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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Innovative Electrokinetic Treatment of Expansive Soils: Evaluating MgCl2 and CaCl2 as Stabilizing Agents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Expansive soils, known for their tendency to swell and shrink with moisture fluctuations, pose significant challenges in geotechnical engineering. These volume changes can generate substantial stresses on infrastructure, leading to foundation cracking and persistent pavement distress. This study investigates a non-destructive electrokinetic treatment method utilizing MgCl2 and CaCl2 to improve the engineering behavior of expansive soils. A 1% MgCl2 or CaCl2 solution and an applied electric potential of 15 V over 7 days were used in all tests. Comprehensive analysis of moisture distribution, pH variation, unconfined compressive strength, and swelling behavior revealed distinct treatment mechanisms between the two salts. MgCl2 treatment produced significant spatial heterogeneity, characterized by dehydration near the anode and moisture accumulation at the cathode, resulting in substantially enhanced soil strength (up to 300% increase near the anode) but variable swelling behavior across the specimen. In contrast, CaCl2 treatment yielded elevated moisture content throughout the specimen with more spatially homogeneous mechanical properties and less pronounced strength improvements. The divergent behavior of swell strain and moisture distribution can be attributed to differences in cation mobility, hydrated radius, and their specific interactions with clay particles, which influence electroosmotic flow and diffuse double-layer compression.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 15:59:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alternative Deicer Performance Characterization: Know Before the Snow</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has been using alternative deicers (potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride) to melt roadway ice at temperatures colder than sodium chloride can melt it alone. Using alternative deicers in brine form has been a way to leverage treatment techniques at temperatures below 15 degrees F. However, these alternative deicers have not yet had the “phase diagram” or “ice melt capacity relationship” developed to characterize their melting ability (potential and performance) by temperature and deicer concentration. Without these tools, MnDOT operators have been working on past observations, hunches and vendor recommendations, without the benefit of the science that guides their use of sodium chloride in rock salt brine. In colder regions of the state, the lack of scientific determination can be particularly troublesome as operators fight refreeze when either temperatures drop or deicer concentrations dilute down, which can result in either unsafe conditions or significantly extra material expense and environmental degradation. This project developed a phase diagram and assessed the ice melt capacity of the alternative deicer most in use by MnDOT, specifically: 1) Quantified the freeze point curve for each of ten mixtures at temperatures down to -34 degrees F; 2) Quantified the ice melting capacity for each of six mixtures at temperatures down to -20 degrees F; 3) Field tested and compared melt behavior of five mixtures, comparing performance and assessing synergies under actual winter maintenance operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 08:45:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Magnesium chloride deicer and asphalt: a multiscale approach to adhesion and damage characterisation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The combined effects of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) deicer and freeze-thaw (F-T) accelerate the progression of moisture-induced damage in asphalt pavements. A multiscale approach was employed to evaluate adhesion and debonding mechanisms in systems of a polymer-modified asphalt binder and different aggregates subjected to various concentrations of aqueous MgCl₂ solutions and F-T cycles. Pull-off tests conducted on binder-aggregate samples revealed that the pull-off strength and failure mechanism were affected by the salt concentrations and aggregates’ mineralogies. Investigating the adhesion and debonding using the surface free energy, a thermodynamic approach, showed that depending on the aggregate type, lower salt concentrations could accelerate adhesion decay at a higher rate compared to higher salt concentrations. Atomic force microscopy study revealed that salt concentration and F-T cycles significantly affected the microstructure, morphology, and micromechanical characteristics of the asphalt binder, contributing to an accelerated loss of adhesion in asphalt binder-aggregate systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2026 13:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study on MOC Cement Based Micro Concrete for Repairing of Wide Cracks in Concrete Pavement Slabs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407436</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cracks of variable width and types can develop due to various factors like overloading, thermal expansion and contraction, moisture and temperature stresses, poor construction quality, loss of support underneath the slab, and other similar causes. Often a combination of these factors contributes to the propagation and widening of cracks over time resulting in surface roughness if not repaired properly. Wide crack even requires reconstruction or a full-depth repair. Cracks should be repaired with a durable material lasting for longer life. To repair these cracks, several materials and procedures have been developed. The efficiency of these materials and procedures depends on weather conditions and application efficiency. This study aims to develop a cost-effective magnesium oxychloride cement-based micro concrete for a faster repair of wide cracks; 25 mm or more. To simulate the conditions in the laboratory beam specimens cast and tested for flexure strength failure were used. Then broken beams were repaired by laboratory-developed MOC cement-based micro concrete and again tested for flexure strength. It was found that up to about 80% flexure strength can be restored in one day.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 08:57:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407436</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilization of MgCl₂ solution to control collapse potential of soil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Collapsible soil is categorized as problematic soil that creates construction difficulties in geotechnical applications. Extensive land development due to urbanization has increased construction on problematic soil which forced engineers and researchers to explore stabilization techniques to be used efficiently on such soil. In this study, different percentages of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) solutions were mixed with locally acquired collapsible soil and series of oedometer tests were performed to quantify collapse potential of raw soil and MgCl₂-soil mix specimens. In addition, the effect of curing time on collapse potential were studied for samples cured at 0, 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Results indicate that at a lower percentage of MgCl₂ solution, longer curing time was required to reduce collapse potential as compared to the value obtained for the raw soil. Overall, 7% of MgCl₂ and 28 days curing time results showed the best effect on stabilization of collapsibility of soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1909095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of the two chemical treatments (CaCl₂ and MgCl₂) as dust suppressants on gravel roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness of dust treatments on gravel roads. Two dust suppressant types: CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ were used in this study on 26 gravel roadway segments. Two dust measuring devices: HAZ-DUST EPAM-5000 and Colorado State University (CSU) Dustometer were used to measure the fugitive dust emissions. The variables that might have an impact on the effectiveness of dust treatments were also collected. The data collection included traffic counts, 85th percentile speed, soil properties (moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit and percent passing through #200 sieve) and most importantly, dust emission. Statistical analyses indicated that dust emission was reduced by 87% after applying treatment compared to before treatment. HAZ-DUST EPAM-5000 (mean: 1.47 mg/m³, standard deviation: 0.93 mg/m³) was performed better than CSU Dustometer (mean: 1.48 mg/m³, standard deviation: 1.37 mg/m³). The dust reduction by applying two chemical treatments, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂, was very close to each other. Also, before applying treatment, traffic counts, % fines passing #200 sieve and annual rainfall were found to be significant. After applying treatment percent, no variable was found to be significant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2022 16:15:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Soy Methyl Ester-Polystyrene as a Concrete Protectant on Mitigating the Chemical Interaction between Cement Paste and Calcium Chloride</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1905023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete pavements and bridge decks suffer from severe deterioration caused by the application of chloride-based deicing salts (i.e., NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) during winter. One of them is the formation of a destructive calcium oxychloride (CAOXY) phase caused by the chemical interaction between cement paste and CaCl2/MgCl2. By simulating the practical service conditions, this work investigated the formed CAOXY phase in cement paste exposed to CaCl2 solution and evaluated the performance of soy methyl ester-polystyrene (SME-PS) blend as a promising concrete protectant in mitigating the formation of CAOXY. With the surface treatment of SME-PS, cement paste showed less than 10% of the formed CAOXY phase in control cement paste after being exposed to CaCl2 solution for 28?days. In control cement paste, the amount of formed CAOXY at the exposed surface increased with the exposure time and some of the CAOXY phase formed in the cement paste exhibited a higher phase changing temperature. Moreover, a modified model based on Fick’s second Law was developed for predicting the CAOXY content in concrete with respect to the depth of the exposed surface. This model was verified by the comparison between the predicted values and the data obtained from a low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (LT-DSC) test.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 23 Jan 2022 16:02:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1905023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time impacts of treating pervious concrete with sodium bicarbonate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) deicers applications onto pervious concrete pavements can deteriorate the material, and studies investigate treatments to increase the concrete resistance to MgCl₂ attacks. In this paper, pervious concrete specimens are subjected to a treatment with Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution, which seems to accelerate concrete carbonation and might hamper chemical reactions between MgCl₂ deicer and hydroxides in cement mortar. All specimens had their compressive strength tested and the time frames before and after treatment varied. Results show that at least 2 months should be given post curing before treatment to not harm the concrete, and longer post treatment periods may be beneficial.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 2021 15:28:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889218</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effekt av dammbindningsmedel : en laboratoriestudie</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride have been evaluated in combination with four different fine materials (granite, amphibolite, meta greywacke and naturally occurring silt), which are used for gravel road maintenance. Aqueous solutions of the two salts have been added to the fine material where after rain and drying has been simulated under laboratory conditions. Evaluation has been performed in terms of residual amount of salt after rain simulation, and SEM and optical microscopy on the fine material after drying, respectively It has been difficult to draw any conclusions that would yield new information from the tests. The methodology developed was not able to show agglomeration in the fine fraction of the gravel road material and it was not possible to provide recommendations regarding the dosage of dust binding agents. The tests show that calcium chloride is more efficient in retaining moisture than magnesium chloride when the comparison is based on the amount of flakes used. Agglomeration could not be proven despite several repeated tests. The chemical properties did not differ significantly, the salts behaved similarly and according to earlier known data. Differences in the origin of rock material was negligible compared with the effects of the salts. The added salt was for the most part (with a minimum of 80%) leached out during the rain simulation. No differences between calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or between the different fine materials were observed in terms of leaching. A small difference between leaching of cations and anions was recorded where the cations were retained in the fine material. This might be an ion-exchange effect. Analysis with SEM and optical microscopy did not yield any significant differences between the different combinations of salt and fine materials, respectively. During drying of the fine material it was observed that calcium chloride, calculated as commercial product, could absorb more water than magnesium chloride. This effect persisted also after the rain simulation. The experimental method that was developed during the study did not give any, previously not known, differences between the different salts and fine materials. Probably the system has been simplified to such an extent that relevant parameters were removed or do not reflect real field conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Sep 2021 14:25:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reproducing Corrosion State and Predicting Corrosion Transition of Stainless Steel used in Exhaust System of Vehicles pooled in Coastal Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770716</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When vehicles are pooled in a coastal area, specific disfiguring rust may be generated on exhaust parts made of stainless steel. This study is to build the simulation technique and to clarify the mechanism. This result indicates that the corrosion morphology forms by exhaust heat and magnesium chloride (MgCl₂). Furthermore, the authors conducted seasonal outdoor exposure tests to investigate the main environmental corrosion factors and the corrosion transition behavior of each stainless steel, and built a corrosion prediction method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2021 09:29:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770716</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Side-by-side field comparison of snow and ice control chemicals for anti-icing applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents findings from a side-by-side field comparison of the effectiveness of sodium chloride-based road salt brine (RSB) and magnesium chloride-based Meltdown Apex™ liquid (MDA) as anti-icing chemicals for snow and ice control associated with winter roadway maintenance. The study was sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to support operational decision-making for chemical treatment selections based on the perspective of pavement conditions observed by “the maintenance worker in the truck.” The field test site was a portion of rural service road near Canyon, Texas, located at latitude 350 N. The site was divided into eight 305 m sections that were treated with RSB at 141 l/lane km, MDA at 47 l/lane km, or left untreated for control. Two storm events at the test site during Winter 2014–2015 met pre-established research criteria for snow accumulation and other variables. Test sections were subjected to cycles of plowing, slushing, and additional anti-icing liquid treatment. Digital video data and still image (photo) data were collected throughout the storm events to allow estimation of visible pavement, and vehicle-based decelerometer tests were used to measure pavement friction. Overall results from multiple performance measures indicated comparable effectiveness of RSB and MDA at the applied rates. It was also noted that application of MDA on dry pavement prior to the storm events significantly reduced the pavement friction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1764717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Magnesium Chloride Deicer on the Durability of Nanosilica-Modified HVFA Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the U.S., approximately 20 million tons of sodium chloride used for every typical winter season, along with unconventional deicers for snow and ice control present new challenges for the durability of concrete infrastructure, beyond freeze/thaw (F/T) damage. For instance, deicer magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is commonly used when pavement temperature drops below 15F, and our recent study [4] has revealed that this chemical can compromise the strength of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete without any visible surface distress, thus evading the traditional inspection methods. In this context, there is an urgent need to identify concrete mixes that are more resistant to MgCl2 by design. High volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete can be cast with denser microstructure and reduced pore sizes, but its resistance to the impact of MgCl2 remains poorly known. Compared with OPC concrete, HVFA concrete (with or without modification by nanosilica) features different microstructure as well as different chemistry of hydrates, and thus may exhibit different behaviors when subjected to physical loading (e.g., F/T cycles) and chemical loading (e.g., MgCl2). The overarching goal of this project is to investigate the impacts of MgCl2 on the durability of HVFA concrete in cold climates and the role of nanosilica in the HVFA concrete, in terms of both engineering properties and fundamentals at the micron and nanometer scales. To achieve the goal, this study aims to:
(1) investigate the influences of concentrated and diluted MgCl2 solutions on the durability of HVFA concrete (with or without modification by nanosilica) under both constant ambient temperature and F/T cycling conditions,
(2) characterize physical and chemical deteriorations of the microstructures and different phases of HVFA concrete and elucidate the role of nanosilica on the improved resistance against MgCl2 attack.
The engineering properties of HVFA concrete will be characterized through weight change, compressive and split tensile strengths, water sorptivity and surface resistivity tests. Afterwards, the physical and chemical deteriorations of the microstructures and different phases as well as the beneficial role of nanosilica for the durability will be examined and analyzed through microhardness test, SEM/EDX, XRD, DSC/TGA, EMPA/WDS, and 29Si/27Al MAS-NMR.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Oct 2020 11:02:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1744725</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerating Carbonation in Pervious Concrete for Improved Deicer Resistance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the possibility of treating pervious concrete to be more resistant to chemical attack by deicers, as the use of some deicers has been shown to be detrimental to concrete pavements and the potential reactions between the salts and the cement paste and aggregates are increased in pervious concrete, due to the large contact area inherent to the porous nature of the material. The treatment uses carbonate laden waters in order to accelerate carbonation and provide additional resistance to chemical attack by one specific deicer: magnesium chloride. Fifty pervious concrete cylindrical specimens received the same deicer applications, once a week, for 17 consecutive weeks, mimicking a severe wintertime. Some received treatments prior to the deicer applications and some did not. It was previously shown that the treatment seemed to reduce the compressive strength of some, but not all specimens. Further analyses of the effluent pH during deicer application also indicated little if any changes due to the treatment. However, from studies of the specimens post the compressive strength test, the treatments may have in fact impacted the compressive test capping and the rate of increase in mass during the magnesium chloride applications, therefore more research is needed. Natural carbonation appears to improve pervious concrete resistance to deicers, thus a longer curing period before the winter season is recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2020 17:54:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1735676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Degradation in durability of magnesium oxychloride-coated reinforced steel concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of ordinary reinforced concrete's poor durability in saline soil areas and Qinghai Salt Lake, magnesium oxychloride-coated steel-cement concrete was adopted in this area. The process of the degradation of coated steel bars' durability was evaluated according to the actual service situation of magnesium-oxychloride-coated reinforced concrete in saline soil areas and Qinghai Salt Lake. The corrosion parameters of coated steel bars in magnesium oxychloride cement concrete were obtained by the accelerated immersion and natural corrosion tests in a drying environment. Using the Copula function as the connection function, the corrosion current density of the coated steel obtained by accelerated tests and natural rust tests was adopted as the degradation factor of the edge distribution function. The results demonstrated that the Clayton-Copula function reflects the actual process of the degradation in durability of coated steel bars well, and the coated steel bars reached a severe state of corrosion at 18,250 days.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 10:17:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Pervious Concrete Exposed to Magnesium Chloride Deicers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1697785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pervious concrete can be utilized simultaneously as a pavement surface and part of a stormwater management system. In cold climates, it may be exposed to deicers, many of which have been shown to deteriorate the strength and durability of pavements. Pervious concrete specimens made with limestone, ordinary Portland cement, and tap water were subjected to a 3% MgCl₂ deicing solution weekly for 17 weeks and allowed to air dry between applications, simulating a severe season of deicer applications. Tap water was used as a control. The compressive strengths of the specimens were measured and were slightly less after the deicer application for one batch, but the average compressive strength for the 20 control specimens from different batches was 15.2 MPa with an average porosity of 24.6%. The 22 specimens from different batches with deicer applications averaged 15.6 MPa with an average porosity of 24.3%. Statistical analyses indicate that the strength varied more with porosity than with the deicer applications. The remaining strength of the deicer-exposed specimens is indicative of the resilience of pervious concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2020 15:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1697785</guid>
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