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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>RECENT AMERICAN STEEL RAIL DEVELOPMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/6873</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The practice of taking impression tests on rail-heads, with a hardened steel ball under an applied load of 100,000 lb., is being abandoned.  The controlled cooling and Brunorizing processes used on rails to eliminate shatter-cracking are described.  The steps being taken to detect longitudinal fissures, which result in split webs and split heads, are described.  The detection methods still fail to detect some transverse fissuring.  Other causes of rail failure include engine burn fracture, piping, enclosed gas pockets, and rolling overlaps.  Rail-ends are being flame-hardened or quench-hardened to arrest battering of rail-ends under extremely severe load, speed, and traffic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>INVESTIGATION OF FAILURES IN CONTROL-COOLED RAILROAD RAILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A summary is tabulated of the number and types of rail failure, while a detailed account of each type of failure is given.  Sources, rail size, mill, date of manufacture as well as failure class are also included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11247</guid>
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      <title>THE PRINCIPAL RAIL DEFECTS, INTERIM REPORT NO. 3 (CHAPTERS I-IV)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A listing of principal rail defects which includes the description, causes, consequences and remedies for each. Those included are: vertical longitudinal splitting, laps, shelling of heattreated rails, gauge corner shelling, star cracking of fish bolt holes, progressive transverse cracking in rail heads, horizontal cracking of rail head and transverse fractures at longitudinal fissures.  Included at the end of each unit are a number of photographs of each flaw.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SURVEY OF RAIL FAILURES ON JNR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/6613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[JNR examined 675 faulty rails as part of a comprehensive study of rail failures in Japan.  This article examines some of the findings in relation to type of failure and cause.  Sections are devoted to transverse cracks, vertically-split webs, impurity distribution, shatter cracks, tensile tests, heat treatment methods, chemical composition, and cold shortness.  Photographs show some of the problems encountered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>LAP-BELTS AND THREE POINT BELTS - A COMBINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/37781</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report on the differences in effectiveness of lap and three point belts (diagonal belts are also discussed) is based on data derived from three major types of study: the extensive accident investigation covering 22,000 drivers of Dutch passenger cars involved in accidents (1968-1971); a criterical assessment of reports on foreign accident investigations involving careful sifting with regard to statistical reliability; and thirdly the assessing of practical aspects such as the applicability of seat belts in cars, problems with the correct position of the anchorage points and the comfort of belt users.  The results of the study indicate little difference in effectiveness between the lap belts and three-point belts, both of which are highly effective.  Taking into consideration aspects of application and comfort, the lap belt is concluded to a very reliable safety means.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DISCUSSION OF REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ROADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/103718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MR. BREED COMMENTS ON SOME OF THE FACTS ESTABLISHED IN THE PAPERS. IT WAS FOUND THAT A LAYER OF POROUS MATERIAL PLACED OVER A BASE OF POOR SOIL WILL REDUCE THE NUMBER OF CRACKS IN A CONCRETE PAVEMENT. DURING THE EARLY PERIOD OF CURING, WHEN CONCRETE IS LEAST RESISTANT TO STRESS, THE GREATEST CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO KEEP IT MOIST AND COVERED. THE DANGER OF RUPTURE FROM CURLING, WHICH IS DUE TO CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE AND TO MOISTURE, IS DIMINISHED BY USE OF THE DIVIDED SLAB. BLOWUPS ARE DUE TO LACK OF ADEQUATE PROVISION FOR EXPANSION. GREATER EXTENSIBILITY OF THE CONCRETE AND OTHER BENEFITS ARE GAINED THROUGH THE USE OF MESH REINFORCEMENT. THINNER BRICK CAN BE USED SUBJECT TO UNIFORM CONTROL TO EFFECT SAVINGS IN FREIGHT AND HANDLING. MR. MCKESSON COMMENTS THAT THE EFFECT OF SUBGRADE TREATMENT IN OHIO IS SIMILAR TO THAT NOTED IN CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA FOUND THAT SOIL ADULTERATION WITH CEMENT OR LIME COMPOUND IS NOT AN EFFICIENT OR ECONOMICAL METHOD OF SECURING STABILITY IN HEAVY SOILS. A SAND OR LAYER IS AN EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL METHOD OF MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO PAVEMENT RESULTING FROM SWELLING OR SHRINKAGE OF SUBSOIL. MR. CONNELL DESCRIBES THE TYPE OF CROSS SECTION USED IN PENNSYLVANIA. REINFORCEMENT USE IS DISCUSSED. INCREASING THE LAPPING OF REINFORCING TO 12 INCHES HAS CREATED A MARKED DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CORNER BREAKS. LAPS ARE BEING OMITTED BETWEEN FABRIC SHEETS AT INTERVALS OF 30, 45, AND 60 FEET ON SECTIONS TO DETERMINE THE CORRECT SPACING FOR PLANES OF WEAKNESS AND TO LOCALIZE THE TRANSVERSE CRACKING. STUDIES ARE CONTINUING OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS AN ADMIXTURE FOR CURING CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. THE ACCELERATION IN HARDENING IS BEING STUDIED. EXPERIMENTS ARE BEING CONDUCTED ON USING A THICKENED EDGE TYPE OF BROKEN STONE BASE COURSE OR ONE COURSE BITUMINOUS SURFACE MACADAM ON LIGHT TRAFFIC ROADS WITH THE CROWN OF THE FINISHED SURFACE IN THE SUBGRADE PARABOLIC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 25 Jul 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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