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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>INHALATION TOXICOLOGY: XII. COMPARISON OF TOXICITY. RANKINGS OF SIX POLYMERS BY LETHALITY AND BY INCAPACITATION IN RATS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/643124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polymeric aircraft cabin materials have the potential to produce toxic gases in fires. Lethality (LC50) in animal models is a standard index to rank polymers on the basis of their combustion product toxicity. However, the use of times-to-incapacitation may be more realistic for predicting relative escape times from a fire environment. Therefore, LC50s and times-to-incapacitation for six pure polymers of different chemical classes were determined and compared. The polymers were polyamide (I), polystyrene (II), Nylon 6/6 (III), polysulfone (IV), polyethylene (V) and chlorinated polyethylene (VI). In the study, rats (150-250 g), 12 animals per fuel loading, were exposed to the pyrolysis products from selected weights of each polymer for 30 min in a 265-L combustion/exposure system, and LC50s were determined following a 14-day observation period. For each polymer, times-to-incapacitation were also measured at 16 g, that is, 60 mg/L, and at their respective LC50s using the inability of rats to walk in rotating cages as a criterion for incapacitation. The LC50s (mg/L) of the polymers had the order of I (45.7) < II (56.6) = III (58.1) < IV (63.2) < V (75.5) < VI (87.5), while their times-to-incapacitation (min) at 16 g (60 mg/L) had the order of III (6.6) = I (7.3) < V (11.7) = II (12.0) < VI (18.4) < IV (21.1). Based on the times-to-incapacitation (min) at LC50s, the polymers were grouped into III & V (10.5, 11.0); I, II & VI (14.1-15.0); and IV (19.5). The two toxicological end points, LC50 and times-to-incapacitation, did not exhibit the same relative toxic hazard rankings for these polymers. Also, times-to-incapacitation were not equal at the LC50 concentrations, a condition of equal lethality. These findings demonstrate the possible involvement of different mechanisms of action for the combustion products of these polymers at the selected end points.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DEEP OPERATING MONITOR AND DESTRUCT DEVICE; PATENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/406153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An interdiction system to be placed upon the floor of the ocean includes a target detection and classification system which is cooperatively connected to a hollow enclosure containing a predetermined volume at one atmosphere or less pressure. Upon target acquisition and classification, the detection and classification system actuates a mechanism to rupture the wall of the hollow enclosure. The resultant implosion caused by the ambient ocean pressure creates a high intensity shock wave in the vicinity of the system to damage the intruding vessel. The instant invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a shock wave producing system which is lethal at pelagic depths but relatively harmless in a surface environment. This system employs a frangible wall container having a predetermined volume at low atmospheric pressure which is moored on or near the ocean bottom. A target detection and classification device is attached to the frangible vessel and ruptures it when a predetermined target signal has been acquired and classified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>MODIFICATIONS TO THE VULNERABILITY MODEL: A SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING DAMAGE RESULTING FROM MARINE SPILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/143741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes several modifications to the U.S. Coast Guard Vulnerability Model which have recently been incorporated. These modifications are in three areas: 1. Revisions of the plume and puff model for toxic damage assessment, to include remodeling of the plume model to reduce computer time and storage space, computing the dosage for the puff model by direct integration, and transferring dosage values computed in Phase I of the Vulnerability Model directly to Phase II. 2. Revision of thermal injury and the lethality criteria in Phase II based on recent applicable experimental thermal effects data. 3. Remodeling of the flash fire for puff and plume models to compute thermal radiation during both burning and cooling phases for experimentally determined burning rates and maximum surface temperatures. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>THE USE OF MEAN SURVIVAL TIME ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF FIRE ATMOSPHERES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/56362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Personnel survival in a fire is often determined by the toxicity of the atmosphere generated by the fire. The composition of the atmosphere is determined by the materials that are being combusted and the conditions under which they are burned. A method utilizing mean survival time measurements of rodents has been developed that provides a relatively rapid and inexpensive way of comparing the toxicity of fire atmospheres so that designers can have the necessary information to substitute less hazardous materials whenever possible. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/56362</guid>
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