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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Determination and Evaluation of Alternative Methods for Managing and Controlling Highway-Related Dust, Phase II--Demonstration Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767879</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The State of Iowa currently has approximately 69,000 mi of unpaved secondary roads. Due to the low traffic count on these unpaved roads, paving with asphalt or Portland cement concrete is not economical. Therefore to reduce dust production, the use of dust suppressants has been utilized for decades. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of several widely used dust suppressants through quantitative field testing on two of Iowa’s most widely used secondary road surface treatments: crushed limestone rock and alluvial sand/gravel. These commercially available dust suppressants included: lignin sulfonate, calcium chloride, and soybean oil soapstock. These suppressants were applied to 1000 ft test sections on four unpaved roads in Story County, Iowa. To duplicate field conditions, the suppressants were applied as a surface spray once in early June and again in late August or early September. The four unpaved roads included two with crushed limestone rock and two with alluvial sand/gravel surface treatments as well as high and low traffic counts. The effectiveness of the dust suppressants was evaluated by comparing the dust produced on treated and untreated test sections.  Dust collection was scheduled for 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after each application, for a total testing period of 16 weeks.  Results of a cost analysis between annual dust suppressant application and biennial aggregate replacement indicated that the cost of the dust suppressant, its transportation, and application were relatively high when compared to that of the two aggregate types.  Therefore, the biennial aggregate replacement is considered more economical than annual dust suppressant application, although the application of annual dust suppressant reduced the cost of road maintenance by 75%.  Results of the collection indicated that the lignin sulfonate suppressant outperformed calcium chloride and soybean oil soapstock on all four unpaved roads, the effect of the suppressants on the alluvial sand/gravel surface treatment was less than that on the crushed limestone rock, the residual effects of all the products seem reasonably well after blading, and the combination of alluvial sand/gravel surface treatment and high traffic count caused dust reduction to decrease dramatically.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2005 21:15:17 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CHEMICAL ADDITIVES FOR DUST CONTROL: WHAT WE HAVE USED AND WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/474145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Pacific Northwest region of the USDA Forest Service has been using chemical additives for dust abatement for many years.  The traditional additives include dust oils, lignin sulfonate, and chlorides.  Increased product costs, environmental concerns, and the continual quest for improved performance has led to consideration of other additives, including synthetic polymer emulsions, tall oil emulsions, clay additives, and penetrating asphalt emulsions.  Some road tests have been performed to evaluate their suitability and cost-effectiveness.  From these tests and experience, it has been learned that lignin sulfonate, chlorides, and clay additives, when properly matched to the site, have a consistent and predictable performance; polymer and tall oil emulsions, based on limited use, have provided inconsistent performance.  The reason for this inconsistency has not been addressed other than the speculation that in some situations the additive did not completely cure, that the cured additive may be water soluble, or there might be variability in the quality of the manufactured product.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>LIGNIN SULFONATE AS SOIL STABILIZER--FUNGAL RESISTANCE TEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chromium-lignin gel, which is prepared by adding potassium bichromate and several metallic salts into calcium-lignin sulfonate solution (which is produced from pulp wast liquor), can be used as soil stabilizer.  This report shows the results of an experiment examining whether the soil treated with this chemical be infected by soil fungi.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5038</guid>
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      <title>SOIL STABILIZATION BY ASPHALT EMULSION PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Discusses means used to stabilize soils, especially since the use of asphalt materials contain too much water to compact soils.  The use of cement and lignin sulfonate and the relation to soil particle size was studied.  However, the differences in soils is related to the final result. Lignin compounds work well in dry sods, while Portland cement works well in wet soils though aging will result in loss of strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>LIGNIN SULFONATE AS SOIL STABILIZER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil stabilization by chemicals has recently been studied widely in agricultural and civil engineering field.  Lignin sulfonate is believed to be effective as a chemical stabilizer of soil, because of its property that combines soil particles tight and water proof, being gelated by bichromate.  Gelation conditions from lignin sulfonate solution, properties of gel fromed, and then properties of stabilized sandy soil or Kanto loam by chromium lignin gel were investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5040</guid>
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      <title>THE TOXICITY OF LIGNIN SULFONATE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/344550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to identify how Freezeguard and Quicksalt affect aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through zooplankton and mollusk bioassays and a vegetation study.  This study was prompted by the California Department of Transportation's search for economical and effective deicers that are less environmentally damaging than sodium chloride.  The following results were obtained:  (1) Zooplankton (Daphnia magna) bioassays yield an acute LC50 for Quicksalt of 7,116 mg/liter, and for Freezeguard 2.2 ml/liter.  The chronic Daphnia magna bioassays indicated that the parthenogenetic reproduction of the organism was significantly inhibited at 1,250 mg/liter for Quicksalt and 0.5 ml/liter for Freezeguard.  (2) Mollusk (Physa gyrina) egg bioassays indicate that the 21 day egg hatching EC50 for Quicksalt is 2,141 mg/liter.  The 21 day egg hatching EC50 for Freezeguard is 0.5 ml/liter.  (3) Vegetation (radish sprout) assays indicate that radish growth was retarded at 10,000 mg/liter for Quicksalt and 13.5 ml/liter for Freezeguard.  At these concentrations, the radishes did not grow above the soil surface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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