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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The Influence of Interlayer Ironing on Dimensional Accuracy of ASA MEX Manufactured Parts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Continuous research in the field of additive manufacturing has led to the need of constant improvement of manufacturing parameters according to the workpiece material and functioning conditions. Because of the variety of materials use for the manufacturing of filaments these concerns are especially meet in the case of FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) manufacturing, in recent years the main directions outlined for productivity and quality improvement were related to higher printing speed and the use of Ironing-type processes. These directions opened new possibilities for materials with an amorphous structure such as ASA (Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate) or ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), due to their tendency to deform during the manufacturing process. This article aims to study the manufacturing parameters on the dimensional accuracy of the ASA material. The degree of novelty is given by the application of the Ironing process on each individual layer, at different ironing angles. A full factorial 4³ experimental design was designed for this study, in which the factors studied were ironing angle, nozzle diameter, and layer spacing during ironing. The dimensional accuracy was analyzed by means of reverse engineering technique, by scanning the samples and determining the deviations by using a reverse engineering dedicated program Geomagic Design X. The results allowed the drawing of the variation graphs and the possibility of applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA) which provides information about the degree of influence of each of the studied factors. The study found that a 0.6 mm nozzle diameter achieved the best surface smoothness for ironing ASA parts, while a 0.8 mm nozzle provided the highest dimensional accuracy. Additionally, a smaller ironing spacing of 0.1 mm significantly improved dimensional accuracy, compared to a 0.3 mm spacing, due to enhanced heat distribution and material consolidation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 10:46:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579348</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Addressing Inherent Challenges to Chemical Relithiation of Cycled End-of-Life Cathode Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recycling end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is important to retain valuable resources from critical materials present in EOL battery waste. Direct recycling methods offer an opportunity to recover intact valuable cathode materials with minimal re-processing. An important step of the direct recycling process is relithiation which is used to restore lithium content to EOL cathode materials. However, little has been done to study how preprocessing steps such as washing or binder removal may affect relithiation methods in the direct recycling process. Here, the evolution of fluorine byproducts left over from preprocessing steps during a low-temperature chemical redox mediator relithiation process is tracked. A facile washing step is presented as a solution for mediating adverse effects of surface contamination on the chemical relithiation performance. The structure, lithium content, and electrochemical performance of relithiated EOL NMC 622 material that underwent a pre-relithiation washing step to remove fluorine byproducts is shown to match that of pristine NMC 622. In this work, it is showed that redox mediator relithiation as a part of a direct recycling process is a promising low energy method that can be applied to EOL material with inherent surface impurities if the proper pre-relithiation processing steps are implemented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Ball Milling for High-Quality Recycled Aggregates: Examining the Mechanical Processing and Performance of Cement-Treated Bases</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Producing superior-quality recycled aggregates from demolition waste is challenging. Over the years, mechanical treatment methods for removing attached mortar from aggregates have evolved significantly. The studies on effective recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) processing with optimized processing parameters using ball milling and characterization of processed RCA (RCA) are limited. In this study, central composite design in the response surface method was employed to optimize control process factors (charge, revolution time, and aggregate weight) with aggregate properties as responses (percentage mortar removal, water absorption Wₐ, specific gravity Sg, impact value Iᵥ, and abrasion value Aᵥ). The aggregate processed with optimized processing parameters exhibited superior quality with enhanced physical properties. The effect of the processing of RCA on the mechanical properties of cement-treated bases was studied by utilizing processed RCA in cement-treated recycled concrete aggregate mixes. The microstructural analysis was performed using 3D-surface topography, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The test results demonstrated a 63% reduction in water absorption and an improvement in Sg, Iᵥ, and Aᵥ by 12.3%, 38%, and 23.7%, respectively. It is also found that the unconfined compressive strength and flexural strength with processed RCA are improved by 31.5% and 45.7%, respectively. Natural coarse aggregate can be completely replaced with processed RCA in cement-treated bases with the optimized processing method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 16:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521903</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vulnerability assessment of process pipelines affected by flood events</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2229916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Technological accidents can be triggered by the impact of natural events on industrial areas. Recent studies highlight the problem and the need to assess possible damage to process pipelines involved in flooding scenarios. The present study proposes for the first time a vulnerability model for this equipment category impacted by floods and suitable for the implementation in quantitative risk assessment (QRA) studies for the process industry. A mechanical model was first developed and compared against data available from the historical analysis of past accidents. The model is then applied to several geometries of process pipelines, with the aim of extending the range of conditions for failure prediction and developing a set of simplified correlations for the evaluation of pipelines failure. A simplified approach is finally adopted to develop the vulnerability model, in order to estimate the pipelines failure probability based on the analysis of critical design parameters and flooding conditions. In order to test the potentialities of the method, the vulnerability model proposed was implemented in the framework of a QRA and applied to an industrial case-study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Sep 2023 09:08:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2229916</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on materials composition and process parameters of polyurethane-modified asphalt synthesized in-situ by the one-shot process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2141364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To improve the performance of ordinary road asphalt, and overcome the problems of poor thermal storage stability, easy segregation, and high preparation temperature of polymer-modified asphalt such as SBS (styrene–butadienestyrene block copolymer) or rubber powder. Polyurethane-modified asphalt (PUMA) was synthesized in-situ by the one-shot process with varying dosages of polyurethane (PU) raw materials (2.86 wt% ∼ 11.94 wt%) and isocyanate index R (–NCO/–OH) values (2, 3, 5, and 7) for a total of 12 samples, in this study. The material composition, development time, and modification mechanism of PUMA were analyzed using the approach of “macro performance + micro mechanism”. Firstly, the conventional properties, rotational viscosity, and rheological properties of PUMA samples were evaluated and compared to virgin asphalt. Secondly, under the optimal material composition scheme, the conventional performance and thermal storage stability differences between MOCA (3, 3′ -dichloro-4,4′ -diamino diphenyl methane) and BDO (1,4-butanediol) were compared. Comparing the performance of PUMA during the development times of 0 to 12 h, the oven temperature is 105 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) were used to analyze the chemical structure and spatial structure of PU in asphalt. The results indicate that: 1) the higher the R (–NCO/–OH), the higher the asphalt's high-temperature performance, elastic recovery performance, and viscosity, but the lower its low-temperature performance. 2) Under the same R (–NCO/–OH) condition, the increase in PU has little effect on the preceding performance. 3) MOCA is marginally superior to BDO in terms of high-temperature performance, whereas BDO has greater advantages in terms of low-temperature performance; compatibility is comparable. 4) At 105 °C, the performance continued to improve for 0 to 5 h, but after 5 to 12 h, the improvement was no longer noticeable. 5) Due to the reaction of the isocyanate group with the polyol and the active group in the asphalt, functional groups such as carbamate and urea are directly synthesized in the asphalt, allowing the PU molecular chain to expand and form a network structure within the asphalt. This procedure modifies the performance of the virgin asphalt. These findings not only improve the understanding of the effect of optimal material composition and development time on the properties of PUMA, but they also provide direction for future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 May 2023 17:08:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2141364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spent lithium ion battery (LIB) recycle from electric vehicles: A mini-review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2100277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrifying transportation through the large-scale implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective route for mitigating urban atmospheric pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and alleviating petroleum-derived fossil fuel reliance. However, huge dumps of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged worldwide as a consequence of their extensive use in EVs. With the increasing shortage in LIB raw materials, the recycling of spent LIBs has become a fundamental part of a sustainable approach for energy storage applications, considering the potential economic and environmental benefits. In this mini-review, the authors will provide a state-of-the-art overview of LIB recycling processes (e.g., echelon utilization, pretreatment, valuable metal leaching and separation). They then discuss the sustainability of current LIB recycling processes from the perspectives of life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic feasibility. Finally, they highlight the existing challenges and possibilities of LIB recycling processes and provide future directions that can bridge the gap between proof-of-concept bench demonstrations and facility-scale field deployments through mutual efforts from academia, industry, and government. It is expected that this review could provide a guideline for enhancing spent LIB recycling and facilitating the sustainable development of the field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2023 13:28:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2100277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Three indexes to characterise crushing and screening of reclaimed asphalt pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2083814</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The more reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is used in asphalt production, the more properties of the pavement depend on the characteristics of the RAP. Crushing and sieving of RAP into different fractions are the most used means of RAP processing that can allow ensuring consistency and the desired properties of the produced mixture. Currently, however, there is no method to compare different RAP processing methods. Here the authors propose three indexes to evaluate crushing and screening of RAP – Chunk index, Breakdown index, and Filler increase index (CBF indexes). These indexes are derived from the black and white grading curves of RAP and, therefore, can be of practical use for asphalt producers. Through full-scale validation with four different crushers, the authors found that the indexes allow for a quantitative comparison of different RAP processing methods and can be used to optimise the configuration of a particular crusher. A calculation tool is attached to the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2022 12:43:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2083814</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RES2023-14: Improved Management Strategies of Processing Acid Producing Materials on Transportation Projects </title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2006283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway excavation cuts in Tennessee frequently encounter rock, 
shale, or soil materials that could be considered acid producing 
material (APM). The geotechnical material properties of APM are 
adequate for roadway fill, but the APM produces acidic leachate that 
creates a condition of environmental pollution. 
Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) has prepared a 
guidance manual in 2007 for dealing with these types of projects. TDOT 
routinely uses these design and construction protocols for proper 
handling of APM with APM processing strategies consist of blending 
with lime, relocating to landfills, or placement in engineered 
encapsulation cells on-site or off-site. These strategies, however, result 
in considerable increases in project costs and reductions in 
construction productivity, thus driving the need to assess current APM 
construction procedures to enhance the management of APM 
encountered in TDOT roadway projects with improved cost effectiveness and construction productivity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Aug 2022 14:16:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2006283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-process tooling for discontinuous carbon and hybrid glass fiber thermoplastics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Expensive tooling often constraints the use of composites in the design and development of automotive parts. While there is significant confidence and knowledge in sheet and bulk metals, composite processes are less understood in mass production environment. The processes used to produce composites and resulting properties are influenced by fiber length attrition, resin to fiber ratio, process waste etc. Tool designs are determined very early in the engineering process. It is cost prohibitive to build additional tools, in the event it becomes obvious a better processing method and material would be beneficial, the original decision is not easily changed. In the present work the authors recognize the bottleneck of tooling costs and provide an approach of multi-process tooling. The innovation of this work is the design and demonstration of a single tool for different processes namely injection, injection-compression and extrusion-compression. The materials used in this study were long and short fiber thermoplastics (LFTs and SFTs). The resulting structure-property relationships have been reported for the materials and processing methods with a battery tray (BT) tool.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2022 16:39:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2001742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating Potentially Hazardous COVID-19 Waste into Portland Cement Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1996383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Safe disposal of hazardous biological waste is of paramount importance particularly in the presence of pandemics such as the COVID-19. Over the past two years, the world has been using large amounts of protective objects such as face masks and hand gloves as means for protection. Yet, there has been no clear global plan for the safe handling and disposal of this potentially hazardous waste. This work aims at investigating safe means for incorporating COVID-19 face masks and gloves into concrete without drastically affecting concrete properties. To meet this objective, various types of potentially contaminated gloves and face masks were shredded and incorporated into concrete mixtures. Shredding of the waste was conducted into two different sizes. Fresh and hardened concrete properties were assessed through a testing scheme. To further ensure the safety of handling and incorporating the waste, leaching tests were performed using agents such as colored dye, epoxy, and harmless bacteria. The study yielded that the mechanical properties of concrete mixes were significantly affected by the size of the shredded materials and their dosages in the concrete mix. All leaching tests indicated nil leakage of the tested substances thus indicating safe disposal of such wastes. Provided that strict health and safety measures are taken, COVID-19 waste can be incorporated in lean and low strength concrete. In parallel, the need arose to develop a collection and handling model to ensure safe and effective process of handling this waste. Recommendations are provided to safely dispose such wastes into Portland cement concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 11:39:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1996383</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study of Incremental Forming Process of Polycarbonate Sheets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1847276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a study of single point incremental sheet forming of polycarbonate sheets. Due to its reduced costs, short time process preparation, high flexibility and promising part accuracy, this manufacturing technology caught the attentions of research and companies from different industrial fields. Polycarbonate is a versatile material with good machinability and properties like high durability, stiffness and high impact-resistance recommends these materials for the manufacturing of different exterior components of automotive. These parts are formed of complex shape cavities and must present a good surface appearance and resistance. The main purpose of the paper is to investigate the capabilities and phenomena involved for single point incremental forming technology applied for generating specific geometries on polycarbonates sheet. The paper analyzes various process strategies by using different CAD/CAM tools with the aim to achieve increased geometrical accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 2021 12:34:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1847276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A practical approach to estimate the degree of binder activity of reclaimed asphalt materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848329</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) in new asphalt mixtures can reduce the amount of new material required thereby saving money and natural resources. In addition, asphalt mixtures with RA have shown comparable properties and performance to that generally associated with asphalt mixtures made with 100% virgin material. However, RA content in pavement surface layers is still limited due to specification and technical limitations. For higher contents, the aged RA binder must be analysed to accurately determine the requirements for virgin binders and additives while the degree of blending (DOB) between the RA binder and the virgin binder also needs to be quantified. This is not a simple process and generally designers assume one of two opposing theories associated with 100% (full blending) or 0% (“Black Rock”) DOB. This paper proposes a new approach to estimate a unique property of the RA known as the Degree of Binder Activity (DoA) as a function of the processing temperatures of the RA. The study showed positive results and indicated that this DoA approach can be used as a tool to better understand RA in order to improve the binder/blend design for recycled asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2021 14:23:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848329</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Comparison of Implementation Items of Reverse Logistics in Terms of Chosen Companies in Europe and Slovakia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838749</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reverse logistics is new, continuously developing area and there is only limited amount of information about it. Reconstruction or recovery can be also included in definition of the reverse logistics. Redesigning of packaging materials or reducing of air pollution and energy consumption in transport are very important activities, but they should be valued more in the world of "green" logistics. The authors do not speak about the reverse logistics if any goods or material is not sent “back”. The reverse logistics also includes processing of goods returned due to its damage, seasonal goods, waste, and withdrawal of goods and in case of excessive stock. It also includes recycling and activities with dangerous material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Apr 2021 17:27:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838749</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing the variability of multi-source reclaimed asphalt pavement materials: A practice in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1767763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The variability of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials obtained from different sources is a major concern for the industry when recycling RAP for recycled asphalt mixtures. Many efforts have been made to minimize RAP variability by pre-mixing, crushing, and sieving of the RAP stockpile. In this study, a perspective for reducing RAP variability is proposed by grouping RAP sources with similar material characteristics, which is expected to minimize such variability from the origin. To is end, an asphalt pavement maintenance project located in South China with 16 RAP sources was selected for the study. Furthermore, material characteristics including aggregate gradation, binder softening point, penetration, and dynamic viscosity of recovered asphalt, for RAP obtained from various sources are analyzed by testing on core samples. After the aggregate gradation is presented via Fréchet similarity, a K-means cluster analysis is conducted with the involvement of aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and softening point of recovered asphalt. Then, the RAP sources are grouped into three groups with similar material characteristics. The results show that there is a significant difference in RAP material characteristics even for the same pavement, and the procedure developed in this study helps to reduce the RAP variability while increasing the RAP maximum addition amount for producing recycled asphalt mixture. The results may be of interest to construction contractors and road management departments because this study was intentionally conducted for use in practical applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2021 10:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1767763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unraveling the Mechanical Behavior of AA 7075 - WC Nanocomposites Developed through FSP Route</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is a solid-state processing approach that alters and enhances the properties of the matrix material. The prime objective of this research work was aluminium alloy 7075-T6 which has zinc as key alloying element next to aluminium and other alloying elements is reinforced by varying 0, 3, 6 and 9 wt.% tungsten carbide nanoparticles by FSP route. During experimentation, the FSP processing parameters like tool speed, traverse speed, axial load, and tool were being kept constant with four passes of processing. The test samples were prepared and tested as per standard procedures like hardness, ultimate tensile strength, impact strength and average values were recorded. Also, fracture surface morphology was studied. Among all the combinations of test samples at a 9 wt% addition of tungsten carbide nanoparticles of FSP-ed aluminium alloy 7075-T6 sample exhibited a higher value of 53 HV microhardness and 150 MPa increase in the ultimate tensile strength and 5.1 J/mm2 increased impact strength were obtained. This was due to the presence of more wt% tungsten carbide nanoparticles plays a major role in the stirred zone. The microhardness and tensile strength increased due to the four passes resulting in a decrease of the grains in the stir zone as the dislocations become more difficult and tungsten carbide nano particles restrict the movement of grain boundaries. The tensile tested samples fracture surface morphology of the revealed deep dimples representing a good ductility. Thus, the processed metal matrix composites were suitable for higher-end applications like marine, automobile, and military.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2020 09:27:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1742867</guid>
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