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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Older drivers' road traffic crashes and driver-impairing health conditions : Swedish national register-based epidemiological studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the world's population is ageing, road safety faces the challenge of an increasing number of older drivers, some with age-related medical conditions that may impair functions needed for driving. However, despite the large and growing body of literature concerning potentially driver-impairing (PDI) medical conditions and their association with road traffic crash (crash hereinafter) in older drivers, few have national coverage and many of the studies and those who focus on a large number of PDI conditions are often dated. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to increase the knowledge about the association between medical conditions and crash involvement, with a focus on new generations of older drivers. Four studies were conducted, all with national coverage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752027</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigating Transfer of Input Device Practice on Psychomotor Performance in an Aviation Selection Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: We explored transfer of learning from brief practice with different input devices in the Navy’s Performance Based Measures Battery (PBM), a psychomotor subset of the Aviation Selection Test Battery (ASTB). Background: The PBM is a set of computerized tests used as a part of the ASTB to select aviators in the U.S. military. Official practice is not available, leading candidates to practice with unofficial re-creations and with or without access to the stick and throttle used on the PBM. Method: Our between-subjects study with 152 cadets from the U.S. Military Academy evaluated the impact of mouse/keyboard or stick/throttle practice on the psychomotor portions of the PBM compared to a control group that was only presented with an informational video. Results: The results showed that practice with either input device resulted in improved performance relative to control on the PBM’s two-dimensional airplane tracking task (ATT). For the simpler vertical tracking task (VTT), the mouse/keyboard group showed significantly worse performance than either stick/throttle practice or control groups, indicating a transfer cost from practicing with an alternative input device. Conclusion: The results suggest that becoming familiar with the unique dynamics of the ATT may be more important than practicing with the appropriate input device. Conversely, device-specific motor learning appears to be a more impactful determinant of performance for the simpler VTT. This indicates that transfer effects from alternative input devices depend in part on properties of the task. Application: This research can inform practice policies for psychomotor test selection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 08:55:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640603</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>”Man tänker att folk med funktionsnedsättning inte kan cykla” : en studie om hur personer med funktionsnedsättning upplever barriärer och möjligheter för att cykla</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For people with disabilities, cycling can counteract negative developments for physical health and increase social participation. Despite this, few people with disabilities cycle compared to people without disabilities. The study aims to investigate how people with disabilities experience barriers and opportunities for cycling (the focus has not been on any specific disability). A further aim is to identify areas for improvement regarding the target group's conditions for cycling. A survey and an interview study have been conducted, targeting people with disabilities (both cyclists and non-cyclists). In addition, a workshop with stakeholders working with cycling and/or disability issues has been conducted, which complemented the survey and interview study. The biopsychosocial model was used for a coherent analysis. Respondents see several advantages of cycling, primarily that it benefits health and well-being. However, opportunities to cycle can be limited or prevented by various barriers, such as high cost of adapted bicycles, deficiencies in infrastructure and road maintenance, and lack of information and support for cyclists/potential cyclists with disabilities. There is also a perception that various societal stakeholders insufficiently recognise and accommodate the needs of cyclists with disabilities. Furthermore, the design of the bicycle itself is of significance, not only from an aesthetic standpoint, but also in terms of functionality and safety within the traffic environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666541</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Perceptual-motor skills in cycling: towards an affordance-based control approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research in experimental psychology has contributed to the understanding of safe and effective transport. Analysing the perceptual-motor skills that support safely riding a vehicle and navigating the traffic environment has practical implications for improving educational programs, transport policies, and infrastructure and vehicle design. First, this critical review presents the state of art on experimental studies examining perceptual-motor skills in cycling. Experimental studies have often used cycling simulators or virtual reality lab settings leading to circumstances where perception and cognition are measured independent of action. Other experimental studies have examined perceptual-motor skills for controlling a vehicle but rarely used in-situ settings that sample real traffic contexts. Last, experimental studies have often investigated how individuals perform and behave to achieve the task-goal without considering the individual constraints, notably dynamic perception of body size and the action capabilities of the participants. Instead, the authors argue that current research would benefit from viewing cycling as a person-plus-object system, emphasising the mutual and reciprocal couplings between the individual, the vehicle and the environment. Anchored in ecological psychology, this review explores how an affordance-based control approach brings a novel perspective to study cycling by addressing how individuals attune to relevant information for action, grounded in and scaled to their action capabilities, and perceiving the opportunities for action offered by the environment (defined as “affordances”) to navigate dynamic traffic safely and effectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 10:28:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison Between Scene-Independent and Scene-Dependent Eye Metrics in Assessing Psychomotor Skills</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: This study aims to compare the relative sensitivity between scene-independent and scene-dependent eye metrics in assessing trainees' performance in simulated psychomotor tasks. Background: Eye metrics have been extensively studied for skill assessment and training in psychomotor tasks, including aviation, driving, and surgery. These metrics can be categorized as scene-independent or scene-dependent, based on whether predefined areas of interest are considered. There is a paucity of direct comparisons between these metric types, particularly in their ability to assess performance during early training. Method: Thirteen medical students practiced the peg transfer task in the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery. Scene-independent and scene-dependent eye metrics, completion time, and tool motion metrics were derived from eye-tracking data and task videos. K-means clustering of nine eye metrics identified three groups of practice trials with similar gaze behaviors, corresponding to three performance levels verified by completion time and tool motion metrics. A random forest model using eye metrics estimated classification accuracy and determined the feature importance of the eye metrics. Results: Scene-dependent eye metrics demonstrated a clearer linear trend with performance levels than scene-independent metrics. The random forest model achieved 88.59% accuracy, identifying the top four predictors of performance as scene-dependent metrics, whereas the two least effective predictors were scene-independent metrics. Conclusion: Scene-dependent eye metrics are overall more sensitive than scene-independent ones for assessing trainee performance in simulated psychomotor tasks. Application: The study’s findings are significant for advancing eye metrics in psychomotor skill assessment and training, enhancing operator competency, and promoting safe operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 15:10:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variations in EEG Signals Across Different Brain Regions During Motor Imagery and Execution Tasks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electroencephalography techniques used in Brain computer interface to control external devices. Different BCI applications based on EEG were reported such as controlling the robotic arm, computer courser or gaming. Motor execution and motor imagery are both used as EEG input control signals to control the peripheral devices. However, some applications are required to control the peripheral devices using thoughts (motor imagery) only. In this case, differentiation between actual and imagery action is crucial. In this work, the investigation of the changes of the power spectrum of the EEG bands including alpha and beta bands in the different brain regions. The public dataset recorded from 60 subjects in different movements task were used. Th Alpha (8-12 Hz) and Beta (13-30 Hz) were extracted from the recorded EEG signals. After the preprocessing, the power spectrum was calculated for each band in four brain regions including central sulcus, motor cortex, sensorimotor cortex. The results reveal that significant differences were found in the area in the alpha and beta bands in the motor cortex and sensorimotor cortex. while in the central sulcus the differences were insignificant. The results of this study are still preliminary and more investigation using different EEG quantities and features are required. Additionally, this study needs to be validated with another dataset.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2025 12:03:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528518</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessment of safety orientation in driving skills aligned with performance: a data-triangulation approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate assessment of Subjective Driving Skills (SDS) is crucial for improving road safety, as direct methods are often biased and do not align well with actual driving performance. This study aimed to develop an unbiased SDS assessment method aligned with driving performance. The specific objectives are (1) reducing bias in SDS assessments, (2) verifying alignment between assessed safety orientation and ground driving performance, and (3) exploring the influence of socio-demographic factors on safety orientation. A combined questionnaire and photographic speed survey were conducted among 389 experienced car drivers in Mangalore, India. Factor analysis, a Double Lane Change (DLC) test conducted on the ground with a test vehicle equipped with Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were performed. Factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure: Perceptual-Motor (PM) and safety skills. Further, PM and safety skills scores were calculated using factor loadings, and safety orientation was determined from their difference. DLC results showed that the assessed safety orientation aligned with the ground performance. Correlation and regression analyses showed that male drivers perceived slightly higher PM skills than female drivers. PM skills decreased with age, while safety orientation increased. Academic education had no significant effect on safety skills or safety orientation. While on-road exposure improved PM skills, weekly driving distance reduced safety orientation. Formally trained drivers had slightly higher safety skills and safety orientation than lay-instructed drivers. These findings provide several valuable insights for enhancing road safety. They suggest that safety programs address overconfidence in male drivers, incorporate road safety awareness into educational curriculums, and offer enhanced training for all experienced drivers. Younger drivers may benefit from targeted safety campaigns, while professional drivers could require specialised safety programs. Regular safety assessments and refresher courses are crucial for maintaining safety awareness, particularly for drivers with higher weekly driving distances.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2025 09:34:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishing the Predictive Validity of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills for Driving Performance Outcomes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2422931</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) test is used to evaluate performance of activities of daily living (ADLs). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the AMPS would be an appropriate tool to determine fitness to drive in older adults. The study utilized a cross-sectional observational design, with 388 participants across three driving rehabilitation programs in three states. Logistical regression results showed a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 88.8% for AMPS scores. Cross-validation results showed a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 88.4%. It was concluded that the AMPS can successfully be used to discriminate between drivers who are likely to pass a comprehensive driving evaluation and those who are likely to either need restrictions or to fail the evaluation. Occupational therapists can use the tool to ascertain when to refer older drivers to a driving evaluation or to driving rehabilitation services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2024 17:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2422931</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bicycling tasks relation to stability measures during alcohol intoxication</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bicycling accidents are a major traffic safety problem and are deemed ‘an unacceptable human and social price for EU citizens’. One of the major causes for bicycling accidents is loss of balance. A related influencing factor is alcohol intoxication. It is a primary, long term, safety objective to develop safety systems for the cyclist. The present work aimed to understand how to measure cyclists’ instability via steering and leaning inputs, while considering that steering and leaning might vary depending on the cycling task being performed. Of 28 participants, 19 were given doses of alcohol up to 1.0‰ and 9 remained sober (control group). Breath alcohol concentration was measured. The participants repeated the cycling test track session five times (with each block lasting 35 minutes). The track session contained three different tasks: cycling slalom, straight, and slowly. Speed, yaw rate, and roll rate were assessed continuously. Yaw rate and roll rate were relatively sensitive for the different cycling tasks. The threshold level of the angular velocity measurements was related to the cycling task performed. Alcohol intoxication at 0.7‰ had a significant impact on performance. The rather simple measurements used can detect instability. Instability should be measured differently depending on the cycling task performed. The study represents a small step towards a safety system for cyclists.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Oct 2024 09:07:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aktivt resande och uppmärksamhet : vilka krav ställer trafikmiljön på barns och ungdomars uppmärksamhet?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project examines how children's age affects their ability to be attentive in traffic when cycling or walking to school. The data material consists of answers to a questionnaire about school routes (432 students from 45 different schools), a semi-controlled field study where the children's behaviour on the way to school was logged (20 pedestrians, 42 cyclists), as well as an observational study in various intersections (609 pedestrians, 277 cyclists). The results indicate that the traffic environment, rather than the age of the child, influences how well the attention requirements in a situation are met. This goes hand in hand with previous research which shows that it largely depends on the traffic environment whether it is safe to be there, and that there is no general age limit for when it is appropriate to participate in traffic. Rather, the design of the environment plays a significant role in how well the attentional demands can be managed. It also turned out to be important whether the students moved in a group or by themselves and how the groups were composed both in terms of age and mode of travel. The results from the data collections show that infrastructure design, the direction of travel, road user types and traffic rules influence which areas are important to scan visually to ensure that the road is clear. By adding such information to a geographic information system (GIS), one can systematically investigate how changes in the infrastructure affect attention requirements for different road user types and in different situations. A first implementation has been done in the project to demonstrate the potential of a GIS tool that takes attention requirements into account. Such a tool would make it easier for planners and others who shape traffic environments so that these can be designed in a way that is and feels safe for children and young people.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:05:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389053</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The contrasted evolution of cycling during youth. Determinants of bicycle ownership and use</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cycling during youth is characterized in many countries by two trends: its decline over the course of several decades (termed the generation effect) and its decline over the life course of individuals (the age effect). This paper addresses the age effect through a survey carried out among young people aged 12–20 (𝘯 = 1,358) in a Swiss city. It goes beyond the cyclist/non-cyclist dichotomy and identifies several cases in terms of skills (ability to ride a bike), access (ownership of a bike), and uses (reasons for and frequency of cycling). While most young people (98%) learned how to ride a bike as a child, an important minority do not continue cycling beyond childhood. Among those who continue, the use of the bike often changes over time to become less utilitarian and more recreational and occasional. The main determinants explaining cycling practices among young people are socialization (the parents’ cycling practices and level of education), gender, and the spaces of everyday life (place of residence and school). The results point to several levers to foster cycling among young people, to anchor sustainable mobility practices for years to come.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Feb 2024 15:54:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2334540</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The importance of individual characteristics on bicycle performance during alcohol intoxication</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2339954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bicycling accidents are a well-known problem for traffic safety globally. Alcohol intoxication is one possible factor, although the exact number of accidents due to intoxication is difficult to establish. Not all bicyclists act in the same way, particularly when under the influence of alcohol, i.e., bicycling performance might be related to a bicyclist's personal characteristics. This study aimed to investigate if the bicyclist's characteristics (bicycling experience, physical fitness, or sensation seeking scores) influence bicycling stability, cognitive performance, or self-rated bicycling ability ratings at different levels of alcohol intoxication. The experiment was completed on a wide treadmill, which allowed control of several influencing factors such as speed and physical effort. Intoxicated and sober participants bicycled on the treadmill five times for 10 minutes each time, and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) levels were measured five times. Participants were given doses of alcohol up to a BrAC level of 0.8%. The results revealed that alcohol intoxication had a significant effect on stability, cognitive executive functions, and self-rated ability to bicycle on the treadmill. Group characteristics had an effect on bicycling performance and on self-ratings of bicycling ability when intoxicated. Alcohol intoxication affects stability, cognitive performance, and perceived ability to bicycle. Group characteristics are important for examining possible self-regulated behavior, as some groups rate that they can bicycle safely, even when there is an objective decrease in stability and executive functions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:54:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2339954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How does training influence use and understanding of advanced vehicle technologies: a simulator evaluation of driver behavior and mental models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advanced vehicle technologies such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) promise increased safety and convenience but are also sophisticated and complex. Their presence in vehicles affects how drivers interact with the technologies and how drivers must know about these technologies. To maximize safety benefits, drivers must use such systems appropriately. They must understand how these technologies work and how they may change drivers' traditional responsibilities. Training has been recognized as an effective tool for accelerating knowledge and skills in traditional driving. Consequently, training is gaining recognition as an important tool for improving drivers' knowledge, understanding, and appropriate use of vehicle technologies as well. This study evaluated the effects of different training methods on drivers' use and understanding of vehicle automation, specifically Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). Licensed drivers with little to no experience with ADAS features were randomly assigned into groups based on three training conditions: two experimental groups, ‘User Manual’ and ‘Visualization’, and a control group with a ‘Sham’ training. Participants were surveyed on their understanding of Adaptive Cruise Control before and after training. They also drove an advanced driving simulator equipped with ACC. The simulated drive offered multiple opportunities for the drivers to interact with the ACC and included embedded cues for engaging with the system and embedded probes to measure driver awareness of the system state. The results found a significant overall increase in knowledge of ACC after training for the experimental groups. Drivers in the experimental training groups also had better real-time awareness of the system state than the control group. The results indicate that training is associated with improved knowledge about the systems. It also shows differential effects of different approaches to training, with text-based training showing greater improvement. These findings have important implications for the design and deployment of these systems, and for policies around driver licensing and education.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 May 2023 16:54:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2173639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fit for purpose of on-the-road driving and simulated driving: A randomised crossover study using the effect of sleep deprivation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114995</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drivers should be aware of possible impairing effects of alcohol, medicinal substance, or fatigue on driving performance. Such effects are assessed in clinical trials, including a driving task or related psychomotor tasks. However, a choice between predicting tasks must be made. Here, the authors compare driving performance with on-the-road driving, simulator driving, and psychomotor tasks using the effect of sleep deprivation.  This two-way cross over study included 24 healthy men with a minimum driving experience of 3000km per year. Psychomotor tasks, simulated driving, and on-the-road driving were assessed in the morning and the afternoon after a well-rested night and in the morning after a sleep-deprived night. Driving behaviour was examined by calculating the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP).  SDLP increased after sleep deprivation for simulated (10cm, 95%CI:6.7–13.3) and on-the-road driving (2.8cm, 95%CI:1.9–3.7). The psychomotor test battery detected effects of sleep deprivation in almost all tasks. Correlation between on-the-road tests and simulator SDLP after a well-rested night (0.63, p < .001) was not present after a night of sleep deprivation (0.31, p = .18). Regarding the effect of sleep deprivation on the psychomotor test battery, only adaptive tracking correlated with the SDLP of the driving simulator (-0.50, p = .02). Other significant correlations were related to subjective VAS scores.  The lack of apparent correlations and difference in sensitivity of performance of the psychomotor tasks, simulated driving and, on-the-road driving indicates that the tasks may not be interchangeable and may assess different aspects of driving behaviour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Mar 2023 08:44:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2114995</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Frustration free interaction : physiologically quantifying pain points in ADAS and infotainment interactions for inexperienced users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2075228</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project addresses a need that emerges from two current trends. One is the increasing interaction complexity in modern vehicles, in particular for safety oriented Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and for many Infotainment features. The other trend is a predicted decrease in driving skills due to reduced practice for a significant part of the population, as a large part of society is expected to move from car ownership to car sharing. A typical car sharing customer uses the car about one fifth of the time of what is typical for a private car owner. The opportunities to learn and train with ADAS and Infotainment systems are thus greatly reduced, and time between “lessons” can be quite long, meaning that “first use” type problems can be experienced over and over again. Together, these trends point to a growing need for methods through which interaction frustration events for ADAS and Infotainment systems quickly can be identified and addressed during development. An interaction frustration event (or an interaction pain point) takes place when a user either unexpectedly gets stuck, i.e. does not understand how to continue an interaction sequence or is negatively surprised when a system influences vehicle control in an unexpected way. Being able to pinpoint and remove these during development is crucial if all users are to have full access to the safety and efficiency potential that modern ADAS and infotainment systems provide. The aim of the current project was to explore other methods for evaluation of ADAS and Infotainment interaction. In particular, the potential for using physiological indicators of experienced frustration as markers for interaction pain points was to be investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2022 11:41:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2075228</guid>
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