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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A Study of the Effects of Injected Chemical Soil Stabilizers on Expansive Clays and Claystones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects that organic material has on swell potential and strength of lime-treated expansive clay were determined through laboratory testing.  Four soils (one natural and three manufactured) subjected to different laboratory tests were used to analyze the effects of organic material in lime treatment.  The laboratory testing program consisted of Atterberg limits, Eads and Grim pH, linear shrinkage, standard compaction, one dimensional swell, and unconfined compression which were used to identify the differences between the physical properties of untreated and treated soils.  The soils' physical properties were then graphically and statically analyzed for significant changes.  The results indicate that swell potential can practically be reduced to zero, while strength can only be slightly improved.  This report also includes soil chemical property data and X-ray diffraction information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2006 09:51:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION OF THE WP4 DEWPOINT POTENTIAMETER PHASE I AND II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[1. Select and sample subject clay soil(s) to use for evaluation. 2. Determine the basic physical properties of the subject soil(s).  Suggest multiple tests for selected properties to be determined on representative samples.  Index Properties: Atterberg Limits, Linear Shrinkage, Grain Size Distribution, Compaction Characteristics, Swell Potential at various water contents.  3. Using both the WP4 and the Filter Paper method, determine the water content-soil suction curves for the soil(s). 4. Determine a way(s) to differentiate, through testing, the matric and osmotic suction of the soil(s) at differing water contents, using the WP4 and Filter Paper method.  5. Using the subject soil(s), make up large, homogenous samples to be distributed to test laboratories volunteering to conduct a specified test protocol using the WP4.  6. Synthesize the results of the Round-Robin Testing and provide a report to the participants.  7. Develop a testing protocol and testing standard for the use of the WP4 for measurement of clay soil suction.  8. Submit the testing standard to ASTM committee D-18 for possible adoption.  9. Analyze results of testing and provide project report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Feb 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748352</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/120971</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A NEW TEST PROCEDURE WAS DEVELOPED FOR A LABORATORY METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS. THIS IS A RAPID, RELIABLE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE POTENTIAL VOLUME CHANGE FOR SOILS SUBJECTED TO ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING. IN THE ATTEMPT TO FIND A SUITABLE METHOD FOR DETERMINING SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL, TWO OTHER TYPES OF TESTS WERE EXAMINED, /1/ THE GEORGIA VOLUME-CHANGE TEST, AND /2/ A RAPID CYCLE WETTING AND DRYING PROCEDURE BASED ON PORTERS WORK IN TEXAS. NEITHER METHOD WAS SUCCESSFUL BUT FOLLOWING PORTERS SUGGESTION A PROCEDURE WAS DEVISED TO DETERMINE WHETHER ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING WOULD ACHIEVE AN EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION OF SHRINKING AND SWELLING REGARDLESS OF INITIAL MOISTURE AND DENSITY CONDITION. USING THE CYCLIC WETTING AND DRYING PROCEDURE, TESTS WERE MADE ON 12 SOILS HAVING A HIGH RANGE OF SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL. HOWEVER, THIS METHOD REQUIRES ONE OR MORE WEEKS TO COMPLETE A TEST. IN AN EFFORT TO SHORTEN THE TIME REQUIRED, 12 SOILS WERE TESTED BY 8 OTHER VOLUME-CHANGE OR SWELL PRESSURE TESTS, TO RELATE THE INITIAL SWELL POTENTIAL TO SOME OTHER TEST REQUIRING LESS TESTING TIME. BASED ON THE GOOD CORRELATION WITH SHRINK- SWELL POTENTIAL AND EASE OF TESTING, LINEAR SHRINKAGE WAS SELECTED AS THE BEST SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SLOWER CYCLIC WETTING AND DRYING METHOD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:37:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/120971</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEAVE STABILIZATION OF MANCOS SHALE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF STABILIZATION ADDITIVES ON MANCOS SHALE IN SOUTHERN UTAH, CONTAINING MONTMORILLONITE WHICH CAUSES SEASONAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. CALCITIC HYDRATED LIME, TYPE V PORTLAND CEMENT, AND COMBINATIONS OF LIME AND CEMENT WERE USED AS STABILIZATION ADDITIVES. THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITIVES ON EXPANSION, UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, AND PLASTIC LIMIT IS PRESENTED. CHARACTERISTICS OF SHALE EXPANSION AS DETERMINED BY LINEAL VOLUME CHANGE AND BY EXPANSIVE PRESSURE ARE STUDIED. THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION INDICATE THAT SHALE EXPANSION MAY BE REDUCED AND IN SOME CASES ELIMINATED BY PRECONDITIONING THE SHALE WITH HYDRATED LIME AND THEN STABILIZING THE SHALE-LIME MIXTURE WITH PORTLAND CEMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:30:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119808</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RING SHRINKAGE TEST FOR EXPANSIVE CLAYS: A SUGGESTED SIMPLE TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING VERTICAL, LATERAL, AND VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE POTENTIAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/677573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Evaluation of the soil volume change potential for both swelling and shrinkage under changing moisture conditions is generally needed for both preliminary and detailed soil investigations for sites having expansive clays.  The paper presents a new soil testing method called the ring shrinkage test.  The ring shrinkage test is a test method for expansive clays and can be used to describe quantitatively the soil shrinkage potential. The test provides direct measurements of the linear shrinkage in the form of vertical and lateral changes.  In addition, the test provides an alternative test method for determining the shrinkage limit and volumetric shrinkage.  The method requires undisturbed samples, and it utilizes the standard oedometer ring of consolidation testing equipment.  Description of the proposed test method is presented including details of specimen preparation and data measurements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/677573</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN EVALUATION OF EXPEDIENT METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPANSIVE SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report concludes an evaluation of expedient methodology for identifying and qualitatively classifying potentially expansive soils.  Seventeen published techniques used for identification/classification purposes were reviewed and evaluated using data collected from an extensive laboratory testing program.  A definition of potential swell that is more consistent with field simulation requirements and more representative of in situ volume change behavior is presented.  The results of the evaluation of published techniques reveal that the best techniques and thus the best indicators of potential swell are the liquid limit and plasticity index.  Other significant indicator properties ranked in descending order are: liquid limit and natural water content combined; shrinkage limit and plasticity index; and shrinkage limit and linear shrinkage.  The results of the statistical analysis of the laboratory data confirm the findings of the evaluation of the published techniques.  A classification system more consistent with the definition of potential swell and using the liquid limit, plasticity index, and natural soil suction was developed and is presented.  Guidelines for the recommended usage of the classification system are given.  /FHWA/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/77405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PARAMETERS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FINE-GRAINED LATERITE SOILS OF GHANA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE INDICATES THAT ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF TROPICALLY WEATHERED SOILS ARE INFLUENCED CONSIDERABLY BY FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION, DEGREE OF WEATHERING (OR LATERIZATION), MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION AS WELL AS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, TEMPERATE-ZONE HIGHWAY AND AIRFIELD SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS BASED ON PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND PLASTICITY ALONE ARE INADEQUATE FOR THESE SOILS. NUMEROUS FAILURES OF HIGHWAY AND AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS, BUILT WITH OR ON LATERITE SOILS, IN SPITE OF STRICT ADHERENCE TO ASTM GRADING AND PLASTICITY SPECIFICATIONS, HAVE CONFIRMED THE INAPPLICABILITY OF THE PRESENT TEMPERATE-ZONE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO PROPOSE SOME USEFUL PARAMETERS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FINE-GRAINED LATERITE SOILS OF GHANA. THE STUDY HAS REVEALED THAT MORPHOLOGY AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (INCLUDING CHEMICAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITION) OF GHANA SOILS ARE INFLUENCED CONSIDERABLY BY THE WEATHERING SYSTEMS. FOR A GIVEN GENETIC SOIL GROUP, THE CONSISTENCY PARAMETERS, COLLOIDAL ACTIVITY, COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, FIELD MOISTURE EQUIVALENT, AND LINEAR SHRINKAGE HAVE FAIRLY GOOD CORRELATIONS WITH THE AMOUNT OF CLAY CONTENT. THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF WEATHERING (OR LATERIZATION) OF THE SOIL TYPES FROM THE DIFFERENT CLIMATIC- VEGETATIONAL ZONES HAVE CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE CLAY CONTENT AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOILS OVER DIFFERENT PARENT ROCKS. THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED SUGGEST THAT THE RESIDUAL FINE-GRAINED LATERITE SOILS OF GHANA MAY BE MOST ADEQUATELY CLASSIFIED FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES ON THE BASIS OF SUCH FACTORS AS PARENT MATERIALS (GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS), CLIMATIC-VEGETATIONAL CONDITIONS, DEGREE OF WEATHERING (OR LATERIZATION), AMOUNT OF CLAY CONTENT, AND LINEAR SHRINKAGE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Aug 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOUTH AFRICAN CALCRETES. VOL. 2: AGE, PROSPECTING METHODS, AND ENGINEERING TEST METHODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119308</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CALCRETES SELDOM CONTAIN ANY FOSSILS USABLE FROM A DATING POINT OF VIEW, AND ASSOCIATED STONE ARTEFACTS AND RADIOMETRIC METHODS AFFORD THE BEST MEANS OF DATING THESE MATERIALS. CONTRARY TO THE IMPRESSION GAINED BY COMMENTS IN THE LITERATURE, THE RADIOCARBON METHOD HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE A MOST PROMISING MEANS OF DATING CALCRETES. RATES OF CALCRETE FORMATION VARYING BETWEEN 0.001 AND 0.033 INCHES PER YEAR HAVE BEEN CALCULATED FROM THE CALCRETE C-14 DATES FOUND IN THE LITERATURE AND THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE. THE FASTER RATES ARE LIKELY TO BE THE CORRECT ONES. IT WOULD APPEAR THAT CALCRETES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING AGE GROUPS: PRE-PLIOCENE, PLIOCENE, FIRST INTERMEDIATE, SECOND INTERMEDIATE, AND LATER STONE AGE TO PRESENT DAY. WIDESPREAD PHASES OF CALCIFICATION APPEAR TO HAVE OCCURRED DURING PLIOCENE, FIRST INTERMEDIATE AND SECOND INTERMEDIATE TIMES. IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR CALCRETE FORMATION ARE PROBABLY DURING WANING PLUVIALS RATHER THAN DURING INTERPLUVIALS AS IS COMMONLY SUPPOSED. METHODS OF LOCATING CALCRETE DEPOSITS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION ARE DISCUSSED AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE BEST METHOD OF LOCATING BURIED CALCRETE DEPOSITS AT THE PRESENT TIME CONSISTS OF THE COMBINED USE OF AIRPHOTO INTERPRETATION, PLANT INDICATORS, TOPOGRAPHIC SETTING, AND THE RAPID PROBING DEVICE DESCRIBED. CALCRETE DEPOSITS TEND TO BE RATHER VARIABLE IN DEPTH, THICKNESS, LATERAL EXTENT, AND QUALITY. THE APPLICABILITY OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CALCRETES IS EXAMINED IN SOME DETAIL. THE MOST DESIRABLE METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF CALCRETE SOIL FINES FOR INDICATOR TESTING APPEARS TO BE A WET METHOD WHICH DOES NOT INVOLVE HEATING AT MORE THAN ABOUT 60C. THE LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX TESTS ARE THOUGHT TO YIELD SOMEWHAT ERRATIC RESULTS ON CALCRETES UNLESS CARRIED OUT BY CAREFULLY STANDARDISED METHODS. A LIQUID LIMIT METHOD WHICH PERMITS DRYING AND REWETTING CYCLES TO ADJUST THE MOISTURE CONTENT IS LIKELY TO YIELD SPURIOUSLY HIGH VALUES. BAR LINEAR SHRINKAGE IS THOUGHT TO BE A RELIABLE, PRACTICAL, AND SIMPLE SUBSTITUTE FOR A PLASTICITY INDEX. MECHANICAL ANALYSES ARE LIKELY TO YIELD HIGH OPERATOR VARIABILITIES DUE TO THE USUALLY WEAK BUT VARIABLE CALCRETE PARTICLE STRENGTH. PARTICLE STRENGTH VARIES WITH SIZE FRACTION EVEN WITHIN THE SAME SAMPLE. A SIMPLE NEW FIELD PLIERS TEST FOR AGGREGATE STRENGTH IS DESCRIBED AND CORRELATED WITH THE 10% FINES AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST. THE PLIERS TEST YIELDS RESULTS WHICH CORRELATE WELL WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF NODULAR CALCRETE GRAVEL ROAD WEARING COURSES. A GOOD CORRELATION HAS BEEN FOUND BETWEEN THE MEANS MOHS HARDNESS (H) OF CALCRETES AND THEIR AGGREGATE CRUSHING STRENGTHS. A NEW, SIMPLE, AND CONVENIENT POCKET MOHS HARDNESS TESTER EMPLOYING METAL BLADES IS DESCRIBED. THE SOIL PASTE CONDUCTIVITY METHOD TOGETHER WITH A QUALITATIVE SULPHATE TEST IS SUGGESTED AS A RAPID INDICATOR TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF DELETERIOUS SOLUBLE SALTS IN ROAD MATERIALS. IT IS CONSIDERED THAT MORE WEIGHT SHOULD BE ATTACHED TO TESTS OF COMPACTED STRENGTH SUCH AS TEXAS TRIAXIAL OR CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO RATHER THAN TO INDICATOR TESTS SUCH AS PLASTICITY AND GRADING. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Sep 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119308</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODIFICATION OF A GUMBOTIL SOIL BY LIME AND PORTLAND CEMENT ADMIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RESULTS ARE REPORTED OF A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF LIME AND PORTLAND CEMENT UPON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF A HEAVY, STICKY, GUMBO SOIL WHICH IS RATHER FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN SOUTHWEST IOWA. VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF UNSLAKED LIME AND PORTLAND CEMENT WERE ADDED TO THE SOIL IN THE DRY STATE AND THE INFLUENCE OF THESE ADMIXTURES WAS OBSERVED BY COMPARING THE RESULTS OF CERTAIN TESTS OF THE MIXTURES WITH THE TEST RESULTS ON THE UNTREATED SOIL. THE PROPERTIES CHOSEN FOR THESE COMPARISONS WERE THE LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTIC LIMIT, PLASTICITY INDEX, SHRINKAGE LIMIT, SHRINKAGE RATIO, LINEAR SHRINKAGE, VOLUMETRIC CHANGE, STANDARD AASHO DENSITY, OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT, AND THE CBR WITH SOIL MOLDED TO STANDARD AASHO DENSITY.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122094</guid>
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