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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>APPLICATIONS OF SPEECH TECHNOLOGY IN VEHICLE BASED MMI</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/461725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Defence Research Agency (United Kingdom) has researched and identified applications of technology for the civilian domain. This paper identifies areas that could be of value to civilian vehicle man machine interfaces and discusses the benefits and drawbacks to the use of this technology.  These applications fall into two main areas:  1) information based applications and 2) command oriented applications.  Information based applications could include route management data or vehicle status information, while command oriented applications could be control of vehicle systems, such as environmental, in-vehicle entertainment, and communications systems.  Research, using a simulator based facility, has been conducted pertaining to information based systems, namely multimodal dialogue design, system feedback, and operator workload.  Results have confirmed the potential for speech recognition, identifying areas where it can be used, some of the problems, and the advantages and disadvantages of its use.  This research has also illustrated the weaknesses of the current technology.  As a consequence of this work, a number of guidelines have been produced for the future design of speech interfaces.  It has also been identified that the use of speech in vehicles should be limited to non-safety critical areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/461725</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>"ICS": A COMPUTER NETWORK ON BOARD BUSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/414325</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The driver systems interface (ICS = Interface Conducteur Systemes), installed on board vehicles, is used by bus network operators and maintenance units. The device has been developed because of the need to incorporate a single man-to-machine interface system on board buses. The ICS network has given a clear structure to the on board operations and maintenance equipment architecture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/414325</guid>
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      <title>MAN-MACHINE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON COAST GUARD MISSIONS AND SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164315</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this research is to forecast technological changes and their effects on Coast Guard man-machine systems.  Impact projections are based on a literature review of developments in computers, infrared, lasers, and communications and on an analysis of Search and Rescue, Enforcement of Laws and Treaties, and Marine Environmental Protection missions.  Advanced sensors and communications will permit highly effective search and surveillance by air. Remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) offer a partial alternative to surface cutters.  Computers at operational command centers will be able to process vast amounts of information to aid command decision making, automatic plan preparation, formatting and dissemination, and assume most administrative record keeping functions.  Operational systems will become increasingly automated by microcomputers/microprocessors interposed between operator and system.  Operator requirements will be reduced.  Maintainer requirements will vary, with some reductions and some increases.  Practically all personnel will require at least familiarization with computer operation to perform their tasks efficiently. Increased marine farming, mining, and underwater recreation suggest that Coast Guard responsibilities will have to be extended to the subsurface environment.  Recommendations are made for conduct of cost-effectiveness studies of RPVs and command computer systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164315</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STATIC AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION AS A WORKING TOOL FOR HUMAN ENGINEERING RESEARCH APPLIED TO THE DESIGN OF SHIP BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/159207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To optimize the man-machine relationship there are two different approaches.  The adaptation of man to machine and at the other hand machine to man.  The first mentioned approach is dealing with training and selection, the latter is considering the adaptation of the machine to given human characteristics, generally called Human Engineering.  At the present time the research in the field of Human Engineering, in relation to maritime operations, concentrates mainly on the design of appropriate lay-out of all control elements installed on board.  The working tool for this research is simulation.  Mock-ups (static simulation of the work-environment in future) can be built to study an appropriate lay-out of the workspot.  If the man is to work as an operator of control elements with the machine then the dynamics of the machine are to be simulated and adapted to the limited dynamics of the human operator.  The aim of this type of study is an increasing of the effectiveness of the man/machine system and a contribution to the well-being of the individual. Applications of these techniques are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/159207</guid>
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      <title>COMPUTER SIMULATION OF U. S. COAST GUARD WATCHSTANDER PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, the U.S. Coast Guard has established vessel traffic service (VTS) centers in four harbors.  These centers are operated by watchstanders who provide an information gathering and dissemination service to mariners. As part of a program to explore ways of improving this service, computer models of watchstander interaction with equipment and communications with vessel and tug pilots were developed based on field observations and frequencies and durations of activities.  The General Purpose Systems Simulator (GPSS) software package was chosen for programming and simulation of these stochastic models.  These models were then constructed, programmed, simulated and verified. This technique has applications in the study of operator workload and system performance under conditions of changes in equipment, procedures and personnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF MANNED SYSTEM DISPLAYS FROM THE CRITERIA OPTIMIZED BY THE SYSTEM RESPONSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In manned systems, performance can change significantly with changes in display design.  With today's computer and display technology, it is possible to provide virtually any display function desired including automating many of the information processing tasks previously performed by the human operator.  However, the relationship between display design and total system (person and machine) performance must be known in order to systematically select display features.  The object of this research program was to develop system performance models (SPM) for ship control as an aid to ship display and control design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154148</guid>
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      <title>PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY AND MAN-MACHINE EFFECTIVENESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/151209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The basic purpose of the program continues to be the determination of optimal or near optimal work/rest schedules for individuals and crews to yield high performance with minimal decrement over time followed by recovery (after rest) to an acceptable high performance.  The experimentation is further aimed at consideration of various task levels and differing conditions of environment. Experimentation in progress continues to focus attention on the assessment of human performance under continuous operations or relatively long term activity (2 hours or more of activity).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/151209</guid>
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      <title>PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY AND MAN-MACHINE EFFECTIVENESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/151210</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project is concerned with the assessment of human performance and recovery capabilities under relatively long duration conditions (two hours or more).  Varying work/rest schedules and environments are among the variables manipulated, and the results relate to the doctrine of continuous operations.  During this reporting period, a report was prepared describing the results of a study of 8 and 16 hours of continuous work; experiments were continued to ascertain the affects of methyl scoppolmine on (animal) response decrements; a report was begun on the relation between circadian rhythms and performance on a physical loading task; and research continued on heat stress limits for sedentary operations.  Three papers were presented at meetings, three published, three accepted for publication, and four were submitted.  This progress report contains a list of 27 topics of potential military relevance derived from the studies conducted from 1968 to the present. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/151210</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY, AND MAN-MACHINE EFFECTIVENESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/151207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes the organization and goals of the research team with a detailed account of the experimentation that has been completed within its two basic subefforts; those of organizational and motivational emphasis and those of environmental emphasis, as they affect performance and recovery of human operations.  The experimentation within organizational and motivational emphasis cover organization structure investigations, approach-avoidance conflict experimentation, the effect of dietary habits on performance and recovery, instructional ambiquity and its effects on performance, and vigilance behavior and cognition experimentation.  The subteam projects within the environmental emphasis area include human performance and recovery under vibratory conditions, physical loading, ionization, and climatic conditions.  The facilities and personnel are discussed and 12 papers delivered or published are listed.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/151207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY, AND MAN-MACHINE EFFECTIVENESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/151208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emphasis is placed on the determination of optimal or near optimal work/rest schedules for individuals and crews to yield high performance with minimal decrement over time followed by recovery (after rest) to an acceptable high performance.  The experimentation is further aimed at consideration of various task levels and differing conditions of environment.  Experimentation in progress continues to focus attention on the assessment of human performance under continuous operations or relatively long term activity (2 hours or more of activity).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/151208</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW DIMENSIONS IN MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The user workstation is an important part of any CAD/CAM system with regard to: repertoire of graphic form and quality, capacities in information mapping and exchange, speed of modification and retrieval of information, ease of programming and maintenance, modularity in systems architecture, flexibility in user dialog and environment, and expandability in local processing power.  Workstations employing interactive graphic displays of various principles and makes have been designed to suit the available hardware features rather than the user needs.  Storage and modified storage tubes (enabling limited refresh) and faster displays are prohibitive concerning interactions.  This is particularly true for intelligent 3D dialogs.  The design, manufacture and steel design applications of a graphic design terminal with certain novel features in both hardware and software are presented.  Direct information mapping between the user, the display processor and the applications database allow very fast and easy relational manipulations to be performed.  Particular emphasis is placed on the display memory controller and the so-called hit mechanism and software modules that support features such as interpretation of a powerful high level design language, macro expansion, menu handling screen administration, device handling, picture handling, transformations, graphic elements and interactions, to cover the needs of CAD/CAM applications and many more.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155084</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DETAIL PIPE FITTING DESIGN METHOD BASED ON CONVERSATIONAL ANALYZING AND DRAFTING SYSTEM (CADS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The detail pipe fitting design method is presented here utilizing versatile CADS which is the man-machine system conversational with mini-computer and large table of analyzing and drafting.  By this method a pipe fitting detail plan can be designed.  So far computerization in the outfitting arrangement design field has fallen behind. The characteristics of this system are as follows: 1) Input Data can be generated by this system for the production design system, such as pipe piece drawing, pipe fabrication schedules, material lists, etc., and all these data are connected to the large scale computer system in form of magnetic tape.  2) This system is connected to the automatic piping arrangement design system (PPACIHI Program) to design pipe outline arrangement plan by the use of large scale computer, and also generated the data for practising pipe design process from outline pipe arranging to detail pipe fitting and piece drawings.  3) Several arbitrary ship's sections can be projected on time on the wide table of CADS.  4) The ship's design data can be generated from this system by inputting minimal data, using the master data files.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148407</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HULL PIECE NESTING SYSTEM BASED ON CONVERSATIONAL ANALYZER AND DRAFTING SYSTEM (CADS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/148406</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Utilization of a numerically controlled machine for marking and cutting steel plates involves the necessity of adopting some system of "nesting", that is, of geometrically arranging the various pieces to be cut out from a given material plate, and to present the resulting arrangement in a form suitable as input data for manipulating the particular NC machine to be used.  Two kinds of nesting system are in current use--(a) by card and (b) by graphic display apparatus.  With the card system, the designer works out the nesting plan manually, using cutout card patterns that he arranges by eye on a framed sheet representing the edges of the material plate.  The resulting arrangement is then translated into digital input data by visually reading out the coordinates that represent the patterns in their nested positions.  The output from the machine is produced by drafter or plotter in visible form for purposes of checking, as well as in the form of taped digital data for use in the NC machine.  The graphic system, on the other hand, utilizes an optical screen for both input and graphic display.  Both systems have their merits and shortcomings. It is an established fact that digital computers are not suited to treating analog information.  The human eye is far more adapted to this kind of operation.  On the other hand, these computers possess a large capability for calculation, once the information has been digitalized.  The basic principle underlying the CADS NESTING SYSTEM is to divide the functions between man and machine in such manner that each performs the operations to which each is best suited, i.e., the designer entrusted with the decisions involving patterns and pattern arrangement, and the machine with the calculations required to evaluate the arrangement worked out by the designer.  In line with this principle, the system has been devised to permit the designer to "converse" with the machine by means of a variety of "commands" each embodying a simple instruction for the computer to perfrom a certain function.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/148406</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATION--MAN VERSUS MACHINE? PART 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/145794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is the second and final part of this study giving recommendations for improved safety when navigating in rough weather.  All necessary data are presented on a TV screen. The screen can also be used as a "chart table" where possible manoeuvre-decisions are worked out by the crew. This is a big advantage when compared to the paper output from a teletype.  The hardware cost of a TV screen system is much higher than the printer, but the former is said to provide superior conditions for improved safety when navigating in rough weather and better job satisfaction for the navigator.  Order from: BSRA as No. 51,474.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/145794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM AND SHIP'S HEADING CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/90789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As ships become larger and less unstable, due to increasing beam, it is difficult to control the ship at some stages. Although the study of manoeuvrability has been taken up by naval architects, at the present stage of Man-Machine System Analysis little is known about the manoeuvrability obtained. The author has studied the Man-Machine System in ship manoeuvring, using a simulator which has visual display systems.  In the study of decreasing controllability of large ships, it is not so much a problem to consider the reflex action; the operator finds it difficult to estimate future motion, or to comprehend present motion exactly.  The purpose of this paper is to consider controllability when altering course according to this simulator study.  Methods of compensation by the operator are also considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/90789</guid>
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