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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Construction Workforce Conditions and Their Effects on Productivity and Project Scheduling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation construction projects often involve accelerated schedules, extended work hours, and work performed in challenging environmental and safety-sensitive conditions. These conditions can affect the physical and mental well-being of state department of transportation (DOT) and contractor staff and may negatively influence workforce productivity, safety, and project delivery outcomes.

Long work hours, demanding schedules, and changing environmental conditions have contributed to growing concerns regarding workforce stress, burnout, fatigue, and mental health challenges within the construction industry. Research and industry surveys have highlighted the need to better understand how workforce conditions influence productivity and project performance. However, there is limited guidance on incorporating workforce well-being considerations into project scheduling, phasing, and construction management practices.

The objective of this research is to develop a guide to assist state DOTs in evaluating environmental, physical, and mental conditions affecting the transportation construction workforce and their impact on productivity and scheduling expectations. The research is intended to support healthier, safer, and more sustainable project delivery practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 11:14:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Physical Fatigue in Highway Maintenance Workers through Electromyography: The Impact of Lifting Weights and Heights on Bag Handling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Workers’ physical fatigue can negatively affect their health and safety. Electromyography (EMG) has been widely adopted to detect physical fatigue in vertical building construction activities, while its implementation is lacking in horizontal transportation maintenance activities. Considering the differences in frequency, duration, and intensity of horizontal transportation maintenance activities, this study explored the feasibility of using wearable EMG sensors to measure electrical impulses generated by muscles of highway maintenance workers, who need to lift bags with different lifting weights and heights, to evaluate their physical fatigue. To this end, this study conducted experiments of workers lifting three different weights of dry concrete mix bags (31.5, 50, and 80 pounds) from different heights, which is considered the most common activity that highway maintenance workers perform and that causes most ergonomic injuries. EMG data was acquired from the left and right back muscles of 29 highway maintenance workers of the Indiana Department of Transportation. Results confirmed that a lighter lifting weight and a higher lifting height have significant positive effects on reducing physical fatigue among highway maintenance workers who perform lifting bags of dry concrete mix.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 17:09:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640395</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Understanding Human Error in Military Aviation Maintenance: The role of Performance Shaping Factors, Cognitive Workload and Error Orientation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2664371</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Human error remains a major source of reliability and safety risk in aviation maintenance, particularly in military operations where task complexity and operational pressure are unavoidable. Despite continued advancements in technical reliability, the mechanisms through which working conditions and cognitive demands translate into maintenance error, remain insufficiently understood. In particular, the combined influence of systemic factors, cognitive workload, and individual differences has received limited empirical attention. This study examines the effect of Performance Shaping Factors (PSFs) on human error in military aviation maintenance, considering cognitive workload as a mediating mechanism and Error Orientation (EO) as a moderating factor. Survey data from 282 military aviation maintenance personnel were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that adverse PSFs significantly increase both cognitive workload and the likelihood of maintenance error. Cognitive workload partially mediates this relationship, indicating that increased mental demand is a key pathway through which unfavorable system conditions degrade maintenance reliability. Error Orientation moderates both direct and indirect effects. Personnel with lower EO are more susceptible to workload-related error. These findings extend human reliability analysis by explaining when and why maintenance errors are most likely to occur. The results support integrated safety management strategies that combine system design improvements, workload control, and targeted personnel development to enhance reliability in high-risk aviation maintenance environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:31:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2664371</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Road Map for Heavy Highway Construction Workforce Development: I-81 Viaduct Project Syracuse, New York</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This road map is a companion document to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Highway Construction Workforce Partnership (HCWP) Playbook, which provides national best practices and inspiration for how to form a working group that is well-equipped to fill vacant highway construction jobs. This road map focuses on implementing these efforts in a localized context to support a major project. This document is organized according to the key steps defined in the FHWA HCWP Playbook: Identify, Train, and Place. This road map describes the route taken to support the connection between local residents and heavy highway career opportunities on the Interstate 81 (I-81) Viaduct Project in Syracuse, NY. The purpose of the I-81 Viaduct project is to address the structural deficiencies and non-standard highway features in the I-81 corridor while creating an improved corridor through the City of Syracuse that meets transportation needs and provides the transportation infrastructure to support long-range planning efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 13:41:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Big five personality traits as predictors of safety attitudes in aviation maintenance personnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681458</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the relationship between personality traits, as measured with the Big Five Inventory, and safety attitudes among aviation maintenance personnel. A questionnaire-based study was performed with an adapted version of the Flight Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (FSAQ). A correlational analysis explored the relationship between the five personality traits and safety attitudes. The results indicated that safety attitudes were significantly positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, while negatively correlated with neuroticism. Moreover, a robust regression analysis was conducted to determine whether personality traits explain additional variance in safety attitudes beyond the influence of demographic factors. The regression analysis has identified that conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion can predict positive safety attitudes, even after controlling for demographic variables such as length of work experience and leadership roles. Conscientiousness was found to be the most influential predictor across all safety attitudes, including teamwork in emergencies and effective communication. Both total and role-specific work experience have the potential to contribute positively to safety culture and adherence to procedures. The potential integration of personality assessments into safety training may contribute to a positive safety culture and, thus, improved safety performance. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on personality-informed safety interventions. Also, it highlights the benefits that may be brought via tailored Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) training approaches for aviation maintenance personnel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 15:36:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681458</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transforming Aviation Technical Authoring with Generative Artificial Intelligence: Toward Automation and Efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the coming decades, the aviation sector is expected to witness substantial growth driven by increasing global demand for air travel, necessitating efficient and precise technical documentation to manage the growing complexity of maintenance. As technical authoring processes remain labor-intensive and prone to inconsistencies, this study investigates the potential of Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) to automate the creation of Engineering Orders (EOs), which are derived from Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Service Bulletins (SBs). A three-phase approach is adopted to generate EOs from ADs and SBs, enabling a structured evaluation of GenAI’s performance in technical authoring. Expert reviews are integral to refining AI outputs, emphasizing the importance of integrating AI capabilities with human expertise. This study validates the effectiveness of GenAI in aviation technical authoring and introduces a scoring tool to evaluate the quality of AI-generated documentation across several dimensions: (1) technical knowledge; (2) accuracy; (3) comprehensiveness; and (4) usability and flexibility. The findings highlight that the synergy between AI-generated content and expert review significantly improves documentation quality by mitigating AI limitations, reducing the time required to produce technical documentation and ensuring practical applicability. The proposed approach provides a scalable framework that can be adapted for use in various industries requiring precise technical documentation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 19:09:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Successful Strategies in Providing Training Programs for State and Local Equipment Technicians</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fleet managers across surface transportation agencies face ongoing challenges in identifying training needs for fleet maintenance technicians and delivering effective programs. Prior to 2020, many states relied heavily on vendor-led training to support technician development on new and existing equipment. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of vendors reduced or discontinued these offerings, requiring agencies to pursue alternative approaches.

As fleet equipment continues to incorporate more advanced technologies, the need for consistent, high-quality, and up-to-date technical training has become increasingly critical to maintaining safe, reliable, and cost-effective operations.

OBJECTIVE: This scan will examine organizations that have successfully identified and implemented sustainable training programs for fleet maintenance technicians. The team will document how agencies structure and manage their programs, measure effectiveness, and ensure appropriate leadership support.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 15:03:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FHWA Bridge Coatings Technical Note: Personnel Protection During Bridge Paint Removal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many steel bridges are currently in need of maintenance. Maintenance operations may range from small component replacement jobs to major maintenance activities including repainting. Many steel bridges in the highway system are coated with paint that contains toxic heavy metal pigments (e.g., lead, chromate) in varying concentrations. These metals can be hazardous to human health if inhaled or ingested in relatively small quantities in the form of dusts or fumes. It is important to take appropriate measures to protect workers and inspectors potentially exposed to these hazards. Protection measures are straight forward, and when followed, can protect personnel while allowing for safe and productive work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 17:04:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659273</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Railroad Investigation Report: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Employee Injury, Atlanta, Georgia, October 19, 2024</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On October 19, 2024, about 11:14 a.m., northbound Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) train 402 struck an employee who was part of a team of technicians tasked with performing maintenance work on wayside train approach lights. The approach lights are located about 280 feet north of a tunnel and in between the Arts Center Station and Lindbergh Center Station in Atlanta, Georgia. The employee (technician 1) sustained a below-the-knee amputation as a result of the strike. At the time of the accident, visibility conditions were clear; the temperature was 62˚F with no precipitation. ​​The probable cause of the employee injury was that the procedures for track protection afforded by the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority at the time of the accident were insufficient for the location and type of work being performed and did not provide adequate warning time for the technicians to move to a place of safety before the train’s arrival. Contributing to this accident was the designated lookout person performing tasks not consistent with his duties, thereby failing to detect the oncoming train.​]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 17:04:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666838</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing musculoskeletal risk prevalence among railway track maintainers: an analysis of health risk assessment in India</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objectives. Railway track maintenance is one of the essential tasks for the Indian railway, where millions of workers have musculoskeletal disorders. The main aim of the present investigation is to determine the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Methods. Nordic modified questionnaire studies and posture analysis were performed by the Ovako working posture analyzing system. Physiological stress assessment was carried out by recording the participants’ heart rate and blood pressure. Results. The questionnaire study revealed that most of the railway track maintainers complained that the maximum discomfort (pain) felt was in the lower back region (90.3%) of the body, followed by the hands (76.4%), knees (76.0%), wrists (75.2%) and shoulders (68.2%). There was a significant change in heart rate reserve, net cardiac cost, relative cardiac cost and cardiovascular stress index between the railway track maintainers and controls. Conclusion. This study shows that railway track maintainers are constantly engaged in highly repetitive hand-intensive jobs, and by performing such strenuous jobs for several years suffer from discomfort in the upper and lower back regions of the body followed by a decrease in handgrip strength. All of these factors consequently may lead to the development of WMSDs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:58:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Struck-by fatalities in construction: A systematic review of regulatory roles, responsibilities, and research gaps</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction struck-by fatalities involving heavy equipment and vehicles have remained high over the past decade, despite comprehensive OSHA and ANSI/ASSP authoritative frameworks that define specific safety roles and responsibilities for employers, supervisors, and workers. This systematic literature review examined how current research covers the safety roles and responsibilities outlined in authoritative standards for struck-by prevention. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study reviewed 87 peer-reviewed studies published between 2011 and 2024 from major databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore. Studies were evaluated using binary coding to determine coverage of seven construction safety roles and six responsibility categories derived from OSHA 29 CFR 1926 and ANSI/ASSP A10.47-2021 standards. The results show that only 26% of potential role instances and 51% of responsibility instances were substantively addressed. A three-tier pattern emerged where high-focus roles (General Laborer 33%, Equipment Operator 25%, Employer/Manager 19%) dominated research attention, while critical frontline positions received minimal coverage (Spotter 4%, Crane Crew 4%, Crane A/D Director 3%, Traffic Control Supervisor 2%). Three methodological approaches, Incident Database Analysis, Proximity Sensors, and Digital Site Mapping, accounted for 77% of all studies. This study contributes to current knowledge by revealing a significant disconnect between research and standards in struck-by prevention, where essential safety roles integral to authoritative frameworks remains understudied in academic literature. The findings highlight the need for an integrated research agenda that bridges authoritative requirements with operational practice and expands methodological diversity to capture the full complexity of struck-by prevention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 09:28:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing a Lean Flow Chart for Risk Management: Building Workplace Resilience on Employee Health and Wellness</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Amidst the high levels of technology, noise, intercultural communication, complexity, and contact that characterize the aviation industry’s work environment, employees play a pivotal role in controlling the associated risks. Their safety in the workplace is a top priority for aviation industry operations. The study proposes a systemic approach that aims to increase worker empowerment by effectively managing workplace risks that could result in disease, incident, accident, or disability. This approach also fosters a safer atmosphere that boosts productivity and performance, highlighting the integral role of employees in this process. To achieve this objective, the flowchart technique was applied to visualize aviation workplace risks and comprehend the origins of workplace hazards, the locations and timing of potential incidents, and their implications and domains of influence. Thus, this technique significantly contributes to documenting, analyzing, planning, improving, and communicating complex processes in aviation work environments through diagrams. Finally, flowcharts significantly contribute to a better understanding and enhancement of the effectiveness of risk management in the workplace. Fifteen experts (n=15) from several aviation industry areas and European countries participated in a brainstorming session using the flowchart technique, which produced meaningful and practical outcomes. By taking the appropriate steps and choosing the courses of action that result in the desired outcome, this strategy simplifies complicated operations and contributes to safer operations. The study’s outcomes underscore specific actions that promote health and safety. In particular, the elimination of unnecessary or non-valuable business processes to create a more transparent and easier-to-understand working environment is suggested. However, it is equally vital to foster a culture that not only acknowledges but also prioritizes the welfare of the workforce. The results of this study can significantly improve the work environment of aviation organizations. By adopting a lean risk management approach, employees are provided with high levels of awareness to identify and handle risk factors that could lead to accidents, illnesses, and injuries. This strategy empowers employees and builds more resilient workplaces, underscoring the shared responsibility and commitment to fostering a safer workplace environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 15:19:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572812</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Knowledge-level assessment of commercial divers: A focus on fundamental decompression procedures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial diving, a specialized profession encompassing various underwater tasks for industries such as construction and maintenance, exposes divers to unique hazards and challenges. Fundamental diving knowledge, encompassing the understanding of diving theories (DTs) and decompression procedures (DCPs), plays a pivotal role in enhancing diving safety. This study aims to assess the knowledge level of professional commercial divers regarding fundamental DTs and DCPs. The findings reveal notable disparities in knowledge levels among divers based on their qualifications, service sectors and professional experiences. While first-class divers, mixed-gas divers and second-class divers demonstrated satisfactory understanding of essential DTs and DCPs, individual divers and aquaculture divers exhibited potential knowledge gaps. The identified discrepancies underscore the significance of professional knowledge in ensuring diver safety and signal the need for targeted training programs to enhance divers’ understanding of essential DTs and DCPs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2025 17:09:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and work exposures among railroad maintenance-of-way workers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assessed risk factors that contribute to railroad maintenance-of-way (MOW) workers' musculoskeletal disorders of the fingers, hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders. A survey was completed by 3,995 members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees Division, in which they were asked about disorders due to vibration transmitted through the hands. Associations between power-tool usage of 5.2 years or more and musculoskeletal disorders were discovered.  The usage of nonpowered tools and other physical labor were not consistently associated with these disorders over the same duration. The authors recommend prevention programs to address these risk factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2025 08:46:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How work-family conflict affects highway construction professionals’ safety citizenship behaviors: A moderated mediation model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2588387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction professionals play critical roles in facilitating accident prevention onsite, but few studies have examined how the prevalent work-family conflict (WFC) inhibits their safety citizenship behavior (SCB). This research investigated the effects of WFC on four forms of SCB (i.e., mutual aid among employees, supervisor-subordinate relationship, participation in suggestion making, and self-control) among highway construction professionals. It also integrated job burnout as the mediator and the family supportive supervisor behavior (FSSB) as the moderator. Empirical data were collected from 626 Chinese highway construction professionals using a detailed questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data using Mplus. It was found that WFC had negative effects on SCB. Meanwhile, the relationships between WFC and SCB were mediated by job burnout. Furthermore, FSSB buffered the indirect relationship between WFC and SCB via job burnout. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a deep understanding of the impact of WFC on SCB among highway construction professionals. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are provided and discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 08:48:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2588387</guid>
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