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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Priorities for improving predictions of vessel-mediated marine invasions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2346178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nonindigenous marine species are impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems worldwide. The invasion rate is increasing, and vessel traffic, the most significant human-assisted transport pathway for marine organisms, is predicted to double by 2050. The ability to predict the transfer of marine species by international and domestic maritime traffic is needed to develop cost-effective proactive and reactive interventions that minimise introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species. However, despite several decades of research into vessel-mediated species transfers, some important knowledge gaps remain, leading to significant uncertainty in model predictions, often limiting their use in decision making and management planning. In this review, the authors discuss the sequential ecological process underlying human-assisted biological invasions and adapt it in a marine context. This process includes five successive stages: entrainment, transport, introduction, establishment, and the subsequent spread. They describe the factors that influence an organism's progression through these stages in the context of maritime vessel movements and identify key knowledge gaps that limit their ability to quantify the rate at which organisms successfully pass through these stages. The authors then highlight research priorities that will address these knowledge gaps and improve the capability to manage biosecurity risks at local, national and international scales. They identified four major data and knowledge gaps: (1) quantitative rates of entrainment of organisms by vessels; (2) the movement patterns of vessel types lacking maritime location devices; (3) quantifying the release (introduction) of organisms as a function of vessel behaviour (e.g. time spent at port); and (4) the influence of a species' life history on establishment success, for a given magnitude of propagule pressure. The authors discuss these four research priorities and how they can be addressed in collaboration with industry partners and stakeholders to improve the ability to predict and manage vessel-mediated biosecurity risks over the coming decades.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2024 09:30:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2346178</guid>
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      <title>Optimized Distribution of Living Materials during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Case Study of Changchun City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the COVID-19 lockdown, an efﬁcient distribution of living materials is urgently needed, as the stay-home quarantine is adopted to prevent the spread of the epidemic. Exposed individuals will affect the contact rate during the distribution, increasing the risk of COVID-19 transmission. This paper first establishes a time-varying SEIR propagation model of the new coronavirus, especially considering the time-related transition from the susceptible to the exposed state. Based on this, the authors then build a planning model for warehouses and delivery points to optimize the distribution strategy. Finally, the simulations were performed in Changchun, China. The results show that the timely distribution of living materials can reduce the contact rate by 64%. The authors also present 27 warehouses to manage 1,122 delivery points. The proposed approach can realize the optimal spatial-temporal distribution of living materials under the lockdown policy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2024 16:01:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2237779</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>On the road: Anthropogenic factors drive the invasion risk of a wild solitary bee species</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2111216</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Complex biotic networks of invaders and their new environments pose immense challenges for researchers aiming to predict current and future occupancy of introduced species. This might be especially true for invasive bees, as they enter novel trophic interactions. Little attention has been paid to solitary, invasive wild bees, despite their increasing recognition as a potential global threat to biodiversity. Here, the authors present the first comprehensive species distribution modelling approach targeting the invasive bee Megachile sculpturalis, which is currently undergoing parallel range expansion in North America and Europe. While the species has largely colonised the most highly suitable areas of North America over the past decades, its invasion of Europe seems to be in its early stages. The authors showed that its current distribution is largely explained by anthropogenic factors, suggesting that its spread is facilitated by road and maritime traffic, largely beyond its intrinsic dispersal ability. The results suggest that M. sculpturalis is likely to be negatively affected by future climate change in North America, while in Europe the potential suitable areas at-risk of invasion remain equally large. Based on this study, the authors emphasise the role of expert knowledge for evaluation of ecologically meaningful variables implemented and interpreted for species distribution modelling. They strongly recommend that the monitoring of this and other invasive pollinator species should be prioritised in areas identified as at-risk, alongside development of effective management strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:20:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2111216</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Future E/E-Architecture Stimulated by Using Bionic Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1831932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the development towards automated or even autonomous driving, an increasing number of assistance systems and inherent networks of data and power will be required in vehicles. The main challenge for this development is the coordination of these functions and the securing of functionalities in terms of failure. Living organisms are capable of efficiently coordinating a large number of paths to transmit information and energy. They dispose of tested mechanisms as well as structures which offer certain robustness and fault tolerance. Prudent redundancy in energy supply, communication and safeguarding of function ensures that the system as a whole remains capable of operating even when there are disruptions. Vehicles, which are being fitted with ever more assistance systems, must perform comparably. The transformation of these structures and functional principles from nature into technical solutions is combined within the keyword ‘bionic’. Within this paper, the authors present a corresponding approach which provides stimulus to apply such mechanisms in future E/E-Architectures of electrical distribution systems (EDS). Therefore, the authors first give a structured introduction that presents current trends in vehicle development from a supplier perspective and that introduce a bionic approach. Based on the deduction of current automotive trends, main requirements for EDS in the future are derived. The fulfillment of these requirements in living organisms is analyzed and then transformed to possible technical solutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the developed concept and an outlook for next steps within the harness respectively the wiring system development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1831932</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field Test of Living Snow Fences along Illinois Freeways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1885337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to conduct field tests to provide insights on setback distances and species for future living snow fence (LSF) designs in IL. Seven LSF sites with different species and site configurations and their control sites were selected along Illinois freeways. All sites are within the right-of-way (ROW). Measurement grids and stakes were used to catch the snow accumulation pattern at each test site. Volumes of snow trapped by LSF sites and their control sites were calculated using the cross section method and compared using t-tests. Field measurement indicates that a major portion of the incoming snow was deposited near the snow fence in the downwind direction. The t-test results show that LSF sites trapped significantly higher volumes of snow than control sites without snow fences. The field tests evidenced that LSFs 3.7–6 m (12–20 ft) high with 30–55% porosity and an offset distance of 27.4–36.5 m (90–120 ft) within ROW of IL freeways are effective in trapping and depositing snow before it reaches the roads. Suitable species include Grey Dogwood, Indigo Bush, Staghorn Sumac, and American Plum.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2021 10:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1885337</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of different roadway deicing salts on host-parasite interactions: The importance of salt type</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The application of roadway deicing salts is increasing the salinity of freshwater systems. Increased salinization from salts, such as NaCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂, can have direct, negative impacts on freshwater organisms at concentrations found in nature. Yet, the authors' understanding of how these salts can indirectly impact freshwater organisms by altering important ecological interactions, such as those between hosts and their parasites, is limited. Using a larval amphibian and infectious free-living helminth (i.e. trematode) model, the authors examined whether exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of NaCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ 1) influence trematode mortality; 2) alter amphibian-trematode interactions; and 3) alter larval amphibian activity (a behavior associated with parasite avoidance). The authors found that exposure to CaCl₂ greatly reduced trematode survival across all Cl− concentrations (230, 500, 860 and 1000 mg Cl− L−1) while NaCl and MgCl₂ had no effect. When both host and parasites were exposed to the salts, exposure to NaCl, but not MgCl₂ or CaCl₂, increased infection. The lack of effect of CaCl₂ on infection was likely driven by CaCl₂ reducing trematode survival. Exposure to NaCl increased infection at 500 mg Cl− L−1, but not 230 or 860 mg Cl− L−1. Increased infection was not due to salt exposure altering tadpole behavior. The authors' results suggest that NaCl can negatively impact amphibian populations indirectly by increasing trematode infections in tadpole hosts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2020 14:40:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Testing our Defenses Against Aquatic Nuisance Species: Developing a means to rigorously assess treatment technologies for ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1538029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Awareness of the negative effects posed by invasive organisms discharged in ships' ballast water has been growing since the 1970s. Early invasions, such as zebra mussels, prompted the U.S. Congress to pass laws in 1990 and 1996 requiring the development of new ballast water management regulations. More recently, in 2012, the United States Coast Guard published regulations establishing a "discharge standard" to limit the number of living organisms released in ballast water. In addition, working through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the international community has adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediment, 2004 (Ballast Water Management Convention), which entered into force on September 8, 2017. The Convention stipulates the same numeric discharge standards for each size class as the U.S. regulations. The rigorous protocol needed to test these ballast water management systems was developed in cooperation with the Coast Guard, EPA, and stakeholders, which include vendors, shipping representatives, academicians, ballast water researchers, and regulators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:05:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1538029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Remaining Life Estimation for Deteriorating Steel Marine Infrastructure under Global Warming and Nutrient Pollution</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The longer-term serviceability and structural safety of steel infrastructure exposed to seawater conditions may be affected by global warming and by seawater nutrient pollution. These may affect abiotic and biotic (microbial) corrosion. A model for long-term corrosion is developed from data obtained from steel piling exposed for 33 years in a seawater harbour. The effects on corrosion losses on the structural reliability of steel sheet piling as used in harbours world-wide were investigated as a function of seawater temperature rise from global warming and of seawater nutrient pollution. The results show that structural reliability is more sensitive to likely nutrient pollution than to predicted increases in seawater temperature, noting also that global warming also could increase nutrient pollution from anthropological sources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:44:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427395</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ballast Water Treatment systems: “Old” and “New” ones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper offers an overview of the currently available Ballast Water Treatment systems, their efficacy in reducing the number of organisms in relation with the IMO and other, future standards, and explores potentially new and promising technologies and current gaps.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2016 09:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411791</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ballast water management in the Baltic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), comprising of nine Baltic Sea countries and the European Union, is working to protect the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution, including biological pollution from alien species. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, singed by Contracting States’ environmentministers and EU, includes a Road Map for harmonized implementation and ratification of the International Convention for Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, with an overall aim of all Baltic Sea countries ratifying the Convention latest in 2013.HELCOM has compiled information on the alien species present in the Baltic Sea and species that might still invade from other sea regions, possibly impairing or damaging the environment, human health, property or resources.The HELCOM MARITIME Group has decided in its 8th meeting (2009) that Ballast Water Exchange is not a suitable management option for intra-Baltic shipping, and the Baltic Community has taken action with OSPAR Commission to promote voluntary exchange of ballast water outside the Baltic Sea and in OSPAR areas meeting the Convention requirements.Further HELCOM work will focus on how to assess risks related on intra-Baltic voyages, and on following developments of ballast water treatment technologies suitable for the small and semi-enclosed Baltic Sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2016 09:18:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1411790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shipboard Ballast Water Treatment Systems on Seagoing Ships</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This review paper summarizes the legislative framework and the available technologies for ballast water treatment with regard to the approval process and relevant issues. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets the limits of organism concentration in ballast water allowed to be discharged into the sea. The 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is the first international document that introduced obligatory ballast water management and control. Even though ballast water treatment systems are not 100 % effective, they significantly reduce the risk of spreading of invasive species through ballast water exchange. An increased manufacturer interest in the system’s approval or development of new technologies is not expected in future because the procedure is time-consuming and expensive. The final choice of optimal ballast water treatment system depends on the ship owner or operator taking into account the price, type of the ship, whether it is a newbuilding or an existing ship, ballast system capacity and the seas where ships ply as well as harbours at which they call.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2016 09:21:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1405566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bioevaluation of World Transport Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1236836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Physarum polycephalum is a slime mold that dwells in forests all over the world.  It is nourished by various types of microscopic entities.  As it looks for food, tubes resembling protoplasm spread out and diverge like branches of a tree.  When it finds food it coalesces into a form resembling a blob.  The blobs, which are connected by tubes, are all one organism; the networks created within the organism transport the nutritious food into and throughout its "body." Slime mold behaves in a very intelligent manner.  It creates networks that have been discovered to be highly efficient in getting the nutrients to the appropriate area.  Though slime mold has been know to solve computer problems, and logical and geometrical problems, its main purpose is to construct the optimal transportation network for its nutrients.  The authors of this book decided to conduct an experiment to see what kind of a transportation network the slime mold would create if it were tasked to connect major cities in the United States.  Would the resultant transportation design look anything like the existing interstate highway system, or would the slime mold create a transportation network that is more desirable and advantageous?  This book details the interesting results of the experiment, both for transportation networks in the United states, and in other countries around the world.  The table of contents includes the following:       Introduction (Andrew Adamatzky);      Methods: How We Conducted Experiments and Analysed Their Results (Andrew Adamatzky);      Trans-African Highways (Andrew Adamatzky and Anne Kayem);      Tracing Historical Development of Australian Highways (Andrew Adamatzky and Mikhail Prokopenko);      Belgian Transport Networks: Redundancy and Dissolution (Andrew Adamatzky, Bernard De Baets and Wesley Van Dessel);      Brazilian Highways from Slime Mould's Point of View (Andrew Adamatzky and Pedro P B De Oliveira);      Trans-Canada Slimeways: From Coast to Coast to Coast (Andrew Adamatzky and Selim G Akl);      Slime Mould Imitates Highways in China (Andrew Adamatzky, Xin-She Yang and Yu-Xin Zhao);      Schlauschleimer auf Autobahnen: The Case of Germany (Andrew Adamatzky and Theresa Schubert);      Vie Physarale: Roman Roads With Slime Mould (Emanuele Strano, Andrew Adamatzky and Jeff Jones);      Malaysian Expressways: Is There a Logic Behind Them? (Andrew Adamatzky, Zuwairie Ibrahim, Amar Faiz Zainal Abidin and Badaruddin Muhammad);      Physarum Narcotraficum: Mexican Highways and Slime Mould (Andrew Adamatzky, Genaro J Martinez, Sergio V Chapa-Vergara, Rene Asomoza-Palacio and Christopher R Stephens);      Physarum in The Netherlands: Responding to the Flood (Andrew Adamatzky, Michael Lees and Peter M A Sloot);      Rebuilding Iberian Motorways with Slime Mould (Andrew Adamatzky and Ramon Alonso-Sanz);      United Kingdom Road Planning with Slime Mould (Andrew Adamatzky and Jeff Jones);      Slimy Interstates in the USA (Andrew Adamatzky and Andrew Ilachinski);      World Colonisation and Trade Route Formation (Andrew Adamatzky);      Biorationality of Motorways (Andrew Adamatzky, Selim Akl, Ramon Alonso-Sanz, Wesley van Dessel, Zuwairie Ibrahim, Andrew Ilachinski, Jeff Jones, Anne V D M Kayem, Genaro J Martínez, Pedro P B de Oliveira, Mikhail Prokopenko, Theresa Schubert, Peter Sloot, Emanuele Strano and Xin-She Yang).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 10:17:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1236836</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Architectural Love of the Living: Bio-Inspired Design in the Pursuit of Ecological Regeneration and Psychological Wellbeing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898505</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how a growing amount of architectural discourse explores analogies between ecosystems and living organisms, and architectural design that will increase the capacity for regeneration. This is referred to here as bio-inspired design. This paper examines the relationship between biophilic and biomimetic approaches to architectural design as two aspects of bio-inspired design. The theory that bio-inspired design is inherently linked in the creation of regenerative architecture, able to increase capacity for self repair in both living ecosystems and the human psyche, is examined. Intersections, or mutualisms, between design to improve the wellbeing of ecosystems and design to improve human wellbeing, such as biomimicry and biophilia, are analysed and may illustrate the key aspects of bio-inspired design that could contribute to regenerative design. The implications of such an approach are discussed, and the scientific basis of such a process is investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2009 12:47:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898505</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Wildlife Reflectors in Reducing Vehicle Deer Collisions on Indiana Interstate 80/90</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/864001</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Indiana Department of Transportation is committed to reducing vehicle-deer collision incidents on the Indiana Interstate I-80/90 as well as on the other roads. Very few of the studies to reduce vehicle-deer collisions incorporated any sound and complete statistical design. Some states (California, Colorado, Maine, Ontario-Canada, Washington State and Wyoming) have found that the use of wildlife reflectors did not reduce vehicle-deer collisions. However, some other states (British Columbia-Canada, Iowa, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington State and Wisconsin) found that the use of wildlife reflectors did reduce vehicle-deer collisions. The main objective of this experimental study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Reflectors in reducing vehicle-deer collisions. The experimental design uses one-mile long road sections for each combination of reflector colors (red and blue/green), reflector spacing (30 m and 45 m), reflector design (single and dual reflectors), and median (one with and one without reflectors). In this design there are sixteen treatment combinations. A complete set of treatment combinations is called a replicate and the design had two replicates. Two one-mile control sections were placed at each end of each replicate. Data for the peak months of April, May, October and November was used in the data analyses. Poisson Regression models were used to analyze the data. No statistically significant differences among reflectors combinations or between reflectors and controls were found. When comparing all combined reflector sites with all combined control sites, the Poisson Regression Analyses indicate that the difference between the Poisson Mean (μ) of the all reflectors sections and all the control sections is statistically significant. The use of reflectors provides an expected reduction in deer-vehicle collisions of 19% with 95% confidence limits of 5% to 30%. Maximum reduction is associated with 100 ft spacing regardless of the reflector color, median with or without reflectors, single or double reflectors. The cost effectiveness of this reduction will be behind any decision to use reflectors to reduce vehicle-deer collisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 09:23:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/864001</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Human Subject Crash Testing: Innovations and Advances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/814457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improved vehicle and seat design, lower speed collision injury mechanism explanation assistance, and improved vehicle and occupant kinematic understanding have all resulted from more than five decades of crash studies in which human subjects have been used. Forty-two of the most important current and historical studies in rear-end, side, and frontal impacts using living human subjects are included in the monograph. Included are conference proceeding papers and many other Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) papers from the years 1955 to 2006 which are considered landmarks. Long-term reference value, number of subjects, uniqueness, and method rigor and quality are among the criteria by which papers were chosen for the monograph. Other relevant human subject crash test studies are briefly summarized and included in a comprehensive bibliography.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2007 13:00:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/814457</guid>
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