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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Exploration of Color Patterns for Improving Work Zone Safety and Perception</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Work zone safety remains a persistent concern in the United States. Color patterns are an effective way to provide visual information for drivers. Existing studies explored the colors of work zone elements, while how the color patterns impact the drivers’ perception and overall safety in work zones is missing. Therefore, this study aims to systematically investigate color patterns based on human information processing theory to improve the overall safety and perception of Indiana work zones. Methodology of this study includes: (1) A literature review to summarize the current efforts; (2) Crash data analysis to identify the representative work zones; (3) Natural Language Processing (NLP) analysis to explore color-related root causes for work zone crashes based on Indiana crash data; (4) Interviews to propose the color-related countermeasures; and (5) Driving simulation experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures. There are several key findings. First, the color-related root causes of work zone crashes in Indiana were proposed as follows: (1) poor visibility and brightness of color for work zone elements, (2) insufficient color contrast between work zone elements and the overall environment, especially in the areas of road geometry change and road surface conditions change, and (3) lack of changes in color for work zone elements in dangerous areas (e.g., entering the work zone, transition area, and road geometry and surface conditions change). Second, the effectiveness of proposed countermeasures was identified: (1) For lane closure scenario, fluorescent orange sign with orange  light emitting diodes (LEDs) was the most effective one in attracting attention (perception stage) and maintaining cognitive workload (cognition stage) during both daytime and nighttime as well as improving steering behaviors (action stage) during daytime. Fluorescent orange sign with orange beacon countermeasure was also effective in attracting attention during nighttime and maintaining cognitive workload during daytime. (2) For shoulder work scenario, fluorescent orange sign with orange LEDs was the most effective countermeasure in attracting attention and maintaining cognitive workload at night. Fluorescent orange sign with orange beacon countermeasure also helped attract attention during nighttime. Based on the findings, several recommendations were provided to improve work zone safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:54:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the safety implications of glass curtain wall LED media façade on night-time driving: The driver’s perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of glass curtain wall LED media façade (G-L-M) along roads has disrupted the ambient light environment, impeded drivers’ visibility and posed potential risks to night-time driving safety. This study investigates the effects of G-L-M technical parameters on driving distraction by constructing night-time simulation scenarios and obtaining the driver’s reaction time for recognising small targets. The study revealed that the field of view, colour and state of G-L-M are the most crucial factors, whereas luminance and area have relatively minor effects. Specifically, the G-L-M located in the fovea centralis and peripheral field of view regions (−30° to −15°) were more likely to cause driving distraction than those in the central field of view. Red, green and blue are associated with higher reaction times and failure rates, whereas white has the lowest reaction time and failure rate. Additionally, we found that the difference between high and low luminance was not significant. However, appropriate high luminance can enhance the recognition rate of small targets. Dynamic G-L-M significantly increases reaction time compared to static G-L-M. This study can provide a reference for assessing the effects of G-L-M to ensure night-time roadway driving safety and for formulating future regulations and designing G-L-M lighting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 14:48:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666694</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bootstrap data envelopment analysis of the efficiency of LED and HPS lamps used in Malaysian public lighting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road lighting is an essential component of urban infrastructure, contributing significantly to electricity consumption and operational costs in Malaysia. With growing emphasis on sustainable development, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are increasingly promoted as energy-efficient alternatives to conventional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. However, robust comparative evaluations of their performance in real-world installations remain limited. This study assesses the economic and operational efficiency of LED and HPS road lighting systems installed on Penang Bridge, Malaysia. Using bootstrap data envelopment analysis, which enhances the reliability of efficiency estimates by correcting for statistical bias, the study evaluates four key variables: installation cost, operation cost, energy consumption and lamp’s lifetime. The results demonstrate that LED lighting systems achieve higher combined economic and operational efficiency compared to HPS systems, primarily due to their longer lifespan and lower energy consumption, despite higher initial costs. These findings underscore the potential of LED technology to reduce electricity use and lifecycle costs, contributing to national energy-saving targets and sustainable infrastructure objectives. For policymakers and engineers, this research provides statistically robust evidence to support informed decisions on road lighting investments aligned with Malaysia’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 on affordable and clean energy. Future studies should incorporate lighting quality, spectral characteristics and full life cycle assessments to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of lighting technologies for road infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 11:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661772</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ecosystem-specific moth attraction to warm-coloured LED simulating road lighting conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Light pollution poses a significant threat to nocturnal insects, yet our understanding of how insects are affected by lighting across ecosystems remains limited. We investigated differences in light-induced attraction regarding abundance, richness and diversity of moths between forest and grassland ecosystems. This novel study presents the first multi-site comparison of moth attraction across ecosystems using warm-coloured LED lighting (3000 K) that simulates typical road lighting conditions in both spectral composition and intensity. Using identical light traps with characterised lighting properties across 32 sites, we found significantly higher moth abundance and diversity in forests compared to open grasslands, with stronger environmental effects on moth attraction in open grassland ecosystems. Even at the low light intensities used in our experiment, which is comparable to spill light from road lighting in natural environments, we found significant impacts on moth activity, which is concerning given their limited activity periods. Moth families exhibited varying attractions across ecosystems, suggesting potential sampling biases in light attraction studies. Our comprehensive light characterisation using real-world lighting conditions provides a standardised framework for future research on light pollution impacts. The findings demonstrate the need for ecosystem-specific approaches in light pollution mitigation strategies and have important implications for conservation across diverse landscapes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 11:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Lighting Signals for Safety and Efficiency—Experiments with Addressable LEDs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For enhanced roadway safety, clear and immediate visual cues are essential for preventing accidents between drivers and pedestrians. At intersections, however, the line of sight to other roadway users may be obstructed by vehicles and infrastructure. Additionally, adverse conditions, including low visibility, poor weather, or inadequate lighting, can increase the potential for collisions. Distracted drivers and pedestrians can further exacerbate the risk of accidents, particularly when using a smartphone rather than focusing on roadway surroundings. These issues demonstrate the need for infrastructure upgrades that enhance visibility and awareness at crosswalks. A potential solution is through enhanced lighting signals integrated into the roadway infrastructure. One such example is the use of addressable LEDs, individually controllable lights that can change color and brightness instantaneously through programmable microcontrollers. They can be installed and integrated into crosswalks to maintain visibility in conditions where pedestrians may be difficult to see, while also offering peripheral cues to pedestrians who may be distracted by their phones or other objects rather than the road. Such a system (as one example) that is integrated into a traffic intersection digital twin that tracks all roadway users accurately has the potential to enhance the visibility of vulnerable road users and thus enhance safety. This paper examines the potential implementation and feasibility of this technology, as well as the safety benefits it could provide. Laboratory experiments with addressable LEDs reveal the capabilities and challenges of this technology for roadway infrastructure safety. These findings could pave the way for more integrated lighting in infrastructure for vehicles and pedestrians at intersections, merge and diverge locations, and other areas where complex interactions present safety hazards. Such lighting solutions, enabled by modern computation and communications, could enhance safety and efficiency in our transportation system and improve overall mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver Response to a Slippery Curve Warning System during Winter Weather Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study assessed the effectiveness of a slippery curve warning system (SCWS) as a speed reduction countermeasure during winter weather conditions. A field evaluation was conducted during the winter of 2024 at two horizontal curves located on a rural highway in northern Michigan. The SCWS that existed at each curve included a pair of slippery when wet warning signs and a curve warning sign. Each SCWS sign included a series of LEDs along the border that flash during potentially slippery pavement surface conditions and are activated based on current weather and road surface data collected from onsite sensors. The evaluation was conducted during consistent daytime weather conditions that included temperatures in the upper 20°F to low 30°F and wet pavement surfaces. The flashing LED sign borders were manually activated and deactivated every 30 min during data collection periods. Light detection and ranging was utilized to track the speeds of free-flowing vehicles beginning upstream of the SCWS and continuing into the curve. The results showed that the SCWS had a significant speed reduction effect for drivers approaching the curve during winter weather conditions. With the LED sign borders flashing, on entering the curve, drivers were 65% less likely to exceed the curve advisory speed and average speeds were 0.9 to 1.5 mph lower compared with when the LED borders were not flashing. In addition, the speed reduction effect of the flashing LED borders was greatest for the fastest group of drivers, who are the most vulnerable from a crash severity risk standpoint.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 09:06:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622032</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid RF/VLC intelligent vehicular communications: A secrecy analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Next generation intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are expected to use visible light communications (VLC) as a complementary technology to the existing radio frequency (RF)-based technologies in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to provide secure and reliable transmission by exploiting the directivity and impermeability of light. Moreover, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are a promising solution to enhance the coverage and reliability of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications by modifying the phase, amplitude and polarization of incoming electromagnetic waves. Most previous works assumed double Rayleigh and Rayleigh fading channels for the RF links, with RIS-assisted setup lacking direct links between vehicles, and non-random distributions for vehicle movement in the VLC links. In this paper, the authors analyze the physical layer security performance of RIS-assisted hybrid RF/VLC links for both V2V and V2I scenarios. They also assume a direct line-of-sight (LoS) link between legitimate vehicles. In the existence of co-channel interference (CCI), an eavesdropper attempts to receive the information. They employ an accurate method to derive an exact expression for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of RIS-assisted links combined with a direct link. More specifically, they derive closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP), average secrecy capacity (ASC), probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (PSPSC), effective secrecy throughput (EST), and intercept probability (IP). They assume double Nakagami-m fading for the V2V links, Nakagami-m channel for the V2I links, and log-Normal fading and uniform distribution for both longitude separation of Tx and Tx-Rx distance, leading to random path-loss. The correctness of the derivations is verified by using extensive Monte Carlo simulations for both V2V and V2I scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2025 09:16:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594307</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of an ROV with Modulated Lighting for Diagnosing the Technical Condition of Submerged Port Wharf Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The technical condition of underwater port structures is critical to the safety and longevity of maritime infrastructure. Traditional inspection techniques, such as diver-assisted surveys, are constrained by safety risks, limited duration, and reduced efficiency in turbid waters. This study explores the application of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with modulated lighting systems to enhance visibility and facilitate high-resolution imaging in optically complex underwater environments. The experiment employed a CHASING M2 ROV, modified with red, green, and white lighting configurations, to inspect the quay wall of a port. The impact of lighting color on image quality was evaluated. Results indicate that modulated lighting tailored to the optical properties of turbid coastal waters can improve image contrast and facilitate defect detection. The findings highlight the potential for advanced ROV systems to augment underwater inspection protocols in challenging optical environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2025 09:37:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Derating as Thermal Protection for LED-Based Lighting
   Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608431</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the concept of derating in light-emitting diode                     (LED)–based automotive lighting systems, emphasizing its role in enhancing LED                     longevity, performance, and reliability under varying operating conditions.                     Derating is introduced from a general perspective and is modeled as an                     approximately linear function of the driving current with respect to the                     temperature measured by a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (NTC). The                     NTC serves as a temperature probe in this context. We demonstrate that poorly                     designed derating strategies can negatively impact luminous flux, lifespan, and                     overall system reliability. These theoretical insights are applied to a                     simplified lighting system, which is analyzed using both steady-state and                     transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to illustrate the                     practical effects. It is shown that the distance between the NTC and the                     temperature-critical region primarily determines the slope of the derating                     curve, while having minimal influence on thermal protection on dynamic response.                     Finally, the precision of NTC-based temperature measurements defined by the                     thermistor specifications is briefly examined. It has an additional influence on                     the accuracy if the applied derating.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2025 10:46:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608431</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An evaluation of Halogen, HID, and LED illumination intensities in projector and reflector headlights for safe nighttime driving environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the luminance intensity of headlight beams produced by Halogen, HID, and LED light sources in both projector and reflector headlight configurations. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for ensuring highway safety and determining the reference intensity needed for programing intelligent headlight controllers, especially given the ongoing advancements in headlight technology. This contributes to enhanced safety during nighttime driving. The primary objective is to quantify the luminance intensities of headlight beams produced by different light sources in various headlight designs, aiming to assist headlight designers in selecting the most suitable light source for each type of headlight configuration. Using a photometer to measure beam luminance intensities, the study consistently demonstrates the superiority of LED light sources over HID and Halogen sources, making LEDs the preferred choice for projector headlights. However, due to the design characteristics and distinct beam intensities of reflector headlights, the study advises against using LED sources in these configurations. Instead, it recommends Halogen and HID sources for reflector headlights. The study concludes that headlight designers must consider the beam characteristics and the specific properties of each light source to make an informed selection. For situations requiring improved focus, extended visibility, and enhanced illumination at various ranges, the authors strongly advocate for projector headlight designs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-Contact Energy Harvesting for Rural Grade Crossings – Year 3</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2574027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The network of United States railroads often spans remote parts of the country that are sparsely populated. In these areas, rail grade crossings are much less likely to have warning lights or crossing gates primarily due to the lack of electricity. Such unprotected or passive crossings have the majority of the grade crossing fatalities and accidents. To reduce rail accidents, enhanced warning systems are needed at as many passive crossings as possible. The research team  proposes to create a new energy harvesting approach based on the motion of the wheels to generate sufficient power for a ight-emitting diode (LED)-based grade crossing warning system. Recent advances to create small and powerful magnets allows for the design of a non-contact power generation approach that is activated with each passing wheel. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated and an initial prototype will provide data for optimization of the energy harvesting capabilities. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2025 19:06:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2574027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Glare at Night-Time Driving: Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of LED Lamps</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of correlated color temperature from LED glare sources on driving performance. The evaluation includes assessing the effect of disability glare on visual reaction time and rating discomfort glare using a standardized scale. Background: LED technology is widely incorporated into various lighting systems; however, the impact of glare from oncoming car headlamps on driving performance at night-time is crucial for road safety. Method: Twenty-three healthy young subjects participated in a laboratory-based experiment simulating night driving using a two-channel Maxwellian view optical system. Two LED lamps with correlated color temperature of 2800 K and 6500 K were used to generate a glare of 52 lx. Disability glare was quantified in terms of foveal reaction time and discomfort glare was rated using the de Boer scale. Results: The results show that glare-induced effect is mitigated by an increase in background luminance. The correlated color temperature of the LED lamp does not affect either reaction time or discomfort glare rating. Conclusion: The greater short-wavelength emission of 6500 K lamp does not intensify the effect of disability or discomfort glare, probably due to the macular pigment absorption on foveal vision and the transparency of ocular media, coupled with the involvement of other contributing factors. The correlated color temperature of the lamp is not the best descriptive parameter to identify its effect on glare. Application: It is important to consider the impact of LED technology on visual performance to enhance road safety in critical glare situations during night driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2025 09:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2549037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Asymmetrical Split-Capacitor-Based Decoupling Control for a Single-Phase PFC Converter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article proposes an asymmetrical split-capacitor (ASC) decoupling control strategy to achieve a constant dc output voltage against the output power fluctuations in a single-phase power factor correction (PFC) converter. The key objective is to absorb the ripple power using the decoupling circuit, consequently diminishing the need for large electrolytic capacitors (e-cap) at the dc-link, thereby improving the reliability and power density of the converter. Moreover, the proposed ASC decoupling control avoids additional energy storage components as the existing dc-link capacitors are utilized for the active power decoupling (APD). Furthermore, a variable factor accounting for the capacitance mismatch is devised and merged into the proposed control strategy to neutralize the impact of unbalanced decoupling capacitors arising due to lifetime degradation. Concurrently, a unity power factor is maintained at the input while ensuring that the input current’s total harmonic distortion conforms to the prescribed thresholds stipulated by IEC61000-3-2 under both ideal and non-ideal input voltage scenarios. The effect of dissimilar capacitance analysis and its estimation presented is aimed at monitoring the split-capacitor health. Finally, a 1-kW laboratory prototype is developed and tested to demonstrate the circuit’s viability for a wide input voltage range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2025 15:51:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fuzzy reliability theory analysis of traffic signal lamp performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past decade, many municipalities have begun to replace incandescent lamps in their traffic signals with light emitting diode (LED) arrays. While LED technology boasts longer lifetimes and superior performance over their counterparts, there are many limitations involved in both testing and evaluating their reliability. As such, the methodology and subsequent analysis procedures used to evaluate the reliability of traffic signal lamps along a corridor is proposed. To accomplish this task, the progression of the reliability assessment from individual lamp to the entire signal light system for a corridor is demonstrated. Furthermore, due to the nature of these systems and reliability assessment strategies, it is suggested that fuzzy, or more specifically, profust reliability theory could be applied to effectively analyze LED arrays, as well as corridor-wide signal light systems. Preliminary case study results, coupled with field observations of partially burned-out LED arrays, support this hypothesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2025 11:37:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518212</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the correlation between asphalt mixture surface texture and the light reflection coefficient of pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LED lamps could save energy and improve road safety by replacing traditional street lamps. Still, the reflective properties of asphalt pavement under LED light sources have yet to be studied enough. The correlation between texture indicators and optical parameters measured at different locations of asphalt mixture specimens under LED light source was investigated to study the influence mechanism of asphalt pavement type and texture characteristics on light reflection characteristics. According to normalization, the equivalent of reflection coefficients and luminance correlate with the Mean Texture Depth (MTD) and the Root Mean Square Slope (Δq). A quantitative expression model of the reflection properties was developed. The results showed that the texture characteristics influenced the luminance and reflection coefficients of different asphalt mixtures. The maximum nominal particle size was larger, the luminance was lower, and the reflection coefficient was smaller. Various types of asphalt pavements absorb light to varying degrees due to differences in void ratio and surface structure. The reflection coefficients and luminance of the asphalt mixture specimens showed a good fit with both the single-factor and multifactor expression models developed for MTD and Δq. The test results showed that the multifactor linear model had the highest overall prediction accuracy. The model revealed the mechanism by which texture indicators influence the illumination efficiency of pavement surfaces. The research results have provided a reference basis for optimizing the layout of roadway lighting equipment and a scientific basis for improving the safety of roadway lighting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2025 16:25:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487096</guid>
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