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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Potential to Sequester Carbon within State Highway Rights-of-Way in New Mexico Phase 2: Development of a Right-of-Way Carbon Sequestration Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1417856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Selected rights‐of‐way (ROW) vegetation management treatments were evaluated over three growing seasons to determine if they could increase soil organic carbon (SOC) along state highways in New Mexico. Eight test plots were established in north central and north eastern portions of the state along a SOC/precipitation gradient in Prairie and Lower Montane biomes. Treatments were to maintain biomass, increase soil moisture and increase available soil nitrogen.  In actively managed zones of the ROW, treatments included a modified mowing regime to retain more biomass (High Mow) compared to current mowing operations (Low Mow) combined with interseeding legumes (Legume).  The natural zone (ROW outside of managed areas) were treated with soil imprinting (Imprinting) and legume interseeding (Legume) compared to unmodified control (Natural).  Unfortunately, the legumes broadcast seeding into established ROW plant communities was ineffective and monitoring the treatment was discontinued in the second growing season. Field measurements included SOC and nitrogen, vegetation biomass and cover, soil temperature and moisture, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux.  The project also considered the feasibility of a carbon offset protocol for highway ROW roadside vegetation management that could a be sold within a cap‐and‐trade carbon commodity market. High Mow subplots showed a trend of increased aboveground biomass and canopy cover at the end of the growing season compared to Low Mow. Aboveground biomass and canopy cover responses to Imprinting compared to the Natural subplots were varied and insignificant. Differences in soil carbon stock among managed and natural zone treatments were generally insignificant and equivocal in response. Continuous measurements of soil temperature and moisture did not identify any significant differences between treatments in either managed or natural ROW zones. Unmowed summertime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was negative, indicating net sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ by photosynthetic plants. After mowing, daytime NEE were either positive for Low Mow or less negative for High Mow treatments.  Low Mow nighttime fluxes were also positive after mowing and exceeded NEE observed in High Mow and Control subplots. This response to mowing is consistent with the reduction in the leaf area and increased respiration as plants replace their leaves following defoliation.   The discrete chamber‐based measurements of CO₂ flux used characterized the ecosystem CO₂ dynamics at the ROW test plots where benchmarked against Ameriflux long‐term NEE data from semi‐arid grassland eddy covariance stations.  Qualitatively, the magnitude of NEE observations at the test plots were typically within 2 standard deviations of the 10‐year mean for the Kendall long‐term ecological research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2016 11:04:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1417856</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Refertilization of Roadsides</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadsides prone to scotch broom and alder invasion were used to evaluate the timing and rate of IBDU, Escote 150 slow release nitrogen (SRN) application and the effects of fall grass/legume overseeding on improving cover. Fall fertilization with SRN increased cover and biomass of grass along roadsides where good bentgrass or fescue populations existed. A 20 to 40% increase in grass cover was realized with fall fertilization at >90 kg SRN/ha and significantly reduced open space where seeds of invading species could germinate. Poor grass growth occurred following spring SRN application and 45 kg N/ha in the fall as SRN or 16-16-16 was too low to improve cover. Liming and overseeding of grass/legume mixes were not reliable as a one-time method to improve grass/legume cover when precipitation began by early October. Overseeding may be successful if practiced regularly and by mid September when moisture might be available during some years. No overseeding grass or legume species survived better than another when overseeded in early October. A 5-year test program is recommended. In the fall apply SRN to roadsides prone to scotch broom invasion where good bentgrass/fine fescue populations exist. The SRN should consist of a 0.6 cm minus article IBDU, Escote 150 and urea combination (40:40:20 w/w, respectively) in a 2:1:1 ratio with P₂O₅ and K₂O. Divide each test area into annually mowed, biannually mowed or non-mowed areas. Overseeding with fertilization should occur in early September. The seed mix should consist of 70% improved varieties of slender, creeping red or hard fescue, 20%  fine-leaved perennial ryegrass and 10% colonial bentgrass. Dwarf white clover, although a desirable component of the mix, is not suggested unless seed is pre-inoculated and sufficient P, K and lime have been previously applied.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Dec 2015 16:08:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377473</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recommended Species for Roadside Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1335508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is a review of the plant materials that have a place in the rights of way of Arkansas' highways. It is a reference work addressing the specific and unique plant related needs of the Arkansas State. Highway and Transportation Department. The study contains a listing of trees, shrubs, grasses and legumes available in sufficient supply to be useful for highway planting. The study focuses on but is not limited to native species. The plants presented are available in the nursery trade except not all of the wildflowers presented are commercially available in quantities needed for right of way planting. A section is included on maintenance and establishment procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2014 15:03:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1335508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Methodologies for the Inoculation of Prairie Legumes in Roadside/Revegetation Settings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/873954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Response to five different inoculation treatments has been determined in a three-year-old prairie area established at the Becker Sandplain Experiment Station in fall 2004. Seed inoculation was generally ineffective, but overall legume numbers and biomass in the prairie restorations were enhanced by both soil-applied granular and cover-crop applied inoculants, with soils collected from the prairie areas in 2007 also showing marked improvement in the soil quality traits microbial biomass C and N as a result of inoculation. When Dalea rhizobia were recovered from soil in the different prairie plots, and identified using BOXA1R-PCR, only 2% of the strains from the seed inoculation treatment identified with the inoculant strains, whereas 53% -100% of the rhizobia from soil in the other treatments identified with these strains. Dalea plants inoculated with rhizobia recovered from soil and identifying with the inoculant strains outyielded those inoculated with non-inoculant strains by more than 100%. In contrast, when slow-growing rhizobia from Desmodium canadense were recovered from soil and characterized, only 13.7% of the strains identified with the inoculant strains used. Most were not intended for Desmodium per se but identified with the inoculant strains intended for Chamaecrista fasciculata, the legume species most evident in the first season after planting. Inoculation with high potency granular soil-applied inoculants improves both the nodulation and establishment of prairie legumes, and the quality of the prairie, but species differences in response to inoculation require further study, particularly relative to host establishment pattern, host/strain compatibility, spatial variability in soil and environmental influences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2008 07:32:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/873954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inoculated Legumes and Revegetation/Roadside Plantings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/771961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to the vast loss of prairie area in western and southern Minnesota and the concern over plant genetic loss and soil erosion that resulted, this study set to determine the success of prairie reconstruction along Minnesota roadways. Areas around rest stops on major highways were seeded with prairie plants. As nitrogen is commonly limited in natural environments, legumes- known for their ability to fix nitrogen in symbiosis were included in the prairie reconstruction plant mixes. However, not all of the land area contains sufficient rhizobia to maintain the legumes. Therefore, inoculation with rhizobia was necessary. The predominate goal of this study was the establishment, inoculation and continuing observation for traits associated with nodulation and nitrogen fixation of prairie lands of different ages at the University of Minnesota Sandplain Experiment Station in Becker, Minnesota. The area was then monitored for plant development and survival.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Mar 2006 08:39:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/771961</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT ON THE ROADSIDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The establishment of plants on the roadside is difficult at many sites due to the highly disturbed soils that are present after highway construction. Four Interim reports were prepared during the three year period that this project covered. These reports were on the use of 'slow release' fertilizers as a nitrogen source for landscape plants; the factors that influence nitrogen fixation by woody plant species; the effects of various mulches on the growth of landscape plants; and various methods for establishing plant cover on the roadside by seeding. This report presents summaries of the four Interim Reports that were submitted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69799</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRINCIPLES OF MAKING TURF MIXTURES FOR ROADSIDE SEEDINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[HIGHWAY SEEDINGS MADE UP OF A MIXTURE OF SEVERAL SPECIES ARE USED BECAUSE THE CHANCE OF OBTAINING A GOOD SOD IS IMPROVED. A SPECIES SHOULD BE USED IN A MIXTURE ONLY IF IT MAKES A CONTRIBUTION FOR ESTABLISHMENT, OR FOR MAINTAINING A DESIRABLE PERENNIAL SOD ALONG ROADSIDES. ONE REASON FOR USING MORE THAN ONE SPECIES IN A MIXTURE IS THAT GERMINATION, GROWTH AND SOD SURVIVAL AMONG TURF GRASSES AND LEGUMES DIFFER WITH SODS AND THE MICROCLIMATE IN THE SEEDLING COMMUNITY. FOR EXAMPLE, BLUEGRASS AND REDTOP RESPOND QUITE DIFFERENTLY WITH SEASON OF SOWING. TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE STATUS CANNOT BE PREDICTED BECAUSE OF VARIATIONS IN SEEDING DATES, SLOPE EXPOSURE, SOIL CONDITIONS AND CLIMATE. JUST AFTER SEEDING WHEN GERMINATION AND GROWTH PROCESSES BEGIN, THE SEEDLINGS ENCOUNTER AN INTERPLAY OF ALL THE UNPREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SIMULTANEOUSLY. SOME TURF PLANTS RESPOND IN GERMINATION AND GROWTH TO VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MORE FAVORABLY THAN OTHERS. ANOTHER REASON FOR USING SEVERAL TURF SPECIES IN A MIXED SEEDING IS THAT SOME VERY DESIRABLE PERENNIAL SPECIES ARE SLOW TO ESTABLISH EVEN UNDER VERY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS. WHEN SPECIES THAT ARE SLOW TO MAKE SOD ARE USED, IT IS NECESSARY TO USE COMPANION GRASSES IN THE MIXTURES IN ORDER TO CONTROL EROSION WHILE SLOW GROWERS GET ESTABLISHED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS TO SECURE SATISFACTORY VEGETATIVE COVER OF DISTURBED AREAS EXPOSED DURING GRADING OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/99125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DURING THE THREE YEAR PERIOD ENDING IN 1964 THIS STUDY EXPLORED THE EFFECT OF SEEDING DEPTHS AND DATES, SOIL COMPACTION, SPECIES, MULCHES, FERTILIZERS AND COMPANION CROPS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES ON FIVE DIFFERENT ROADSIDE SOIL TYPES, AND IN A GREENHOUSE IN SOUTH DAKOTA. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT 70 TO 80 POUNDS OF NITROGEN AND 160 -185 POUNDS OF PHOSPHOROUS PER ACRE SHOULD BE USED WITH ALL SEEDINGS MADE ON SUBSOIL ROADSIDE AREAS. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRAW MULCH WAS LESSENED AS A RESULT OF COMPETITION FROM VOLUNTEER CEREALS. TWO VARIETIES OF WHEATGRASS AND ALFALFA SHOULD FORM A PART OF ALL SEED MIXTURES. SOWING DEPTHS SHOULD BE WITHIN THE RANGE FROM 1/2 INCH TO 1 INCH, IN A COMPACTION SITUATION APPROXIMATING A NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, AND SHOULD BE DONE DURING THE NOVEMBER-MAY PERIOD, PREFERABLY IN APRIL. /BPR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/99125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MAINTENANCE IN EROSION CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TO ESTABLISH AN EFFECTIVE VEGETATIVE COVER ON HIGHWAY SLOPES AND DITCHES, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT GROUND COVER BE ESTABLISHED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. THUS, A GREAT DEAL OF CARE IS REQUIRED IN PREPARING A SEED BED AND ASSURING AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF PLANT NUTRIENTS. A FERTILE SEED BED IS THE BASIC FOUNDATION. BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF HIGHWAY EROSION - STEEP SLOPES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF RUN-OFF WATER, SUPPLEMENTARY SEEDING AIDS ARE NECESSARY. THESE INCLUDE' THE USE OF TACKING SUBSTANCES, MULCHES AND FABRICS, AND AN ANNUAL APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER. THE USE OF CHAIN LINK FABRIC ON ROCK SLOPES AS PROTECTION AGAINST MATERIAL FALLING ON THE PAVEMENT IS DESCRIBED. THE INSTALLATION OF THIS FABRIC ON A SECTION OF BADLY FRAGMENTED ROCK CUT IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK BRITISH COLUMBIA IS DESCRIBED. /CGRA/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONTROLLING DRIFTING SAND DUNES ON CAPE COD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/99151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VARIOUS SPECIES OF GRASS AND LEGUMES WERE PLANTED TO DETERMINE THE USEFULNESS OF DIRECT SEEDING (COMPARED TO PLANTING AMERICAN BEACHGRASS) ON SAND DUNES. COASTAL PANICGRASS (PANICUM AMARULUM), SWITCHGRASS (PANICUM VIRGATUM L.) AND KENTUCKY 31 FESCUE (FESTUCA ELATIOR VAR. ARUNDINACEA) GAVE THE BEST RESULTS, BUT THEY FAILED TO SURVIVE AS A PERMANENT COVER. SEVERAL MULCH MATERIALS (ASPHALT, HAY, FUEL OIL, ETC.) WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN AIDING VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT, BUT THEY APPEAR TO BE OF QUESTIONABLE VALUE. MACHINE PLANTING OF CULMS OF BEACHGRASS PRODUCED EXCELLENT COVER BY THE SECOND YEAR AND DESIRABLE SPACING IS INDICATED IF THEY ARE SPRING PLANTED. BLOW-OUT AREAS OF SAND CAN PRODUCE NEW DUNES BY PROPERLY LOCATING SLAT-TYPE FENCING. HOWEVER, REVEGETATION MUST BE ACCOMPLISHED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN STABILITY OF THE SAND. ESTABLISHING TREES AND SHRUBS AS PERMANENT COVER FOR SAND DUNES IS A PROBLEM DUE TO LACK OF MOISTURE, LOW FERTILITY, SAND BLASTING AND HIGH TEMPERATURES. SOME ECOLOGICALLY ADAPTED PLANTS SUCH AS BAYBERRY AND BEACH PLUM APPEAR TO BE MOST SUCCESSFUL WHEN PLANTED IN A MEDIA OF PEAT, SOIL AND VERMICULATE. THE APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER WILL CAUSE INJURY AT THE TIME OF INSTALLATION OF WOODY PLANTS, HOWEVER, CONTINUED GROWTH OF SOME PLANTS CAN BE BENEFITED BY FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS FOLLOWING ESTABLISHMENT. TERRACES, EITHER MULCHED OR SPRAYED WITH OIL- BASE PRODUCTS WERE OF LITTLE VALUE IN AIDING PLANT ESTABLISHMENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/99151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIME AND FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS AS RELATED TO TURF ESTABLISHMENT ALONG THE ROADSIDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PRESENT PRACTICES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES ON ILLINOIS HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY WHICH INCLUDE THE USE OF BLANKET LIME AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION ARE REVIEWED. ONE HUNDRED THIRTY SOIL SAMPLES WERE TAKEN AT 80 SITES ON HIGHWAY ROADSIDES IN ILLINOIS. THESE SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM RAW CUTS ON NEW HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION OR WELL- ESTABLISHED ROADSIDES WHERE THE FERTILITY STATUS OF THE SOIL HAD NOT BEEN ALTERED IN RECENT YEARS. THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS SOIL TESTING LABORATORY ANALYZED ALL OF THE SOIL SAMPLES FOR TOTAL AND AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS, AVAILABLE POTASSIUM, AND PH. THE SOIL TEST DATA SHOW THAT MOST OF THE SITES DO NOT NEED LIME, BUT THE MAJORITY DO REQUIRE PHOSPHOROUS AND NITROGEN. THE APPLICATION OF LIME TO THOSE SITES THAT ARE HIGH IN LIME MAY CAUSE A TIE-UP OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS SUCH AS PHOSPHORUS, AND ALSO INCREASE LABOR REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS. AS A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO SUCH A FERTILITY PROBLEM, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT SOIL TESTS TAKEN PRIOR TO SEEDING COULD BE UTILILIZED BY THOSE CONCERNED IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASSES ON THE RIGHT-OF-WAY TO DEVELOP AN ADEQUATE FERTILITY PROGRAM FOR GRASS ESTABLISHMENT. THIS RESEARCH EFFORT INDICATES THAT OVER-LIMING HAS OCCURRED ON MANY ROADSIDES. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT A PH TEST USING PH 5.5 AS A MINIMUM PH COULD BE USED TO DETERMINE THE LIME REQUIREMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104045</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GRASSES AND LEGUMES - SYMPOSIUM ON ROADSIDE COVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/99240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CLASSIFICATION METHODS OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES ARE PRESENTED. THE VARIOUS SPECIES OF GRASSES ARE DELINEATED BECAUSE OF THE NECESSITY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GOOD PLANT COVER FOR SPECIFIC ROADSIDE JOBS. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT ORIGIN IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT LARGELY GOVERNS THE CLIMATIC PATTERN ADAPTATION OF THE SPECIES. THE LIFE CYCLE OF A PLANT SPECIES IS EMPHASIZED AS BEING IMPORTANT IN MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT. COVER OR LAND SURFACE PROTECTION SPECIES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR GROUPS: MATERIALS WHICH ARE LIVING OR HAVE BEEN ALIVE AT SOME TIME IN THE PAST (ORGANIC), AND MATERIALS WHICH HAVE NEVER BEEN LIVING MATTER (INORGANIC). THE INORGANIC GROUP HAS TWO MAIN CLASSES, ROCKY MATERIALS AND SOIL MATERIALS. GRAVEL PAVEMENTS ARE AN EXAMPLE OF THE ROCKY CLASS. THE ORGANIC GROUP HAS TWO CLASSES OF MATERIALS, LIVING PLANTS AND DEAD PLANT MATERIAL. OF THE TYPES OF DEAD MATERIAL, MULCH IS BY FAR THE MOST IMPROTANT IN ROADSIDE TURFS. THIS IS FORMED BY DEAD PLANT MATERIAL WHICH HAS BEEN BEATEN FLAT BY RAIN OR SNOW, OR WHICH HAS LODGED AS THE RESULTS OF DECAY. THE MULCH PROTECTS THE SOIL FROM THE FORCE OF THE RAINDROP, INCREASES WATER INFILTRATION INTO THE SOIL AND DECREASES WATER RUNOFF FROM A SLOPE. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THE METHOD OF PLANT SPREAD HAS QUITE AN EFFECT ON HOW A SPECIES CAN BE USED. EASE OF ESTABLISHMENT INDICATES HOW MUCH CARE, EFFORT AND EXPENSE MUST GO INTO THE SEEDING. EASE OF MAINTENANCE HAS A DIRECT EFFECT ON MAINTENANCE COSTS, EQUIPMENT, AND ON ROADSIDE APPEARANCE. THE SEASONAL GROWTH PATTERNS PRESENTED OF THE COVER PLANTS SPECIES CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY IN FORMING MIXTURES, ROADSIDE APPEARANCE, AND EROSION PREVENTION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/99240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGUME SEEDING FOR EROSION CONTROL. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/362304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The materials historically used for erosion control have required high inputs of fertilizer to obtain a cover.  That cover provided abundant fuel for fires, delayed the invasion of desirable plants and often did not persist.  Legumes, in association with rhizobia, have the ability to produce their own nitrogen.  As erosion control covers, they refertilize sterile construction site soils, help reestablish soil profiles and allow the invasion or reestablishment of desirable woody vegetation.  They can also produce sufficient biomass to provide surface erosion protection. This research project reviews the use of legumes for erosion control on Caltrans projects, problems of inoculation and nodulation, pellet inoculation, preinoculation, hydroseeding of legumes and fertilization practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/362304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PLANTING TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS FOR REVEGETATION OF CALIFORNIA ROADSIDES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/205043</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Plots of herbaceous and woody plant materials were established at six locations in the Mojave Desert.  Grasses, legumes and shrubs were evaluated for survival, erosion control and esthetics.  Woody plants were mainly native species.  Plantings were also made on problem soils (serpentine soils, high boron soils, high and low pH soils) to determine suitable plants for use under adverse growing conditions.  The rate of natural woody plant invasion onto cut and fill slopes was studied at over 100 sites in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Sierra Nevada Foothills and Mojave Desert.  Slopes of different ages were inventoried to determine the type of slope most receptive to plant invasion as well as the rate at which woody plants revegetate naturally.  Plots established during the 1970-75 cooperative CALTRANS-SCS study were evaluated to note changes in plant performance that could influence current seeding and planting recommendations.  A revised seeding guide is included.  (FHWA)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/205043</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FERTILIZATION AND LEGUME ESTABLISHMENT ON HIGHWAY SLOPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/186684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A fertilizer study illustrated the feasibility of discontinuing the use of loam in the construction of highway slopes in Maine.  Protective grass sods can be established and maintained on subsoils devoid of organic matter through hydroseeding and subsequent top dressed fertilization. Spring and early summer seedings should be top-dressed in early fall, while late summer or early fall seedings may not require topdressing until the following spring. Research was also conducted to develop a practical way of establishing crown vetch on steep roadside slopes already in grass sod.  Application of the transplanting method was limited to relatively small areas where the erosion hazard was great enough to justify the labor costs of hand planting.  The crown vetch transplantings were successful at all highway sites studied and had vegetative spreading in excess of 122 cm within two years.  A related study showed that, on slopes where equipment can be used, good establishment of both crown vetch and bird's-foot trefoil can be obtained by scarifying the surface of a grass sod prior to overseeding.  The overseeding of bird's-foot trefoil (Empire) on relatively steep grassed slopes by using a herbicide (paraquat) was also studied.  The herbicide reduced the competition from the initial ground cover and was advantageous in trefoil establishment. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/186684</guid>
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