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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Developing Optimization Methods for Maritime Escort Strategies for Littoral and Chokepoint Shipping Lanes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Protecting maritime shipping lanes, particularly vulnerable littoral chokepoints, is critical to maintaining global economic stability. These narrow sea passages connecting major bodies of water are susceptible to disruption, as demonstrated by recent hostile activities in the Red Sea and Strait of Hormuz. This project aims to address the growing complexity of maritime threats by developing mathematical optimization models for allocating limited U.S. military assets to neutralize or alleviate the risk of potential threats. The research will develop mixed-integer programming (MIP) models to determine effective strategies involving a diverse set of protection assets, such as warship escorts, unmanned aerial vehicles, and missile defense systems. The project will specifically focus on minimizing risks to vessels while also optimizing the cost-benefit balance for defending these critical shipping corridors. By collaborating with U.S. Navy stakeholders at the U.S. Northern Command, the findings will support enhanced operational planning, contribute to securing domestic transportation infrastructure, and improve the resilience of the global supply chain. This work seeks to fill a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive, quantitative approach to maritime defense in the context of modern threats.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2025 16:37:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499090</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Heterogeneous multi-sensor tracking for an autonomous surface vehicle in a littoral environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1940742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sensor fusion plays a key part in autonomous surface vehicles, however, the high cost of sensors makes the barrier of entry in this research field quite high. In this work, the authors present a complete system for sensor fusion on the milliAmpere autonomous ferry research platform as well as an open sensor fusion dataset for maritime tracking across two environments. Individual sensors and their detection pipelines are evaluated across various detection metrics. The authors also evaluate the tracking performance of the sensors both individually and in fusion using a multi-sensor extension of the JIPDA multi-target tracker. The authors find that the different environments have distinct challenges precluding the use of only a single sensor. Utilizing multiple sensors, either individually or in fusion, can mitigate these issues increasing the safety margins of the situational awareness system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 10:06:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1940742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Downdrift Port Siltation Adjacent to a River Mouth: Mechanisms and Effects of Littoral Sediment Transport to the Navigation Channel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mechanisms controlling sediment transport at river mouths and estuaries nearby ports are complicated interactions among waves, tidal currents, and river flows over complex bathymetry. Episodic river discharge triggered by large rainfall may contribute to significant sediment into the ocean. Over the last decade, the exposed riverine sediment from the Zhuoshui River, north of Mailiao Port, is one of the major sources of sediment supply in this region. Previous field observations shortly after the passage of a typhoon suggested fine-grained sediments settled rapidly near the river mouth, and tidal currents and strong wind-driven waves during winter were the mechanisms that transported sediment toward the navigational channel. Numerical simulations provide insights into the patterns of residual circulations for a range of spring-neap tidal forces and wave conditions. Model results show that extending North Jetty could be one of the engineering countermeasures to modify the circulation system between the port and the river mouth to mitigate the siltation problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2022 09:40:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Surface vessel localization from wake measurements using an array of pressure sensors in the littoral zone</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1858948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vessel detection and localization based on wake measurements have been used extensively in aerial and satellite reconnaissance. Here, a wake-based approach for vessel localization and speed estimation is developed using a grid of pressure sensors on the seabed. The sensor array consisted of 9 devices in a 3 × 3 rectangular grid with 2.5 m spacing between the instruments. The array was deployed at a depth of 3 m approximately 2.5 km from the fairway. The pressure time series from all sensors were used to estimate vessel speed and the travelling distance of the wake by interpreting the geometry of its time-frequency representation. The wake direction and an estimate of the vessel course are calculated from the delays of the incoming wake between the sensor locations, equivalently, based on cross-correlations of the signal at neighbouring sensors. Results for single events are compared with data collected from the vessels self-reporting systems (AIS). It is concluded that a grid of pressure sensors can provide a reliable estimation of the vessel location and its speed. The presented technique makes it possible to locate ships, and their speed and course, as the next step towards a vessel traffic monitoring system based on wake recordings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2021 11:42:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1858948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Acoustic Measurement of Ship Wave–Induced Sediment Resuspension in a Large River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a proof of concept that acoustic velocity and backscatter intensity measurements can provide essential information on ship wave–induced sediment transport processes in the littoral zone of a large river. Through a case study in the Hungarian section of Danube River, a combined application of an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and a formerly calibrated acoustic backscatter sensor (ABS) is introduced for parallel measurements of 3D flow velocities and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in a characteristic point of the near-bank zone. SSC times series detected by the ABS supported the calibration of the ADV backscatter, which eventually enabled the analysis of the temporal behavior of flow velocity and SSC conditions altered by ship waves. A suitable method for the separation of primary and secondary waves provided essential information on the turbulence intensities and sediment fluxes, and was found that the low-frequency primary waves are rather responsible for the lateral sediment transport instead of the dynamic secondary waves. The introduced data processing techniques and the main findings of the paper mean an important step toward the better understanding of the impacts of ship waves on the riverbanks, inherently playing a crucial role in the hydro-morphological and habitat conditions of river systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2021 09:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Land Ahoy! Understanding Submarine Command and Control During the Completion of Inshore Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective:The aim of this study was to use multiple command teams to provide empirical evidence for understanding communication flow, information pertinence, and tasks undertaken in a submarine control room when completing higher- and lower-demand inshore operation (INSO) scenarios.Background:The focus of submarine operations has changed, and submarines are increasingly required to operate in costal littoral zones. However, submarine command team performance during INSO is not well understood, particularly from a sociotechnical systems perspective.Method:A submarine control-room simulator was built. The creation of networked workstations allowed a team of nine operators to perform tasks completed by submarine command teams during INSO. The Event Analysis of Systematic Teamwork method was used to model the social, task, and information networks and to describe command team performance. Ten teams were recruited for the study, affording statistical comparisons of how command-team roles and level of demand affected performance.Results:Results indicated that the submarine command-team members are required to rapidly integrate sonar and visual data as the periscope is used, periodically, in a “duck-and-run” fashion, to maintain covertness. The fusion of such information is primarily completed by the operations officer (OPSO), with this operator experiencing significantly greater demand than any other operator.Conclusion:The OPSO was a bottleneck in the command team when completing INSO, experiencing similar load in both scenarios, suggesting that the command team may benefit from data synthesis tasks being more evenly distributed within the command team.Application:The work can inform future control-room design and command-team ways of working by identifying bottlenecks in terms of information and task flow between operators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jan 2018 09:20:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Littoral Bypassing and Beach Restoration in the Vicinity of Port Hueneme, California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port Hueneme Harbor, California, constructed in 1940, resulted in the average annual erosion of 1,200,000 cubic yards from the shoreline downcoast of the harbor. The cause was diversion by the north jetty of the harbor of littoral sand movement into the Hueneme canyon, A sand bypass system was established in 1960 – 61 by construction, one mile upcoast, of Channel Islands Harbor fronted by an offshore breakwater 2,300 feet in length and located on the 30-foot-depth contour. This breakwater serves a dual function of sheltering the harbor entrance and acting as a littoral sand trap. Three cycles of biennial littoral sand bypassing have been successfully completed resulting in supply of 11,000,000 cubic yards of sand to the eroding shoreline at an average annual cost of $0.40 per cubic yard, including annual maintenance and amortization of structures. Comparison of design of the structure to the impounding characteristics experienced during three bypass cycles indicates that the dimensions and capacity of a sand trap formed by an offshore breakwater can be based upon the diffraction patterns of prevailing wave trains at the two ends of the structure and is independent of the depth and dimensions of the entrapment area. Rate of impoundment is equal to the rate of littoral drift at Port Hueneme.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Model Tests and Studies for Port Rashid, Dubai</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is a factual account of studies carried out for the design of a new deep water harbour. As so often happens, construction work had to begin before many of the conclusions of the study were available, so that alterations to the initial designs had to be made while work progressed. The studies comprised tidal and wave recordings and analysis, model studies to determine residual wave conditions at the quays, studies to determine the extent of littoral drift, the effect of the proposed works upon this and possible measures to counter downdrift erosion. In addition, studies were made of the stability of the adjacent creek channel which had previously been the harbour and a mathematical model study was carried out of the effects on the creek regime of various proposed entrance works, including the construction of an entirely new creek entrance channel through the new deep water harbour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389229</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Complementary Interaction between Beach Nourishment and Harbour Management: Four Cases in Spain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes several results on beach nourishment and harbour management interaction, within the authors' area of responsibility. These positive results show the socio-economic benefits which can be achieved through effectively combining harbour and coastal requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2016 09:47:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1388249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field and Model Studies for Visakhapatnam Harbor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389906</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Model studies and analysis of oceanographic and littoral drift data were undertaken to advise Howe India (Private) Ltd. on littoral drift, siltation and shore erosion problems to be encountered during and after the construction of Visakhapatnam Outer Harbor Project. Distorted fixed-bed and movable-bed models with a horizontal scale of 1:300 and a vertical scale of 1:80 were calibrated to reproduce the integrated net effect of an average southwest and northeast monsoon season. Experiments were conducted to assess and predict seasonal changes resulting from the construction of the system of breakwaters under normal and extreme conditions. Recommendations were made concerning breakwater and sand trap location, shore protection, dredging and disposal of dredged material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 09:18:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389906</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Assessment of Self-Dredging Harbour Entrances</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This provides further information and assessment of the three harbour entrance wave traps at Dingwall, Inverness and Pleasant Bay located in Canada. These were constructed to reduce the amount of maintenance dredging required in the entrance channels. Wave climate data and littoral material analysis are presented. Observations on the performance of each structure are given and conclusions drawn as to restrictions and constraints on applicability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 09:18:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1389905</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Littoral Drift of Sand Near Port of Oarai</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1390287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To study the main direction of littoral drift of sand near the Port of Oarai, field observations were made. Through the analyses of the results the following facts were obtained: (1) The relative changes of foreshore gradients alongshore were correlated with the characteristics of beaches; (2) By investigating sand grain sizes on the coast the predominant direction of littoral drift of sand could be illustrated; and (3) The direction of littoral drift of sand was almost coincident with the main nearshore currents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Feb 2016 09:18:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1390287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analytical Research of Littoral Transport Rate and Wave Energy Along the Putai Harbor Site</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1390853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the sheltering effect of the Wai-San-Ding Sand Barrier, the hydraulic condition of the Putai Harbor site is quite favorable. Since the relatively well-protected location of the Putai Harbor area with regard to both waves and wind, no special navigational problems have to be envisaged. The wave energy of the Putai Harbor site is computed from the measured waves by considering the refraction effect down to the breaking line. Due to the lack of wave records, the wind speed is used by applying the regression equations among the wave height, period and wind speeds, and then the wave height and period for obtaining the breaking wave energy are computed. Therefore the total breaking wave energy (Pl ) of the whole year along the Putai Harbor coast is determined. The littoral transport rate (Il ) is calculated from the mesh method by comparing the echo-sounding maps of two continuous different years. Therefore, the relationship of Pl and Il is correlated in the Putai Harbor site.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2016 09:26:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1390853</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LA PRATIQUE DES SOLS ET FONDATIONS - CHAPITRE 16 : EROSION ET SEDIMENTATION EN MER ET EN RIVIERE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1045630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[APRES AVOIR DONNE DANS UNE PREMIERE PARTIE LES PRINCIPALES LOIS THEORIQUES ET EMPIRIQUES PROPOSEES PAR LE LABORATOIRE CENTRAL D'HYDRAULIQUE DE FRANCE (LCHF) POUR DEFINIR L'ACTION DES COURANTS, DE LA HOULE ET DU VENT SUR LES SEDIMENTS, LES AUTEURS EXAMINENT DANS UNE DEUXIEME PARTIE L'INFLUENCE D'OUVRAGES MARITIMES SUR L'EQUILIBRE DES LITTORAUX.  LA TROISIEME PARTIE EST CONSACREE AUX PROBLEMES D'EROSION ET DE SEDIMENTATION EN RIVIERE ET AUX MOYENS D'Y REMEDIER  (VOIR FICHE GENERALE 110790).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 22:53:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1045630</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>AMENAGEMENT DE L'ESPACE ET DU TEMPS ET DEVELOPPEMENT DU TOURISME. ACTES DU CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DU TOURISME. SESSION 1979-1980</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1042932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DANS LE CADRE D'UNE ETUDE SUR LA FRANCE EN TANT QU'ESPACE DE LOISIRS A L'ECHELLE EUROPEENNE, LA COMMISSION DESIGNEE A CERNE DEUX SUJETS :LA DETERMINATION DU CALENDRIER ATTRACTIF ET LES FLUX TOURISTIQUES D'UNE PART, LES INVESTISSEMENTS EUROPEENS EN FRANCE, D'AUTRE PART.  CECI CONCERNE AUSSI BIEN  LES SPORTS D'HIVER QUE LES VACANCES D'ETE.  L'ACCROISSEMENT DU TOURISME ETRANGER EN FRANCE EST UN IMPERATIF POUR NOTRE BALANCE DES PAIEMENTS, MAIS  PARALLELEMENT LA CONCENTRATION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DES VACANCES DEVIENT ALARMANTE.  LES TRAVAUX PORTENT DONC SUR LA POLITIQUE ET LES MOYENS D'AMENAGEMENT DE L'ESPACE TOURISTIQUE FRANCAIS DANS L'OPTIQUE DE LA FREQUENTATION EUROPEENNE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 2010 21:24:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1042932</guid>
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