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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Manufacturing Support Design for Low-Cost Instrument Clusters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828407</link>
      <description><![CDATA[All automotive ECUs are required to be designed for manufacturability. Sufficient support in the ECU product design needs to be incorporated early in the product life cycle for the product to be successfully and efficiently manufactured, necessitating serial communication capability in the design. However, in low-cost automotive Instrument Clusters the customer requirements for the product typically do not encapsulate serial communication, and the ECU is not required to support repair/rework out of field rejection. This paper delineates the said need, examines the challenges for manufacturability of low-cost Instrument Clusters and proposes a plausible design strategy to help the issue with a use-case instance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2022 10:09:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1828407</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Bozeman Pass Wildlife Linkage and Highway Safety Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376871</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large-scale conservation efforts seek to maintain habitat connections so that native wildlife (and plant)  species may move across the landscape as necessary to meet their needs to survive and reproduce. Barriers caused  by roads and railways pose a significant impediment to wildlife movement at all scales throughout the U.S. Northern  Rockies area, and a risk of injury or death to animals whose needs require crossing when traffic is present. In turn,  animals on highways pose a risk of injury or death to motorists and property damage to vehicles. As traffic volumes  increase, these risks also increase. Bozeman Pass is just beginning to experience significant conflicts with wildlife.  In  addition to a four-lane freeway (Interstate 90) there are parallel frontage roads and a railway. As traffic volumes  continue to increase the problems will only get worse. To plan for inevitable growth in human populations and traffic  volumes, and to fulfill the mandates of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) regarding wildlife  needs and public safety, it is imperative that options for wildlife conflict mitigation be started as soon as possible on  Bozeman Pass. This study attempts to identify the problem areas for wildlife and human safety at Bozeman Pass and  make recommendations about how and where to mitigate wildlife mortality and human safety issues in the  connectivity zone. Several moose, mountain lions, black bear, deer, elk, small mammals, and one wolf have been  killed by traffic within the past two years. Geographic information system (GIS) models and maps have been developed for this project to summarize  location data for wildlife-vehicle collisions, wildlife movement corridors, wildlife habitat, and potential sites for wildlife  crossing structures. GIS models using least-cost-path analysis were compared with the known locations of road-kills  and model predictions were close to actual crossing points. Differences between the field data and the model data  suggest that the models can be improved by incorporating additional data layers and perhaps by adjusting the  weights of model variables.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2015 08:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1376871</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Robust Network Design with Supply and Demand Uncertainties in Humanitarian Logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1284177</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Humanitarian logistics has gained attention as an important tool in disaster management. The authors propose a network design for relief distribution under several uncertain parameters based on robust optimization. The model has the solution robustness and model robustness properties. Furthermore, the authors present a methodology to reduce the number of variables when an equality constraint and objective function contain the same variables. The article's model attempts to minimize total cost of the system as well as the variance of total cost. The authors examine a case study on the earthquake scenarios in Bangladesh to show the applicability of the model. The findings show that the model is robust in relief distribution planning. The authors analyze sensitivity of several parameters and compare several models to show the superiority of the stochastic model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Mar 2014 10:54:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1284177</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Road Safety Audit for IA 150/US 52 from I-380 to the Minnesota Border</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/919180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On June 9, 2009, the Northeast Iowa Highway 150/52 Coalition met with the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) in Cedar Falls, Iowa to discuss concerns regarding roadway conditions and safety which has become a concern because of the potential economic development in the area. In response to the issues raised by the coalition, the Iowa DOT requested that a road safety audit be conducted on the corridor to identify where low-cost improvements could be beneficially applied to address safety concerns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2010 07:17:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/919180</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Mathematical Modeling Approach to Improving Locomotive Utilization at a Freight Railroad</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/844524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Moving freight by rail remains one of the major transportation modes in today's business world. Although railcars compare unfavorably with trucks and airplanes with respect to mobility, flexibility, and speed, the shipping costs are lower and the energy-efficiency is higher. In order to become more competitive in the logistics industry, railroads have taken a number of new initiatives to improve their operations in recent years. One of such efforts made by Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) is described in this paper. The main focus of the present study is on helping Conrail increase the utilization of its locomotive fleet by developing a mixed integer linear program (MILP) to determine the least-cost plan of allocating locomotives to yards and moving light engines between yards. The MILP is tested on a set of real data gathered at Conrail and it is proven to be superior to the existing method. A simple sensitivity analysis is also performed to gain insight into the trade-off between investment in additional locomotives and cost of light engine moves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 08:09:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/844524</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF NOX EMISSION REDUCTION FROM THE TRANSPORT SECTOR OF BEIJING: A LEAST-COST PLANNING ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a long-term least cost vehicular mix model is used to determine cost-effective passenger transport technology and energy options at selected targets for nitrogen oxides emission reduction from the transport sector in Beijing, China, during 2005-2020. The study also examines the implications of the nitrogen oxides emission reduction targets (NERTs) for greenhouse gas and other local pollutant emissions.  A key finding of this study is that liquefied petroleum gas buses would replace diesel buses in Beijing at NERT of 10% while the shares of other transport options would remain unaffected.  At higher NERT of 20-50%, hybrid cars and electric trolley buses would be cost effective.  Total energy requirement would not change much at lower values of NERT.  However, it would decrease as the emission target is set at 20% or higher.  Results also show that total cost would increase only marginally (by less than 0.1%) up to the emission reduction target of 10% while it would increase by as high as 31.7% when the target is increased to 50%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLYING LEAST COST PLANNING PRINCIPLES TO A RURAL REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION PLAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/700587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how legislation in the state of Washington requires that Regional Transportation Plans (RTPs) incorporate a "least cost planning" methodology into updates of those plans after December 31, 1999. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) was responsible for providing guidelines on this methodology, one for urban regional transportation planning organizations (RTPOs) and one for rural RTPOs. The Island County Sub-Regional Transportation Plan was chosen as the pilot project for developing the rural methodology. Least cost planning had been around in the energy field for some time, but had only been introduced to the transportation field on a theoretical basis at that time. Least-Cost Planning: Principles, Applications, and Issues2 was selected as the guide for developing the project. This research did not actually provide a methodology, but discussed the concepts of least cost planning within the framework of transportation planning methods. Six principles were identified and became the basis for the study, and these principles are:  (1) an emphasis on developing system-level plans, (e.g. regional or MPO level plans) to explore policies that can only be fully evaluated at that level; (2) consideration of all alternatives, including demand management approaches; (3) explicit accounting for uncertainty in the estimation of benefits and costs; (4) public involvement in the decision-making process; (5) coordination among jurisdictions; and (6) monitoring and updating plans to reflect new information about demand for different facilities and the cost-effectiveness of different approaches. This paper describes how those principles were applied to the Island County Sub-RTP, what constraints exist to applying the methodology, and the advantages of using least cost planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/700587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATION STRATEGIES/GUIDELINES TO MAXIMIZE THE SERVICE LIFE OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/724870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a spreadsheet tool for evaluating life-cycle maintenance strategies for existing concrete bridge decks that have deteriorated as a result of chloride-induced corrosion.  The spreadsheet tool constructs a performance curve for existing bridge decks, computes the estimated service life of common treatments for bridge decks such as patching, concrete or asphaltic overlays as well as that of a new deck with epoxy coated bars, conducts a life-cycle cost analysis for common maintenance scenarios, and determines the optimal maximum (tolerable) condition index that minimizes total life-cycle maintenance cost.  The life-cycle cost analysis is probabilistic.  Also, this report provides a library of alternative life-cycle treatment scenarios and offers distribution functions for estimated unit costs.  Both agency and user costs are considered.  A case study analysis was conducted using the tool.  Findings and conclusions suggest that the least cost maintenance scenario may depend on the choice of discount rate.  The most significant findings are that total life-cycle cost (user cost plus agency cost) is a function of the maximum tolerable condition Sm and that the function can be optimized to find the value of Sm that minimizes the total life-cycle cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/724870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REVERSIBILITY OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SHORTEST PATH PROBLEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/720591</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problem of finding the shortest path from an origin to a destination over a network in which the link travel times are time-dependent is of central importance in a variety of applications, including dynamic traffic assignment (DTA), airplane dispatching and network control.  In most cases, the cheapest (least generalized cost) or quickest (least time) route between an origin and a destination for a given time of departure is sought.  This is the "forward" shortest path problem.  In some applications, however, such as dispatching airplanes from airports or in DTA versions of the morning commute problem, the cheapest or quickest routes for a given arrival time are desired. This is the "backward" shortest path problem.  It is shown that an algorithm that solves the forward quickest path problem on a network with first-in-first-out links also solves the backward quickest path problem on the same network.  More generally, any algorithm that solves forward (or backward) problems of a particular type is shown also to solve backward (forward) problems of a conjugate type. Results extend to non-strict first-in-first-out problems where the exit-time functions are merely non-decreasing and can also be extended to networks that have more than one link between nodes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/720591</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLYING THE LEAST-COST TRANSPORTATION MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE EFFECTS OF MAJOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CHANGES: CASE STUDY OF DAM BREACHING ON THE SNAKE RIVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/695960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In studies conducted between September 1998 and March 2000, estimates were made of economic costs and benefits resulting from the loss of commercial barge navigation on the Snake River. These analyses estimated the effects on producers, agricultural production levels, transportation providers, highway and railroad infrastructure costs, and changes in fuel efficiency and emissions because of transportation mode shifts, based on a single least-cost transportation model (LCTM) that simulated the transportation patterns for wheat and barley in eastern Washington.  An LCTM, such as the one used in these studies, can answer many of the critical questions about the effects of major changes to transportation systems and their users.  Given its flexibility and sophistication, LCTM is an appropriate tool for predictive modeling when decision makers must consider the costs and benefits of a proposed transportation project or system modification.  Although agricultural economists often use LCTM in their research, few transportation planning analysts apply this tool.  The application of LCTM to transportation planning is illustrated by analyzing the economic effects likely resulting from changes to the transportation system in the Pacific Northwest related to the proposed breaching of four dams on the Snake River.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/695960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERMODAL COST ANALYSIS SOFTWARE USER'S MANUAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/503621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document presents installation procedures and operating instructions for intermodal transportation analysis software. The software enables the user to determine the lest cost combination of transportation modes or the shortest throughput route between a given shipment origin and destination. The user may define both the origin and destination as well as the shipping network that is analyzed. The software accommodates truck, rail, barge and air transportation. The software is described in more detail in two technical reports available from the Mack-Blackwell Transportation Center (MBTC) at the University of Arkansas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Oct 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/503621</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION COST ANALYSIS TABLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/503622</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document consists of a series of cost analysis tables that can be used by shippers and transportation service providers. The tables are presented over an exhaustive range of transportation cost and shipment characteristic parameters. The tables presented in this document enable the user to determine the least cost transportation mode given various characteristics of the shipment being transported. The following sections demonstrate to prospective users how the tables may be effectively used to analyze alternative modes of transportation over a multitude of rate, distance, and shipment characteristic combinations. The tables are best used for containerized shipments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Oct 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/503622</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEMAND CONSIDERATIONS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/693288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article looks at demand considerations in urban transportation in the early 1960s, a time of rapidly increasing urban congestion. It is suggested that, since the crux of the problem lies in shortages of capacity during peak hours of demand, the least-cost means of providing peak-hour capacity should be selected through a benefit-cost type of analysis. The appeal of public transport is discussed, the costs of private vs. public transport are examined, and quality issues in urban transport are explored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/693288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FOR MUNICIPAL-SIZED INVENTORIES IN WESTERN CANADA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/684647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reid Crowther and a group of Western Canadian cities have collaborated in the development of a Bridge Management System (BMS) software application appropriate for municipal size inventories.  Database functions are separated into Static (inventory) and Dynamic (visual inspection) modules that are suitable for bridge and culvert structures.  The database modules are structured to include both essential and non-essential categories.  A numerical 9-point visual condition rating system is used for inspection data.  Data records can be maintained for both representative and worst condition of each inspected element.  Analysis routines are provided that i) compute structure rating values, ii) establish networkwide management strategy options and iii) facilitate detailed site based present value computations.  The Structure Ratings routines compute ratings for each structure site in each of nine Basic Rating categories from which an overall site "Sufficiency Rating" is computed.  Present value based network analysis routines facilitate the prediction of a least cost long-term management strategy for each structure in the inventory.  The least cost strategy prediction is based on an evaluation of estimated whole life costs associated with managing inventory structures by one of five so-called fundamental strategies.  A "What If" analysis feature is provided as a means to address various simplifying factors incorporated into the network analysis.  The detailed site analysis routines facilitate detailed life cycle cost analysis of management options for User selected sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/684647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AIRLINE CREW RECOVERY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/675270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An airline schedule rarely operates as planned.  It is often disrupted by maintenance problems or severe weather conditions. In a typical day, several flights may be delayed or canceled, and aircraft and crews may miss the rest of their assigned flights.  Airline coordinators have to find a minimal cost reassignment of aircraft and crews that satisfies all required safety rules, has little impact on passengers, and minimizes operational difficulties for the airline.  The size of the entire schedule and the real-time nature of the problem rule out a full-scale optimization.  It is necessary to reduce the complexity and size of the problem before an optimization approach can be applied.  This paper focuses on the problem of airline crew recovery.  The authors believe that the use of optimization techniques embedded in a decision support system can greatly assist airline coordinators in producing better recovery solutions with substantial savings, improving air carrier profitability and ability to compete.  A new solution framework is developed, implemented, and tested.  It provides, in almost real time, a recovery plan for reassigning crews to restore a disrupted crew schedule.  Preprocessing techniques are applied to extract a subset of the schedule for rescheduling.  A fast crew-pairing generator is built that enumerates feasible continuations of partially flown crew trips.  Several branching strategies are presented that allow fast generation of integer solutions.  The current schedule is disturbed as little as possible, exploiting the fact that the planned schedule is optimal.  The proposed framework has been implemented using tree-based data structures for efficient storage and data access.  Computational results using a schedule from a major air carrier are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/675270</guid>
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