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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Assessing hydrogen supply and demand in the Liverpool City Region: a regional development review from stakeholders’ perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under the UK’s carbon neutrality goals for 2050, the Liverpool City Region’s (LCR) strategic positioning, with its rich industrial heritage and infrastructure assets such as extensive port facilities and proximity to vast renewable energy resources, positions it as a potential leader in the UK’s shift towards a hydrogen economy. Given this, the regional hydrogen industry and stakeholders in decarbonisation initiatives intend to undertake a critical review of the opportunities, challenges and uncertainties to local hydrogen supply and demand systems to assist in their decision-making. To achieve this goal, this study reviews the readiness of the hydrogen supply chain infrastructure within the LCR, which highlights four sectors in the hydrogen economy, i.e., production, storage, transportation, and utilisation. Subsequently, to offer the first-hand data in practice, a multi-faceted approach that incorporates a broad array of stakeholders through the Triple Helix (TH) model is adopted. Special attention is given to hydrogen’s role in transforming heavy industry, transportation, and heating sectors, supported by significant local projects like HyNet North West. During a roundtable discussion, industry-academia-government stakeholders identify challenges in scaling up infrastructure and assess the economic and technological landscape for hydrogen adoption. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first regional academic endeavour to comprehensively examine the alignment between hydrogen supply and demand, theory and practice. Based on a detailed SWOT analysis, this study outlines the region’s strengths, including established industrial clusters and technological capabilities in manufacturing. It also highlights weaknesses such as the high costs associated with emerging hydrogen technologies, technological immaturity, and gaps in necessary infrastructure. The opportunities presented by national policy incentives and growing global demand for sustainable energy solutions are considered alongside threats, including regulatory complexities and the slow pace of public acceptance. This comprehensive examination not only maps the current landscape but also sets the stage for strategic interventions needed to realise hydrogen’s full potential within the LCR, aiming to guide policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers in their efforts to foster a viable hydrogen economy. Moreover, the findings offer valuable insights that can inform the development of hydrogen strategies in other regions and cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 09:13:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618247</guid>
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      <title>Three-Stage Energy Management of Urban Rail Transit-Based Microgrid and EV Charging Station With V2T Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To achieve the efficient energy dispatch for urban rail transit-based microgrid (URT-MG), including energy storage system (ESS) and renewable energy source (RES) with electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) via vehicle-to-traction (V2T) technology, this research proposes a three-stage energy management with different time scales. In the first stage, based on a novel energy structure of URT-MG with EVCS, a coordinated control strategy of the integrated system is achieved, which can reduce the substation peak power. Then, the minimal operation cost of urban rail transit (URT) substation is obtained by a day-ahead energy management considering the forecast data of RES and different discharging capacities of EVCS. As for the second stage, the deviation between actual operation and referral dispatch plan from the first stage is eliminated by the model predictive control (MPC) method considering the uncertainties. In the third stage, an adaptive charging strategy of individual electric vehicles (EVs) is designed. This strategy can dynamically adjust the charging power of each EV to meet the travel demand of EV customers. The simulation based on the Merseyrail line of Liverpool is conducted, which verifies the validity of the proposed strategy. The substation energy cost can be reduced by 51.0%, while the EVCS charging cost is also reduced by 46.0%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 17:11:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559299</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Beyond the 15-minute city: Methodological lessons for proximity-based planning from two English case studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 15-minute city (15MC) popularizes an older idea: that everyday destinations should be within a short, walkable or cyclable distance. Treating that idea more broadly as proximity-based planning, this study examines two English case-studies − Toxteth in Liverpool and the local authorities of Manchester and Salford. Using a combination of computerized traffic sensing, GIS service-access mapping and resident co-design workshops, the study shows that a multidisciplinary perspective and multi-method approaches are necessary to fully understand and implement proximity-based planning ideas. The research underscores that there is no one-size-fits-all solution, and the importance of tailored, flexible, and context-sensitive methodological approaches are critical for proximity-based principles to succeed. The study reflects on how urban planners can combine these methods in practice to support proximity-based planning. The authors suggest that future efforts should focus on addressing socio-economic disparities, enhancing public engagement, building coalitions with key agencies, and refining/tailoring methodologies to better align with local conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 16:34:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573637</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Bilevel Optimization of Sizing and Control Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System in Urban Rail Transit Considering Substation Operation Stability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512126</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which consists of battery and ultracapacitor (UC), can efficiently reduce the substation energy cost from grid and achieve the peak-shaving function, due to its characteristics of high-power density and high-energy density. The sizing of HESS affects the operation cost of whole system. Besides, operation stability (such as substation peak power and voltage fluctuations) is rarely considered in urban railway transit (URT) when sizing optimization of HESS is considered. Thus, this research proposes a sizing and control strategy optimization of HESS in URT. First, the mathematic model of URT with HESS is established, which is used to simulate URT and HESS operation state by a power flow analysis method. Then, based on the proposed HESS control principle, a bilevel optimization of HESS in URT is proposed. The master level aims to optimize the rated capacity and power of HESS, reducing total operational cost. Then, the HESS control strategy is optimized at slave level, reducing substation peak power and voltage fluctuations of URT. The case study is conducted based on the data of Merseyrail line in Liverpool. A comparison is also conducted, which shows that the proposed method can reduce daily operation cost by 12.68% of the substation, while the grid energy cost is decreased by 57.26%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 13:59:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512126</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing two-dimensional indicators of transport demand and supply to promote sustainable transportation equity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inadequate supply of transport infrastructure is often seen as a barrier to a sustainable future for cities globally. Such barriers often perpetuate significant inequalities in who can and who cannot benefit from sustainable transport opportunities, and as a result there is momentum for transformative urban planning to promote sustainable transportation equity. This study introduces a new set of two-dimensional indicators, merging elements of supply and demand, to identify barriers and imbalances in sustainable transport equity. The accessibility indicators, which are generated for bus, rail, and cycle infrastructure, consider the proximity of administrative areas to good quality transport infrastructure, as well as mode-specific demand, to clearly identify areas where the supply of infrastructure is inadequate to support local populations. The authors present a policy case study for Liverpool City Region, which demonstrates how these indicators can be used in an analytical framework to support transformative urban planning in long-term. In particular, the indicators reveal policy priority areas where demand for sustainable transport is greater than supply, as well as neighbourhoods where multiple transport inequalities are intersecting spatially, highlighting the need for specific types of infrastructure investment to promote sustainable transport equity (e.g. more frequent services, additional cycle paths). The framework lays the foundations for improved decision-making in urban systems, through development of mode-specific sustainable transport indicators at small area levels, which harmonise elements of supply and demand for the first time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487784</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A framework for the optimal deployment of police drones based on street-level crime risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drones are increasingly adopted for policing in many countries, as they can aid police officers to detect hazards and respond to incidents with timely and low-cost services. However, the planning and deployment of police drones are subject to several challenges, including the proper distance metric for drone flying and the risk-based location optimisation of drone base stations. This study proposes a new framework that enables the optimal deployment of police drones to address crime risk issues on urban street networks. This risk-based decision framework takes into account three potential distance metrics that regulate and shape the flying routes of drones, which in turn affects the optimal location of drone base stations. In addition, this framework takes into account the major risk constraints of flying drones in urban areas, including domestic privacy and elevation. The proposed risk-based decision framework is validated using the real case study of Liverpool with historical crime data and street network layouts. The findings contribute to the operations and management of police drones in urban areas and shift the paradigm of policing drones towards a risk-based regime.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Feb 2024 14:52:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cycling in an ‘ordinary city’: A practice theory approach to supporting a modal shift</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There has long been evidence of the benefit of a modal shift toward cycling can bring to meeting several pressing urban challenges including ill-health, climate change, and poor air quality. In the wake of COVID-19, policy-makers have identified a modal shift toward cycling as part of the solution to mobility challenges introduced by social distancing measures. However, beyond exemplar areas, cycling has been largely characterized by a stubbornly-low modal share. In this paper, the authors use the ‘ordinary city’ – in cycling terms – of Liverpool as a case study to understand this. The authors apply practice theory in doing so, finding the provision of materials for cycling is the key factor in supporting a modal shift. Not only do they provide the means to support the practice of cycling in the city, but they also have a key role in shaping individuals perceptions of, and the skills required to cycle. The authors then reflect upon the utility of practice theory in understanding the patterns of everyday life, finding it was particularly well suited in understanding the interactions between different factors which influence modal choice. The authors go on to identify practical challenges in its application within their analysis raising questions around an inconsistent analysis of influential factors including ‘driver behavior’ and ‘political commitment’. The authors suggest how this might be overcome, through the isolation of such factors within a category of ‘action of others’, this they argue means the findings in this paper have broad relevance to researchers and policy-makers alike.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:39:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legalisation of E-Scooters in the UK: The Injury Rate and Pattern Is Similar to Those of Bicycles in an Inner City Metropolitan Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rental electric scooters (e-scooters) have become more available to the UK public following amendments to legislation in 2020 affecting rideshare schemes. Existing literature from outside the UK demonstrates a worrying trend of increasing injuries related to their use and non-compliance with suggested safety precautions. An e-scooter rideshare scheme trial began in Liverpool in October 2020. The authors intended to identify the musculoskeletal injury rate and describe the injuries sustained during this pilot. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic patient records on all patients at a major trauma center covering the whole of the Liverpool rideshare trial site presenting with e-scooter and bicycle musculoskeletal injuries between the trial start on 6th October 2020 and 5th May 2021 and between 6th March 2020 and 5th October 2020. Data on rental e-scooter use were obtained from the rideshare operator. Fifty-one patients sustained musculoskeletal injuries involving e-scooters during the trial period and six injuries before the trial. Two-thirds of injuries were on rental e-scooters. The authors calculate an orthopedic injury rate of 26.1 injuries per million km on e-scooters and 24.1 injuries per million km on bicycles. Over 70% of e-scooter patients had upper limb injuries, over 50% had lower limb injuries and 15.7% of patients required surgery. The authors observed an increase in musculoskeletal injuries presenting to hospital during the e-scooter pilot. Rates of musculoskeletal injuries were comparable to rates of injuries sustained on bicycles. E-scooters should be regulated closely and further safety measures introduced to minimize the rate of injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2022 10:44:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Motivations, perceptions and experiences of cycling for transport: A photovoice study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1921033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to use photovoice methodology to explore perceptions and lived experiences of cycling for transport. It was envisaged that the contextual information gathered from this qualitative study would provide novel insights into the meanings people ascribe towards cycling for transport. Fifteen adult participants from Liverpool, England each generated three photographs representing what they like and what they dislike about cycling for transport, and what cycling for transport means to them, and completed a subsequent photo-elicitation telephone interview. Data were analyzed through an iterative deductive and inductive process, firstly using the ecological model of active living as a thematic framework, and then inductively to enable emergent themes to be further explored. Pen profile figures were constructed to illustrate key emergent themes. The photovoice methodology generated complimentary and interconnected visual and narrative data which confirmed and uncovered new insights into intrapersonal, sociocultural and environmental factors relevant to cycling for transport experiences. Intrapersonal and perceived environmental factors had a stronger influence on cycling for transport than sociocultural factors. Road safety concerns were reported by all participants, and the provision of cycling infrastructure was reported as an enabler and barrier to transport cycling. The motivations and meanings ascribed to cycling for transport principally related to time saving and cost saving, as well as reliability. Convenience was a recurring theme in the present study. Emphasizing the relative speed and cost efficiency of cycling for transport, as well as the potential health and environmental benefits, could lead to more cycling for transport uptake.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Mar 2022 09:58:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1921033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Co-Opting the Streets of Liverpool: Self-Organization and the Role of Local Authorities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the context of austerity politics, there is an increasing emphasis on regeneration initiatives that originate in civil society itself. While community-led contributions are supported by local authorities for their self-organisation and empowerment of communities, ownership of the planning process allows the local authority to retain power over the community, and subsequently co-opt initiatives in the interest of their own wider regeneration plans. However, given communities often lack resources, the involvement of the local authority is often necessary to ensure future development. This paper argues that this dynamic places community-led schemes at risk of co-optation, meaning plans are community-outsourced rather than facilitating the potential of self-organisation by communities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:42:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1906474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The 20-minute city: An equity analysis of Liverpool City Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 20-minute city has become a popular urban planning policy to support low-transport neighbourhoods. Whilst meeting residents’ needs in local neighbourhoods is not a new concept, urban and transportation planners are increasingly being tasked with re-structuring transport and public services to facilitate people ‘living locally’. The existence of a 20-minute city is seen as a signifier of urban success and has taken on political acknowledgement through the pandemic, yet existing spatial inequalities contribute to the daunting headwinds in making active travel support an equitable city. In this paper, the authors provide a novel approach to identify where 20-minute neighbourhoods might exist within a large city region and assess how their existence aligns with socio-spatial inequalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 09:44:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merseyside flyovers bit the dust : two highway viaducts that dominated the Liverpool skyline for half a century are currently being removed, making way for improved public realm in the centre of the city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1677482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jan 2020 11:25:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1677482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Highlights of the Landmark Liverpool and Manchester Railway and River/Canal Crossings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was dedicated 14 September 2016 at the Rainhill Library as an International Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark by ASCE, ASME, ICE, and IMechE. Highlights of the railway plaque dedication and unique railway innovations will be featured. The plaque states: “Opened on 16 September 1830, this railway proved to be one of the most significant developments in transportation history. It was the first public railway for the scheduled transportation of passengers and freight between remote cities. A team led by George Stephenson (1781-1848) designed the 35-mile, double-tracked line. Overcoming numerous engineering challenges, including Olive Mount, the Sankey Valley and Chat Moss, the railway established the historic reputations of many engineers assigned to its various sections. The first ever locomotive trials at Rainhill during 6-14 October 1829 had five entries. Rocket, designed and built by Robert Stephenson (1803-1859) and Henry Booth, outperformed the others and proved that locomotive propulsion was practical. Still operating on its original alignment with many original structures, this railway established the basic format for almost all subsequent railways and rolling stock world-wide.” The largest water crossing required the design and construction of the nine-arch Sankey Viaduct. Near Manchester, the River Irwell Bridge was completed in August of 1830. A canal crossing required the Bridgewater Canal Bridge. Much peat moss bog at Chat Moss required special timber footings and embankment fill and drainage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Oct 2018 17:11:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1557445</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A two-city tale : while Greater Manchester's mayor aspires to be a higher quality bus service, a trailblazing alliance is achieving impressive results for his counterpart in Liverpool, but neither of them appears to be committing himself to London-style franchising</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490592</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2017 10:30:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490592</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Imagine all the people</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1484442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Like Liverpool's musical genius John Lennon, the city's airport is living up to the legendary musician's famous call to use its imagination, writes Mark Thomas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Oct 2017 11:45:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1484442</guid>
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