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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>The Relationship between Body Condition and Gonadosomatic Index of the Bogue (Boops Boops) from the Middle Part of the Eastern Adriatic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bogue, Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758), is an omnivorous fish species that often aggregates near fish farms. In addition to being attracted to food, bogues also hide from predators near floating cages. Some specimens can also be found in the cages, where they coexist for a time with farmed fish. In general, there is a relationship between food availability and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the fish. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between body condition and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of bogues. The research was carried out in May 2023, during the spawning period of bogue. Samples were collected from three locations in the middle part of the Eastern Adriatic: in the immediate vicinity of the cages (A), at the floating cage (C) and at a location far away from the cages (W). The females from all three locations were heavier (315.41±119.53g) than the males (281.47±79.20g), while the difference in length between the sexes was not statistically significant. The condition index (CI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were significantly higher in bogues from floating cage. The decomposition of the condition index was used to evaluate the influence of body condition on the gonadosomatic index. Fish with a higher condition index also had a higher gonadal condition index (CIg), which was 0.03±0.01 at location A, 0.05±0.01 at location W, with the highest value found in the bogues from location C (CIg=0.06±0.04). Bogues sampled in floating cages differed in most studied parameters from wild population samples, but also from specimens caught in the immediate vicinity of the cages indicating the direction for further research of interactions between wild fish populations and aquaculture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 09:04:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592159</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Conditioning of the Mediterranean Scallop Pecten Jacobaeus (Linneaus, 1758) in Recirculation Systems with Different Types of Feed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mariculture bivalve production is limited to a small number of species, so there is a need for the introduction of new species. The Mediterranean scallop Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) seems like a potential bivalve mariculture candidate, but there is a lack of spat from nature for farming purposes. Two experiments on conditioning of P. jacobaeus broodstock in recirculation systems were conducted, the first one in April 2023 and the second one in March 2024. Condition indices were calculated: condition (CI), muscle (MI), gonadosomatic (GSI) and gonad index (GI) in both experiments. For the second experiment, a histology examination of the gonads was also conducted. In the first experiment broodstock fed with live algae Isochrysis galbana for 21 days, showed a rise in GSI and GI values, with constant CI and a slight decline of MI. In the second experiment, broodstock was fed for 25 days with two different types of feed: Group 1 with live algae I. galbana, while Group 2 concentrated frozen algae mix of 3% of the dry body mass per day. Better results were achieved with the live feed, evidenced by higher CI and MI results in Group 1. The GSI and GI results, along with gonad histological examination, indicate that gonads developed with both types of feed, but the process appeared to be accelerated with live feed. The authors conclude that gonad development in Group 1 was at the expense of ingested food, while in Group 2, at the expense of storage of nutrient reserves from muscle and other tissues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 09:04:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592160</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Potential contribution of foreign-flagged recreational and craft vessels to the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species: A preliminary assessment for Brazil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of recreational boats as pathways for the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) has been regarded as a secondary concern by international regulations. Nonetheless, recent studies indicated that recreational crafts may cause up to 60 % of introductions in some regions. By keeping official records of foreign crafts transiting in its jurisdictional waters, the Brazilian Maritime Authority has a useful database. The present study combines these data with environmental parameters to map and assess the biofouling-mediated risks associated with recreational boats entering Brazilian Jurisdictional waters (BJW). Eight regional captaincies were selected as the main entry gates for BJW. Across five years (2019–2024), each route used by foreign recreational boats to reach these captaincies was mapped and had an associated NIS introduction risk calculated through a modified version of GloBallast Risk Assessment Approach (GRAA). The analysis of records identified 84 entry routes for recreational boats in BJW. The captaincies of Rio Grande do Sul (CPRS) and Rio de Janeiro had the highest connectivity, with 20 and 15 routes, respectively. In contrast, the captaincies of Maranhão and São Paulo were the least connected, each with five routes. Risk values ranged approximately from 0.1 for the route from Isle of Man to captaincy of Santa Catarina to 7.5 for the route from Buenos Aires to CPRS. The findings allow management to direct resources to higher-risk areas, reaching more effective results. Future work will involve cataloging fouling species on recreational vessels to refine risk assessments and management strategies against NIS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:33:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548919</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determining Seasonal Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Chlorophyll-a, and its Concentration in Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf using Satellite and In-situ Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an indicator of phytoplankton density in an area, the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is an important reflection of marine water quality. Remote sensing techniques have been developed to measure the near-surface concentration of Chl-a in water by combining spectral bands and in situ data. This algorithm can be applied to sensors of varying spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. However, in this study, Chl-a level 2 and 3 products of SNPP – VIIRS spectrometer (Equation OC3) from NASA’s OceanColor suite were relied upon to establish the spatial and temporal distribution of Chl-a concentration in the Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf) and the territorial waters of the State of Kuwait (located in the north-eastern part of the Arabian Gulf) in 2012-2019. Ground truthing points (n = 192) matched with level 2 products have been used to build and cross-validate an empirical model. The correlation was positive, with r^2 = 0.79 and validation RMSE = ± 0.64 mg/m-3. The derived algorithm was then applied to Chl-a level 3 seasonal products. Additionally, the Chl-a concentration values in Kuwaiti waters were enhanced using the IDW algorithm to increase spatial resolution, given its small size compared to the spatial resolution of level 3 Chl-a products. The model derived from IDW was tested using the Mann Whitney test (Sig = 0.948 p > 0.01). However, the result showed that Chl-a concentration was higher in the Kuwait Bay (average = 2.8 mg/m-3) than in Kuwaiti waters (average = 2.3 mg/m-3), and higher in Kuwaiti waters (average = 2.1 mg/m-3) than in the Arabian Gulf (average = 0.7 mg/m-3). Coasts have higher concentrations than open water. Generally, the Chl-a increases in winter and had a semi-regular cycle during the years of study; this cycle is more regular in the Gulf than in Kuwait.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2024 14:21:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449403</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Technical and Environmental Assessment of the Consequences of Accidents on Offshore Gas Pipelines in the Baltic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379759</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The failure of the Nord Stream pipelines in the Baltic Sea in September 2022 had significant technical and economic consequences not only for the European Union energy sector and the gas production and transmission industry of the Russian Federation, but also entailed a number of environmental consequences, the scale of which has yet to be explored. During the preliminary assessment of the consequences of the accident, the team of scientists from the Kant Baltic Federal University, the Atlantic branch of the VNIRO and the Shirshov Oceanology Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences calculated the composition of the gas mixture emitted and assessed its volume, studied potential environmental damage to the biogeocenoses of the Western and Southern Baltic, calculated the impact of the gases emitted on global temperature. The studies were based on data obtained from open sources and allow the authors to give a preliminary assessment of the environmental impact of the accident. The combination of analytical, evaluation and research methods used is basically a classic approach to accounting for the volume of gas emissions and their subsequent impact. Leakage volume was calculated by first determining the volume of gas that entered the natural environment after impact (before the emergency valves were closed), and then determining the second volume of gas (until pressure stabilization in the cut-off pipe sections and in the environment). Based on the information on the biota in the water area and the nature of the gas movement, an estimated impact on biological organisms in the zone of the Bronholm depression was determined. Based on the models of the influence of methane emissions on climatic parameters, the preliminary consequences of the emission were established. The assessment of the environmental impact on the water area was conducted and the main directions of further research determined. The potential ways to minimize the environmental consequences of the accident in the short and long term have been considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 11:09:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2379759</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pseudechidna brummeri: An unexpected discovery in the North-East Atlantic raises concerns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global changes are currently underway, resulting in the discovery and introduction of new species in unexpected locations. One notable case involves the Indo-Pacific species Pseudechidna brummeri, which was observed and captured on film during a nocturnal dive in Portugal.This situation raises the question: How did this species come to inhabit this area? Two primary explanations appear plausible:a)The species may have been introduced through ship ballast water, a common pathway for the unintentional transport of aquatic organisms. Given the proximity of a large port, this possibility gains significance.b)Alternatively, the species could have originated from a home aquarium, a factor that remains poorly understood. The potential for species to escape or be released from aquariums into natural ecosystems is an area that requires further investigation.Another pertinent question to consider is whether there is only one individual of this species or if there are more individuals present?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:25:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling sampling strategies for determination of zooplankton abundance in ballast water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1533388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballast water has been a major source of non-indigenous species introductions. The International Maritime Organization has proposed performance standard that will establish an upper limit for viable organisms in discharged ballast. Here the authors test different sampling efforts for zooplankton in ballast water on a commercial vessel. The authors fit different probability density functions to find the most representative and evaluated sampling efforts necessary to achieve error rates (α, β) of <0.05. Our tests encompassed four seasonal trials and five sample volumes. To estimate error rates, the authors performed simulations which drew from 1 to 30 replicates of each volume (0.10–3.00m³) for mean densities ranging between 1 and 20 organisms m⁻³. Fieldwork and simulations suggested that >0.5m³ samples had the best accuracy and precision, and that the Poisson distribution fit these communities best. This study provides the first field test of a sampling strategy to assess compliance with the future IMO standard for large vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:49:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1533388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inactivation of Scrippsiella trochoidea cysts by different physical and chemical methods: Application to the treatment of ballast water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1536613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effects of heating, ultraviolet (UV), ultrasound (US), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and freshwater, and the combined treatments on inactivation of cysts of Scrippsiella trochoidea and cysts in sediment suspension were studied. Heating was the most efficient way to inactivate cyst germination, and cysts were completely inactivated at 38°C for 5h. UV, US, and freshwater efficiently inhibited but could not completely inactivate cyst germination. Effects of heating, UV, and US on cyst germination decreased for cysts in sediment, and germination rates increased by 6.7–48% compared to the same treatment for cysts without sediment. H₂O₂ significantly inhibited cyst germination, but complete inactivation occurred at high concentration for long duration (100mg/L, 6d). The combined treatments were more effective, especially the combinations of heating and UV. The results suggested that heating might be a feasible way for ballast water treatment especially after combined with filtration and UV.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:49:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1536613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing variability in marine traffic exposure between baleen whale species off the Galician Coast, Spain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2123891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increases in marine traffic represent a growing issue for marine wildlife, posing threats through the impacts of ship strikes and noise pollution. Baleen whales are especially vulnerable to these impacts, yet regional and species-specific information on exposure to such threats is lacking. This study uses automatic identification system (AIS) and observational data to provide the first assessment of baleen whale exposure to vessel traffic on the NW coast of Spain. Overlap with vessel traffic was detected for all areas where whales were sighted, indicating that these species may be at risk of vessel exposure and its associated impacts. Level of exposure to vessel traffic experienced by whales was species-specific, with risk of exposure appearing highest for minke whales. Vessel exposure also displayed intra- and inter-annual variability and a significant influence of feeding behaviour highlighting the need for dynamic management tools to minimise interactions between baleen whales and marine traffic off the Galician Coast.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Apr 2023 11:46:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2123891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic effects of biofouling-induced surface roughness – Review and research gaps for shallow water offshore wind energy structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134746</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several studies have been performed in the last three decades to assess the impacts of marine biofouling on offshore wind turbines (OWTs) substructures. Marine biofouling generally refers to the settlement and growth of aquatic organisms on human-made structures situated in marine and estuarine environments. OWTs continue to demonstrate significant energy extraction potential and their performance in the ocean is a promising area of research. Most wind turbine installations are in shallow water depths of less than 100 m. At these depths, biofouling can be seen on a large section of cylindrical structures, including mooring lines or power cables, with considerable roughness. This paper provides a review of biofouling phenomena in the context of offshore/marine cylindrical structures. The ecological and social implications of biofouling are reviewed alongside the technical parameters of what is considered to be undesired growth among engineers. The review specifically highlights various marine fouling parameters and laboratory approaches employed by past researchers in modelling biofouling, and the latter's effects on hydrodynamic loading from wave and current excitation. This paper explores challenges in modelling biofouling caused by its intrinsic randomness and uncertainty, as well as suggestions for many studies on marine fouling that are currently absent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:19:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134746</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Patterns of dreissenid mussel invasions in western US lakes within an integrated gravity model framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112752</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freshwater invasive species, such as the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis), are causing over $1 billion USD annually in damages to water infrastructure, recreation, and the environment. Once established, quagga and other dreissenid mussels are extremely difficult to eradicate. Preventing the spread of these invasives is critical and of high management concern. Invasive dreissenid establishment is predicated upon both successful dispersal from a source and suitable habitat in the uninfested water body to which they are transported. Recreational boaters have become predominant dispersal vectors making it possible to forecast the risk of invasion of water bodies for more targeted management and prevention. The authors developed an integrated mussel dispersal model that couples a constrained gravity model and habitat suitability model to forecast future invasions. The model simulates boater movement between lakes, the likelihood of boats transporting mussels, and the likelihood that those mussels survive in the environmental conditions of the new lake. Model output was most sensitive to changes in boater threshold, then buffer zones, while not as sensitive to changes in habitat suitability. From an initial infested source pool of 11 among 402 Western inland US lakes, the authors forecast additional lakes infested in several possible simulation scenarios. Constraining movement reduced connectivity between water bodies with amplifying effects at different distance levels. This model can be used to determine water bodies most at risk for dreissenid mussel invasion and to highlight the importance of multifactor integrated models in environmental management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:19:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2112752</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying the effect of ship noise on the acoustic environment of the Bering Strait</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2100532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The narrow Bering Strait provides the only gateway between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic, bringing migrating marine mammals in close proximity to ships transiting the strait. The authors characterized ship activity in the Bering Strait during the open-water season (July–November) for 2013–2015 and quantified the impact of ship noise on third-octave sound levels (TOLs) for bands used by baleen whales (25–1000 Hz). Peak ship activity occurred in July–September with the greatest overlap in ship noise and whale vocalizations observed in October. Ships elevated sound levels by ∼4 dB on average for all TOL bands combined, and 250-Hz TOLs exceeding 100 dB re 1 μPa were recorded from two large vessels over 11 km away from the hydrophones. The authors' results show that ship noise has the potential to impact baleen whales in the Bering Strait and serve as a baseline for measuring future changes in ship activity in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Mar 2023 10:23:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2100532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acoustic detectability of whales amidst underwater noise off the west coast of South Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2028285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anthropogenic underwater noise has been shown to negatively affect marine organisms globally; yet little to no noise research has been conducted in most African waters including South Africa's. This study aimed to quantitatively describe sources of underwater noise and effects of underwater noise on the acoustic detectability of Antarctic blue, fin, minke, humpback, and sperm whales off South Africa's west coast. Noise from vessel traffic (<35 km to the location of recorders) dominated the soundscape below 500 Hz while wind-generated noise increased with wind speed above 5 m s−1 and dominated the soundscape above 500 Hz. Acoustic detectability of humpback, minke and sperm whales decreased with increasing ambient noise levels whereas blue and fin whale acoustic detectability increased with the ambient noise levels. The authors provide baseline information on underwater noise sources and the effects of underwater noise on whale acoustic detectability off the west coast of South Africa.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 17:19:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2028285</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Avoiding sharp accelerations can mitigate the impacts of a Ferry's radiated noise on the St. Lawrence whales</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Exposure to anthropogenic noise from the commercial fleet is one of the primary constituents of the acoustic pollution perturbing the environment of aquatic life. Merchant ships (e.g., bulkers, tankers) have been the focus of numerous studies for underwater noise source level determination and modeling. This work extends pre-existing studies to the ferry ship class. Hydrophone-based measurements of the N.M. Trans-Saint-Laurent ferry near the Riviere-du-Loup harbor (Riviere-du-Loup, QC CANADA) were obtained for 186 transits between 2020 July 22th and 2020 September 5th. For each transit, monopole source levels are estimated for two (2) different modes of operation i.e., the low-speed phases of acceleration/deceleration when the ferry launches/docks at Riviere-du-Loup and the passages at quasi-operational speed at the hydrophone's closest-point-of-approach. Relative differences between the two (2) modes of operation are presented here in the low-frequency domain between 141 and 707 Hz. An average excess of 8 to 11.5 dB indicates that the ferry is likely one order of magnitude noisier, within this frequency band, during acceleration/deceleration when compared to passages at operational speed. This highlights that, in terms of marine mammal conservation, a significant reduction of the noise pollution could be achieved, for instance, by avoiding sudden speed changes in the vicinity of whales.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2022 08:53:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediment of southern Jiaozhou Bay in northern China after an accident of oil pipeline explosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2010557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 2013 “Qingdao oil pipeline explosion” contaminated about 2.5 km of shoreline in the Jiaozhou Bay area and aroused widespread concern because of the serious casualties even though it was not the most severe oil-spill contamination in China. To evaluate the long-term impact, the authors collected thirty-three surface sediment samples after 3 years of the accident, with sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected. Spatial-temporal variation in PAHs revealed that a minimal impact might still be present after 3 years. Source analysis combined with a one-way ANOVA showed that pyrolytic sources were consistently predominant. The environmental impact was already minimal 3 years later and negligible thereafter. Although the cancer risk has decreased over the years, there has always been a potential hazard to human for specific occupation, with all of the risk values exceeded 10−6. This study offers a reference for assessing the long-term impact of oil spills in similar bay areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Sep 2022 09:13:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2010557</guid>
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