure value under relatively lower pressures. The presence of intermittent periods contributes to improved drainage efficiency, with the optimum drainage intermittent ratio found to be 0.167 in this study. Vibration frequency exerts influence on both drainage rate and maximum drainage rate, particularly evident at 1?Hz, where the resonance effect significantly enhances the drainage rate of soft soil. A numerical fitting formula correlating frequency with the drainage intermittent ratio was developed, effectively predicting the development of vertical strain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 10:29:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596615</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bearing Capacity of Helical Anchors in Spatially Variable Clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Helical anchors have gained widespread use in anchoring mooring chains for offshore floating platforms, where they are required to resist uniaxial or combined vertical and horizontal loads. Predicting the bearing capacity of these anchors under varying loading conditions is a critical factor in anchor design and optimization. Despite extensive research on the bearing capacity of helical anchors, most studies are deterministic and overlook the inherent spatial variability of soil strength in marine clays. To address this, large-deformation random finite-element analyses are conducted to investigate the bearing behavior of both vertical and inclined helical anchors in soils with random variability. The study includes vertical pullout, horizontal uniaxial capacity, and combined vertical-horizontal (VH) capacity, alongside a detailed assessment of failure probabilities for both uniaxial and combined capacities. The results reveal that the spatial variability of soil significantly affects the uniaxial bearing capacity of both vertical and inclined helical anchors. Incorporating a safety factor can effectively mitigate the risk of failure caused by spatial variability, provided it is calibrated probabilistically. Additionally, the combined bearing capacity of helical anchors can be characterized using probabilistic failure envelopes, which, when normalized, closely align with the deterministic failure envelope. This suggests that the deterministic failure envelope can serve as an effective representation, with minimal additional effort required to determine the uniaxial bearing capacities corresponding to the desired failure probability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2025 15:31:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physical model tests on the lateral cyclic behaviour of monopile in marine clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increasing demand on clean energy leads to the expanded construction of offshore wind turbines (OWT) worldwide. Different types of foundations of OWTs includes gravity, jackets, monopiles etc. When functioning, OWTs face severe conditions with complex loadings (e.g. varying loading amplitudes and loading frequencies). In this study, the influence of the loading amplitude and loading frequency on the lateral displacement of monopiles in marine clay was investigated by conducting 1-g physical model tests at a scale of 1:30. The p-y curves at different depths were derived as well from the recorded moment distribution along the monopile. According to the results, the lateral displacement increases with the loading amplitude and frequency and the monopiles experience response of shakedown under cyclic loading. The lateral displacement after N cycles is related to the initial displacement via an extended logarithmic function. Besides, the p-y curves available in literature underestimate the soil resistance but hyperbolic functions provide comparatively closer predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 2025 14:49:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551479</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ground Improvement by Prefabricated Vertical Drains and Surcharge for a Metro Depot Constructed on Marine Deposit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2522042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on field measurements, as well as analytical and numerical analyses conducted for a metro depot in Chennai, India, that employs prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) in conjunction with surcharge. The PVDs were installed in a triangular arrangement and extended to the bottom of the soft clay layer. Two PVD spacings of 1.2 m and 1.5 m were selected based on the site zone. Three surcharge fill heights—2.2 m, 3.0 m, and 3.6 m—were utilized, with the soil having a unit weight of 17 kN/m³. The surcharge was removed after 125 days, resulting in a maximum average settlement of approximately 150 mm. The monitoring data and analytical calculations confirmed the completion of primary consolidation. Both numerical simulations using commercial software and an analytical approach based on settlement and flow variables were employed to evaluate the scheme’s effectiveness. The analysis showed that the soft marine clay exhibited a high horizontal drainage capacity (C[subscript r]/C[subscript v] ratio between 4 and 22), which led to rapid settlement at the project site. Field measurement data were back-calculated to derive the consolidation settlement parameters. These findings could significantly impact future designs for ground improvement in the coastal region of South India.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2025 09:03:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2522042</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Strain Rate and Stress History on Stress–Strain-Strength and Pore Pressure Characteristics of Organic Marine Clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2459022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the geotechnical properties of soft Pak Phanang marine clay, prevalent in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand, where rapid economic development demands a comprehensive understanding for sustainable construction. Triaxial tests on undisturbed marine clay specimens with various stress histories and strain rates were conducted, focusing on over-consolidation ratios (OCRs) of 1, 2, 4, and 8. Shearing was performed at rates of 0.020%, 0.075%, 1.000%, and 8.500% per minute after K[subscript 0] consolidation. The strain rates selected for this study represent specific values that have been chosen for a comprehensive exploration of Pak Phanang clay behavior under different loading conditions. The effects of stress histories on the marine clay behavior at various strain rates under K[subscript 0] conditions were investigated. It is indicated that the greater strain rates under K[subscript 0] conditions potentially lead to the larger undrained shear strengths and reduce pore water pressure for varied over-consolidation ratios. On the other hand, the greater over-consolidation ratios commonly result in lower shear strengths at all strain rates. Examination of pore pressure parameter at failure (A[subscript f]) and secant Young’s modulus reveals significant strain-rate-dependent behavior and OCR influence on the marine clay’s response. Undrained shear strength increases with higher OCRs, emphasizing OCR’s pivotal role. Rate effect analysis confirms undrained behavior, with a consistent 28% strength increase, regardless of OCR variations. Pore pressure responses exhibit a transition at OCR 4. Secant Young’s modulus decreases with rising OCR, establishing a linear correlation with undrained shear strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 08:55:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2459022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of temperature rise on the mechanical behaviour of deep-sea clay surrounding oil and gas pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2363746</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mechanical behaviour of deep-sea clay is crucial for oil and gas pipeline safety and is traditionally assessed through in situ penetration testing, which is usually conducted in a low-temperature environment (usually at temperatures lower than 4 °C). However, the temperature of deep-sea clay surrounding high-temperature pipelines can reach approximately 20 °C. To date, the influence of temperature variation on the mechanical properties of deep-sea clay, especially strain-softening behaviour, has been largely overlooked, posing a safety risk to practical engineering. Consequently, this study first establishes a temperature-controlled cyclic penetration testing platform. Then, an enhanced mini-spherical penetrometer is employed to investigate the undrained strength and strain-softening behaviour of undisturbed deep-sea clay samples at 4 °C, 10 °C and 20 °C. In particular, an improved framework is proposed to quantitatively characterize the mechanical behaviour. Finally, a strain-softening law considering temperature variations is established and rigorously validated through in situ tests. The findings underscore several significant observations: (a) deep-sea clay in its intact state exhibits a heightened sensitivity to temperature variations compared to that in its remoulded state; (b) temperature variations influence the strain-softening parameters of deep-sea clay, resulting in distinct behaviours; and (c) the proposed strain-softening law considering temperature variations is verified to be more logical.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2024 09:24:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2363746</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential of repurposing decommissioned subsea flowlines to dynamically installed anchors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2360010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subsea flowlines are flexible or rigid pipelines that are used in oil and gas fields commonly for transporting production fluids from wells. The majority of the flowlines operating in basins across the world (including e.g. Australia's 1700 km infield flowlines) are approaching the end of their productive life, and will need to be decommissioned over the next 5 decades. This paper, for the first time, investigates the potential of repurposing decommissioned flowlines to dynamically installed anchors for mooring floating facilities. Five shapes of anchor have been developed using segments of flowline. Two series of tests were subsequently carried out on models of those shapes. The first series of tests involved releasing the models in still water to assess free-fall trajectory (i.e. verticality), terminal velocity, and anchor drag coefficient. The second series of tests were carried out at 50 g in clay to investigate the performance of the anchors in terms of tip embedment depth during dynamic installation and capacity under vertical loading. The results confirmed performance similar to conventional dynamically installed anchors, suggesting that there is potential to fabricate offshore anchors using segments of flowline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Apr 2024 16:55:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2360010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of fin width on torpedo anchor penetration and pullout using model tests with transparent soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2354292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Torpedo anchors are increasingly popular for tethering of offshore structures. Using fins improves their directional stability during penetration, however, fins’ shape affects both penetration depth and pullout capacity. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the width of fins on the behavior of torpedo anchors during penetration and extraction. Four torpedo models having the same weight were made, one without fins and three with four fins. A transparent soil was used to simulate soft marine clay, thus permitting visualizing torpedo soil interaction. Particle trajectories showed that soil movements in the vicinity of the torpedo were downward as the torpedo approached a given depth, and that movements reversed to upwards once the torpedo passed that depth. Measurements of soil displacements suggest that the pullout capacity of finless torpedoes depends on the friction with the shank, and for torpedoes with fins it depends mainly on the reverse end bearing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 10:16:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2354292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The six-degree-of-freedom behavior of drag embedment anchor installed in clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350827</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated five parameters relevant to the kinematic behaviours of drag embedment anchors (DEAs), including the fluke-shank angle, the initial depth, the line thickness, the installation angle and the loading rate. A six-degree-of-freedom magnetometer system with a magnetic sensor was applied to simultaneously record the movement and orientation of the model anchor. Five groups of drag embedment tests were performed in clay with a linearly increasing shear strength profile. The anchor trajectories, pitch angles and installation load in each group were systematically compared and sufficiently analysed. This study contributes a further understanding of the kinematic behaviours of the DEA during embedment and provides a possible optimising guide in the future design of the DEA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 15:18:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350827</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Landslide in the Permafrost near a Ministère des Transports du Québec Infrastructure in Salluit and Stabilization Work</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2005, a landslide was observed in an erosion gully in marine clay deposits near the Salluit airport access road, directly at the embankment toe. Alteration of the drainage following development in the area seems to have accelerated erosion at the base of the gully. Progressive slide first affected the steeper lower part of the natural slope, and then the active layer in the gentler upper part broke off and slid to the bottom of the gully. By 2008, it affected more than half of the natural slope. In June 2010, stabilization works with rockfill were recommended in the near future. The zone to be stabilized was extended 40 m downstream of the landslide, where fissures were also observed in the natural slope. Before the works even started, a landslide occurred in the downstream fissured slope on August 22nd, 2010. Contrary to the slow, progressive first landslide, this one took place in one or two large movements of material that carried most of the active layer from the embankment toe to the bottom of the gully. The stabilization that was recommended in June 2010 to stop the progression became an urgent matter to ensure the sustainability of the road, and optimized rockfill was put into place following the latest landslide. A detailed schedule was established for the work to be carried out safely, especially in the remoulded active layer. The events of 2010 prompted the Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) to increase its monitoring of the existing Salluit airport access road built mainly on marine clay deposits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Sep 2023 08:49:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical study on the lateral breakout behaviour of deep-water pipelines in clays with surficial crust</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2224865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Formation of thin crust over normally consolidated clay in many deep-water regions had been reported in the literature. In this paper, the effect of crustal formation on the lateral breakout behaviour of shallowly embedded pipelines is captured. A series of finite-element analyses are carried out to investigate the limiting bearing capacity of both rough and smooth pipes under combined loading. The effects of crust thickness, pipe embedment and relative shear strength of underlying soil and crust have been quantified. Results are presented in the form of failure envelopes under combined loading. Simple equations are proposed to estimate the uniaxial and breakout resistances of pipelines embedded in clay with surficial crustal layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 10:14:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2224865</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>