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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Lifetime Corrosion Loss of Bulk Carriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyzes the total steel replacement due to corrosion degradation in four Handymax-class bulk carriers, based on corrosion measurements recorded throughout their operational lifespan. Each ship was divided into 11 lightship mass subgroups, enabling detailed examination of cumulative lifetime corrosion losses for both entire ships and individual subgroups. Utilizing similar ship data obtained from the shipyard, the study also provides estimations of the total steel weights of each of lightship subgroups. The findings offer valuable insights into the overall aging effects on ship structures, crucial for maintenance planning, structural integrity assessments, and recycling, especially from the perspective of sustainable shipping. Additionally, the estimated weights of lightship subgroups can serve as reference data for preliminary ship design, aiding in the estimation of lightship weights and potential steel loss due to corrosion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2025 08:45:30 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Reliability analysis of GM and KG of ships from the inclining experiment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is of paramount importance to determine the lightship characteristics of a newly built vessel correctly. Conventionally, an inclining experiment is performed after the ship is launched in order to determine the lightship GM and in turn KG values. However, there has been an ongoing debate about the validity of the results since it bears some assumptions during the test and calculation procedure. Although the inclining experiment is mandatory by the Intact Stability Code of International Maritime Organization, there emerged various alternative methods recently claiming to reveal better results. In this study, an uncertainty analysis has been carried out on GM and KG values of various sample vessels. Based on the results on the uncertainty analysis, a cumulative margin of error from various sources has been determined within a specified confidence level. Finally, the outcome for the sample vessels was detailed and evaluated in reference to that of the actual inclining experiment reports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2020 14:29:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728634</guid>
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      <title>A comparative study of life cycle assessment of a Panamax bulk carrier in consideration of lightship weight</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study utilizes the life cycle assessment method to compare the environmental impacts of two design concepts of a Panamax bulk carrier: lighter and heavier lightship weights. The lighter solution is designed to maximize the payload by cutting down the lightship weight. On the other hand, the heavier solution increases the thickness of some components of the ship to enlarge corrosion addition margins. This also increases the lightship weight in comparison with the lighter solution. In addition, the heavier solution could cut down the steel replacement consumed for maintenance activities in its life cycle. Regarding the requirements for global shipping transportation and for the ships operating in sulfur emission control areas presented in the International Prevention of Pollution from Ships, heavy fuel oil and low sulfur heavy fuel oil are considered. The results indicate that the heavier solution could reduce up to 4.83% carbon monoxide, 2.62% methane, and 56.64% volatile organic compounds in comparison with the lighter solution over their lifetimes. The heavier solution reduces the environmental impacts on Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity, Ozone Layer Depletion, and Terrestric Ecotoxicity. Due to lower environmental score, the heavier hull bulk carrier with greater corrosion margins is more beneficial to the environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2019 09:51:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575874</guid>
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      <title>LAST MANNED LIGHTSHIP IN WESTERN EUROPE FINDS FINAL RESTING PLACE IN ANTWERP'S MARITIME MUSEUM.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/524634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/524634</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LIGHTNING PROTECTION IN A LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/397158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The electrical, thermal and mechanical effects of lightning strikes on aids to navigation, including lighthouses and lightships, are discussed and a program of protective measures is described in some detail.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/397158</guid>
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      <title>LIGHTSHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/397373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Though the lightship filled one of shippings greatest needs, it remains one of the least celebrated vessels in maritime history. This article attempts to accord United States lightships their due, recounting the history of the service and of several notable vessels, and describing what lightship duty was like.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/397373</guid>
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      <title>SPECIAL SHIPS--EXPLORING AND SIGNPOSTING THE SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This installment of an ongoing series on the modern merchant ship briefly describes the work of research ships and of light tenders-- two very different types of ships for singular tasks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401232</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF POWER SUPPLY FOR AIDS TO NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to the definition common in West Germany, aids to navigation are technical means to fulfill the requirements of traffic safety; optimize the lightness, economy and efficiency of traffic flow; and protect waterways and their structures. Such means include visual, audible and electronic aids. Each requires energy, either directly, for operation, or indirectly, to improve effectiveness. A description is presented for the use of direct energy for fixed and floating lights on lighthouses, light beacons, light vessels and light buoys within the coastal area of West Germany and entrances to the German seaports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401733</guid>
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      <title>SURVEY OF THE USE OF FLASHING LIGHTS FOR MARINE SIGNALLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flashing lights are most frequently used as aids to marine navigation, both on inland and sea waterways. They are used in the form of lighthouse beacons and other lights on land and on water, light buoys and light ships.  They serve the purposes of navigation, including the marking of shallows, reefs, wrecks etc.  With the exception of the Morse code lights, flashing lights used on board of sea-going vessels are designed to identify certain types of craft or to indicate possible dangers. Flashing lights used on board inland waterway craft serve the purposes of navigation and also indicate certain dangers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12983</guid>
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      <title>LIGHT VESSEL'S CONVERSION TO UNMANNED OPERATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An account is given of the work involved in conversion to the automatic operation of the lightship Abertay in Great Britain by the Dundee Harbour Trust.  Abertay is a vessel of 360 t fully loaded, 93 feet long, 26 feet beam.  Two new diesel alternator sets provide the power required for all loads.  The twin cylinder 4-stroke water cooled diesel engines are each developing 12.5 bhp at 15 rpm and they operate on a 14 day cycle.  Various "engine state" automatic alarms incorporated are concerned with speed, pressures and temperatures, any serious variation in these parameters automatically cause an engine changeover and a warning to be relayed to the shore station.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jan 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11432</guid>
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