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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Rutting behaviour of cold bitumen emulsion mix containing alternate fillers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of different fillers on the rutting resistance of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixes (CBEM). Five fillers were used: stone dust, cement, lime, fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). A wheel-tracking rutting test was performed at 40, 50 and 60 °C. The results showed that all treated CBEM samples had improved rutting resistance compared to the untreated sample. However, FA and GGBFS were less effective than cement due to their slower rate of hydration. Adding lime to FA and GGBFS resulted in a synergistic association, with GGBFS-lime and FA-lime treated CBEM exhibiting greater rutting resistance. The results of the multi-stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test on the cold bitumen emulsion mastic (CBEMa) were consistent with the wheel-tracking rutting data. XRD analysis revealed that improving rutting resistance was associated with the formation of hydration products in the CBEMa containing alternate fillers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 14:58:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643499</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Application of Jarosite Waste, Limestone Powder, and Red Mud for Treating Clay Soil in Pavement Subgrade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents the results of a numerical investigation to evaluate the performance of clay soil treated with industrial wastes, such as jarosite waste (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), limestone powder (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%), and red mud (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), as subgrade materials for flexible pavement construction. The key modeling input parameters required for pavement analysis were obtained through experimental studies performed on the treated soil samples. The numerical model was validated using reported numerical and experimental results. The analysis focused on critical design strains and their impact on the rutting and fatigue life of the pavement. The effects of varying axle loads (65–224 kN) and subgrade treatment depths (125–3,130 mm) on the pavement structure were also investigated. The critical strain values for treated subgrade pavements were observed to be 4.5%–91.1% lower than those of untreated subgrade pavements across different axle loads and treatment depths. The fatigue life of treated subgrade pavements was improved by 1.16–3.5 times, while the rutting life was enhanced by 4.7–84,358 times. The subgrade treated with a mix of jarosite waste and limestone powder was found to be the most effective for pavement construction, leading to a 48.1% reduction in surface deflection. A design catalog was developed for these unexplored materials, which can be used in the absence of required data for pavement design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:19:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563809</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Embankment construction with limestone powder waste: From laboratory to full-scale implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Limestone powder waste is a by-product generated in the polishing and cutting activities of the natural stone industry. In this research, the effect of limestone powder waste as an additive, either alone or in combination with hydrated lime, on the geotechnical properties of three clayey soils has been studied. Moreover, the suitability of limestone powder waste as a standalone material for embankment construction has been assessed. The geotechnical properties were measured in the laboratory by the Proctor, free swell, CBR, unconfined compressive strength and oedometer tests. A full-scale embankment was also constructed with four different sections combining natural soil, limestone powder waste, and lime. A final section with only limestone powder was also constructed. The strength and deformability of these sections were assessed by the plate load test, the dynamic probe test and the footprint test. The laboratory test results indicate a general improvement in the strength and deformability of the soil when mixed with limestone powder waste. The strength increased by up to 88%, while the deformation was reduced by 32% when the by-product was added to the natural soil. When added to the soil and lime samples the strength increased by up to 59% and the deformation was reduced by 15%. The in-situ tests confirmed a reduction in deformability of up to 83% and an increase in soil strength when the by-product was added. Finally, the section with only limestone powder showed less deformability than the others, indicating that this by-product can be used for road embankment construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2483539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in soil stabilization for application in roads and pavements construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425730</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Clay soil is associated with geotechnical problems of swelling and shrinkage, which causes deformations on structures. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is the most common stabilizing agent for clay soils, remains unaffordable in most developing countries, and its production also contributes about 8 % of global anthropogenic CO² emissions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³) on the stabilization of clay soils for applications in road construction. Clay soil was mixed with quarry dust to reduce the clay content and save cement. The mixture was stabilized using LC³ and OPC separately in proportions of 1 %, 3 % and 5 %. The effect of stabilizer dosage on the performance of clay soil was studied by monitoring the changes in Atterberg limits, Proctor test and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The mineralogical and microstructural investigation was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Plasticity index (PI), linear shrinkage (LS), and optimal moisture content (OMC) of stabilized soil was found to decrease with increase in the dosage of LC³ and OPC. The Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and soaked CBR increased with addition of both LC³ and OPC. Formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) in both LC³ and OPC stabilized clay soil, as well as formation of Hemi-carboaluminate in LC³ stabilized clay soil was responsible for improved properties of the stabilized soil. The performance of LC³ was found to be comparable to that of OPC, at optimum cement ratio of 5 %.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 08:56:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425730</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of using recycled waste travertine stone powder (RWTSP) as a substitute for mineral filler in microsurfacing surface treatment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2342506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each year, a significant amount of construction waste (CW) is produced globally, creating a major environmental challenge for its proper disposal. Utilizing recyclable CW in pavements not only helps address environmental issues but also conserves non-renewable materials. This study aims to investigate and assess the effectiveness of substituting recycled waste travertine stone powder (RWTSP) as a mineral filler (MF) in the microsurfacing surface treatment mixing plan. Initially, the physical and chemical properties of the materials used in asphalt were evaluated. The performance of the microsurfacing treatment was then examined through tests including wet cohesion, wet track abrasion, loaded wheel-displacement, and loaded wheel-sand adhesion, conducted using five different combinations (RWTSP0 +MF100, RWTSP25 +MF75, RWTSP50 +MF50, RWTSP75 +MF25, and RWTSP100 +MF0) in accordance with ISSA A143 guidelines. Additionally, FESEM-EDS, XRF, and FTIR tests were performed to assess particle shape, analyze material surface, identify constituents, determine structure, and examine organic compounds, chemical bonds, functional groups, and molecular structure. The results indicated that mixes containing RWTSP filler improved the performance of microsurfacing. This is attributed to RWTSP filler's high percentage of CaO and SiO2, as well as its more uneven and rough surfaces compared to mineral filler. For instance, in an 8% bitumen mix, the blend containing 100% RWTSP increased cohesion at 30 and 60 min by 30.8% and 30.7% respectively, improved abrasion resistance by 50%, and reduced mixture bleeding by 10.3%. Moreover, this mix enhanced resistance against vertical and lateral displacements by 32.1% and 34.4% respectively. Finally, ANOVA analysis revealed that RWTSP filler, bitumen, and material interaction were key factors influencing the performance of microsurfacing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 17:00:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2342506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilization of Black Cotton Soil Stabilized with Brick Dust-Lime for Pavement Road Construction: An Experimental and Numerical Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Black cotton soil is highly susceptible to volume change due to moisture fluctuations. This leads to the deformation of structures built on such soil. Therefore, the aim of this study is to improve the soil-bearing capacity and deformation analysis of black cotton soil. The laboratory tests were done according to the American Association State of highway and Transport Official (AASHTO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). These tests were natural moisture content, grain size distribution, X-ray diffraction test, Atterberg limit test, modified compaction, California bearing ratio, and triaxial test. Soil sample was stabilized with a ratio of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% of brick dust and 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of lime, respectively. The result of the laboratory test at the optimum percentage of 12% brick dust and 5% lime shows that the liquid limit improved from 93.2% to 67.5%, plastic limit improved from 48.71%, to 58.2%. The optimum moisture content improved from 26.76 to18.5% and Maximum dry density improved from 1.42 g/cm3 to 1.58 g/cm3. The California bearing ratio improved from 1.29%, to 13.6%. The deformation analysis result shows that at optimum percentage of stabilizing agent, the deformation reduced from 2.087 mm to 0.973 mm. Therefore, brick dust-lime soil stabilization shows the promising improvement of weak subgrade soil.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jan 2024 08:56:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of engineering, economic and environmental suitability of waste filler incorporated asphalt mixes and pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850600</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the engineering, economic, and environmental feasibility of asphalt mixes containing brick dust (BD), recycled concrete aggregate dust (CD), limestone slurry dust (LD), rice straw ash (RSA), glass powder (GP), carbide lime (CL), and copper tailing (CT). The performance of asphalt mixes containing various wastes was evaluated against rutting, cracking and moisture sensitivity, and their comparison was made with the conventional mix containing stone dust (SD) filler. Subsequently, the asphalt pavements utilizing the aforesaid mixes as surface course were designed and their material cost and global warming potential (GWP) were analysed. In general, the waste fillers form superior performing mixes at relatively lower cost than conventional SD fillers. The LD and RSA emerged as the best and worst performing filler, respectively. The construction of single km of asphalt pavement made with LD-incorporated mixes found to have 11% lower cost, 11% lower GWP, and 75 ton less aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jul 2021 13:49:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850600</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Brick Powder on the Properties of Asphalt Mixes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the use of brick powder (BP) reclaimed from construction and demolition waste as a filler in a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) in hot and desertic areas. For this research, two HMA mixtures were designed using different fillers: one using BP and the control using limestone powder (LSP). Readily available natural desert sand was also used in the mix. The samples were subjected to rutting, creep compliance, indirect tensile strength modulus (ITSM), and moisture susceptibility tests. The results were that the mixtures using BP had superior mechanical characteristics to mixtures using LSP. BP showed a marked improvement on asphalt pavement performance, and it resulted in a flexible road pavement with a long expected lifespan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2020 09:26:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747349</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of filler on the bitumen-aggregate adhesion in asphalt mix</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The loss of adhesion is one of the primary mechanisms of physical distress in asphalt mixes since it negatively affects the durability of asphalt mix. The effect of filler on this mechanism was explored by analyzing active and passive adhesions between the aggregates and the bitumen that constitute asphalt mix. As part of the analysis, the measurement of mixing times and Boiling Water Tests were conducted. Five types of fillers of different sources, consisting of conventional (natural stone dust) and waste fillers (glass powder from glass industry, bauxite residue from aluminum industry, Kota stone dust from dimension stone industry and copper tailings from mining industry) were added at variable compositions (4, 5.5, 7 and 8.5% by weight of aggregates) in mixes to generalise the conclusions. The statistical analysis of results confirmed that type of filler and their quantity in asphalt mixes, significantly affect both active and passive adhesion. The results also indicated that use of calcium-based fillers (natural stone dust and Kota stone dust) result in significant improvement in both adhesions, whereas use of silica-based glass powder filler results in the worst active and passive adhesions and should be used judiciously.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2020 17:54:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cement-Stabilized Fly Ash for Application in Structural Layers of Low-Volume Road Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fly ash, with an estimated production of about 200 million tons per year in India and maximum usage of 60% is demanding large disposal areas and also posing a potential threat to water pollution by leaching of heavy metals present in it. In the present study, an attempt has been made to use fly ash (FA) and stone dust (SD) mixture (70:30 ratio) stabilized with cement, as a structural layer material for use in rural road pavements. To address the brittleness of the stabilized material, polypropylene fibers were added as reinforcing material. Mechanical properties of the stabilized material, in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), and Poisson’s ratio, were evaluated to assess the suitability of the material for use in pavement layers. Fatigue characteristic of the stabilized material was also evaluated as part of this study. Durability tests indicated adequate retained strength of the stabilized mixture. The scope for contamination of groundwater was evaluated through leaching of heavy metals from stabilized FA. The encouraging results found from this study indicate that, cement-stabilized FA–SD mix can be suitably used for the construction of subbase and base layers of rural road pavements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2020 16:02:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the feasibility of desulfurized-high-calcium-fly-ash (DHCFA) used in asphalt mixture as mineral powder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Harmless treatment and resource utilization of wastes like fly ash have always been a social difficulty and a research hot spot in the field of pavement. In this paper, samples of fly ash generated from a coal-fired power plant in Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province were collected; and a desulfurized-high-calcium-fly-ash (DHCFA) was selected as the representative to be used for the alternative of traditional limestone fine powder (LFP) in asphalt mixture. Specifically, the chemical and physical characteristics of DHCFA and LFP were studied and compared firstly. Then the performance of asphalt mortar and asphalt mixture containing different amounts of DHCFA were further investigated. XRF and XRD results show that DHCFA and LFP both have significant alkalinity, and DHCFA has relatively richer chemical composition and phase distribution. TG-DSC results show DHCFA and LFP both satisfy the construction requirements on thermal stability. Asphalt mortar results showed DHCFA had the similar effect as LFP (control sample) on the whole. Asphalt mixture results revealed that the characteristics of DHCFA such as density, composition and compaction influence the performance of asphalt mixture. DHCFA could improve the low temperature performance and water stability of asphalt mixture, while reducing the high temperature performance and strength. Above results indicate that DHCFA could be used for mineral powder in asphalt mixture, however, its dosage should be carefully verified since it has adverse impact on the high temperature performance and strength of asphalt mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2019 14:31:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of Lime Kiln Dust-Treated Subgrade Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559649</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lime kiln dust (LKD), which is a byproduct of lime production, has been increasingly used as an additive to improve the workability of clayey soils. However, limited research has been conducted to quantify the benefits of LKD used for this purpose. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to quantify the benefits of LKD for stabilization of subgrade soils. Two types of clayey soil from two different sites were selected and mixed with different percentages of LKD. The Atterberg limits, moisture-density relationships, swelling potential, durability, and unconfined compression strength of the native and LKD-treated soils were determined. The strength gain with time was also studied to assess the benefits of curing (if any). The LKD-treated samples were compacted and cured for 1–2 h and 1, 3, 7, and 28-day periods, and then tested to determine the unconfined compressive strength and volume expansion. A strength gain of more than 100% for the LKD-treated soil over the untreated soil was observed. The results also indicated that the strength of LKD-treated soil continuously increased with time. LKD also substantially reduced the plasticity and swelling potential of subgrade and improved the workability and durability of clayey soil. In general, LKD performed well and can be used for modifying and/or stabilization of clayey soil subgrades.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:12:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1559649</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of coal waste in sustainable roller compacted concrete pavement-environmental and technical assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To minimise the adverse environmental impacts of coal mining wastes, utilising coal waste in various applications such as sustainable concrete pavements could be explored. This research investigates the effects of using coal waste and its ignited product in roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP). The combination of limestone powder (LS) and coal waste ash (CWA) was also studied. The main laboratory programme consisted of pozzolanic reactivity determination, compressive strength test, toughness test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test, setting times and microstructure analysis. The results indicated that compared to the binary mixes, the use of LS as a complement of CWA enhanced the mechanical properties, including compressive strength and toughness, especially at higher replacement levels and later ages. TCLP test results revealed that the RCCP mixtures had heavy metals with lower concentration than the standard levels indicated in US Environmental Protection Agency. The microstructural investigations also showed that a denser microstructure could be obtained by using CWA as a partial replacement of cement, especially in combination with limestone. It could be concluded that the use of coal waste powder and its ash reduces the volume of hazardous waste in nature and is regarded as a step towards sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Jun 2018 12:23:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514540</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurement of Water Absorption of Very Fine Particles Using Electrical Resistivity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an electrical resistivity method for measuring water absorption of very fine particles, making it easier to characterize stock materials that may be recycled in construction applications. The fine particles of interest in this study come from recycled concrete, limestone, and natural sand sources, and retained on No. 100 and No. 200 sieves. The electrical resistivity of fines is used to indicate water content. The saturated surface-dry (SSD) state is defined as a percolation threshold that is detected using electrical resistance measurements. This study shows that recycled concrete fines exhibit a higher percolation threshold than of limestone and natural sand fines. The percolation threshold value of the water content is not sensitive to mold shape (cylinder and prism) and resistivity measurement method (two-probe and fourprobe methods). The results suggest that this method is an easy and reproducible means for measuring the water absorption of recycled fines, thus addressing a serious barrier to their wide acceptance in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 09:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristics of Lightweight Aggregate Produced from Lime-Treated Sewage Sludge and Palm Oil Fuel ash</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1483787</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the characteristics of lightweight aggregate made from solid waste such as lime-treated sewage sludge, palm oil fuel ash and sodium silicate. These aggregates are produced via sintering at three temperatures of 1160, 1180 and 1200 °C. The properties of sintered pellets namely bulk density, particle density, water absorption, shrinkage index and crushing strength are determined. The properties of the aggregates changed with the addition of binder and firing conditions. The increase of binder content and sintering temperature increased the strength and particle density, and also decreased the water absorption due to the formation of a dense structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2017 09:54:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1483787</guid>
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