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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Intelligente, vernetzte Aussenbeleuchtungssysteme der Zukunft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1480672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beleuchtungssysteme der Zukunft muessen sich mehr und mehr an den konkreten Bedarfen ihrer Nutzer orientieren. Hierzu zaehlen neben einer maximalen Effizienz und der Einhaltung gesetzlicher Vorschriften auch Aspekte einer sicheren und situationsgerechten Ausleuchtung, Vermeidung von Streulicht und Lichtverschmutzung bis hin zur optischen Gestaltung. Zudem erfordert der sichere Betrieb dieser Systeme eine kontinuierliche Zustandsueberwachung hinsichtlich Funktionsfaehigkeit, aber auch die Ermoeglichung einer vorausschauenden Wartung. Derartige smarte Systeme, die im Regelfall zum Zwecke maximaler Unabhaengigkeit solar versorgt werden, erfordern die Entwicklung und Adaption skalierbarer IT-Gesamtloesungen, sogenannte End-to-end-Loesungen, deren Grundprinzipien beschrieben und aktuell umgesetzt werden. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Sep 2017 17:21:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1480672</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Color Vision and the Railways: Part 1. The Railway LED Lantern Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the potential of the Railway LED Lantern Test (RLLT) as a valid method of assessing the color vision of railway workers. The RLLT is a simulated practical test that uses the same LEDs (light-emitting diodes) as in modern railway signals. The RLLT was tested on 46 color vision-normal (CVN) and 37 color vision-deficient (CVD) subjects. A modified prototype was then tested on 106 CVN subjects. All 106 CVN subjects and most mildly affected CVD subjects passed the modified lantern at 3 m. However, at 6 m, 1 of the 106 normal color vision subjects failed by missing a single red light. All the CVD subjects failed at 6 m. The RLLT conducted at 3 m allowed mildly affected CVD subjects to pass and demonstrate adequate color vision for the less demanding railway tasks. Carried out at 6 m, the RLLT essentially reinforced normal color vision as the standard. These  results confirm that the RLLT has a direct link to the actual visual task of the rail worker, which indicates that this easy-to-administer test shows potential as a valid part of a rail color vision standard. The RLLT lantern has been approved in place of a practical test  for the Australian National Standard for Health Assessment of Rail Safety Workers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2015 15:09:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345712</guid>
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      <title>Color Vision and the Railways: Part 2. Comparison of the Canadian Railways and Railway LED Lantern Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345711</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based solely on the current practices of the rail industry, there are two lantern tests available. They are the CN Lantern, which is used on the Canadian Railways and the Railway LED Lantern Test (RLLT) used on other railroads. The design of the lanterns differs in the same way that the signaling practices differ in the two jurisdictions. The Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) recommends color vision standards for both lanterns. The study assesses the appropriateness of these lanterns in CIE Color Vision Standard 1, which is considered to be "normal color vision." However, some very mild anomalous trichromats may pass the specified lantern test, which presents a higher level of difficulty. The lantern tests were undertaken by 46 color vision-normal (CVN) and 37 color vision-deficient (CVD)subjects. Subjects made more errors on the RLLT, and the pattern of errors is different because there are blank presentations in the RLLT and "no light" is an acceptable response. The two lanterns showed agreement on the pass/fail categorization of 73 of the 83 subjects. The RLLT fails more color vision-normal subjects.  The RLLT and Canadian Railways Lantern have pass/fail levels that are comparable with the Holmes-Wright Type B lantern, which is nominated in CIE Color Vision Standard 1 but no longer commercially available. The article addresses the higher failure rate of color vision-normal subjects on the RLLT by changing the intensities of the two darkest red lights.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2015 15:09:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345711</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Vereinheitlichung der Tunnelbeleuchtung</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Die Untersuchung zur "Vereinheitlichung der Tunnelbeleuchtung" hat zahlreiche Erkenntnisse geliefert, allen voran die Ueberzeugung vom wirtschaftlichen und oekologischen Nutzen beziehungsweise dem Mehrwert geeigneter Leuchten. Leuchten, die vordergruendig keinen Unterschied zulassen und trotzdem, basierend auf der Lichtverteilung, der Lichtmenge und ihrer Groesse und Verarbeitung bis hin zur Montage, grosse Unterschiede aufzeigen. Eine eigentliche Vereinfachung der Planung ist nicht auszumachen. Durch die Moeglichkeiten der Berechnungstools und Wahl der Randbedingungen ist das Optimierungspotenzial gewachsen. Leuchten koennen praeziser unterschieden und richtig platziert eingesetzt werden. Die Umgebung wird praeziser erfasst und kann dadurch besser beurteilt werden. Steuerungsmoeglichkeiten und neue Technologien der Leuchtmittel erhoehen Sparpotenzial und Lebensdauer. Diese Vorgehensweise laesst den Schluss zu, dass die Optimierung einer Anlage durch das Wissen neuer Technologien und vieler gebauter Tunnelanlagen in der Schweiz viel praeziser bearbeitet werden kann. Interessant sind die Resultate der Nutzwertanalyse wie auch der Wirtschaftlichkeitsueberlegung. Sie zeigen kurz- und langfristigen Nutzen auf. Dabei kann die Dichtungslaenge einer Leuchte wichtig sein oder auch die richtige Lichtverteilung. Trotzdem bleibt die Planung einer Tunnelanlage eine Fachplanung, da die Variablen und Moeglichkeiten der Einflussnahme ein praezises Fachwissen voraussetzen. (A) Titel in Englisch: Standardization of tunnel lighting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2013 11:25:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279772</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Illuminating Neighbourhoods - A City of Edmonton and EPCOR Technologies Pilot Project in LED Implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following dramatic strides in light emitting diode (LED) lighting technology since the early 2000s, the City of Edmonton (COE) embarked on a feasibility study in 2009 to investigate the potential to replace existing High Intensity Discharge (HID) streetlight luminaires with more efficient LED streetlight luminaires. As this technology was new and broadly unproven in municipal markets, it was prudent for the COE to identify all risks associated with the technology to ensure successful implementation, complemented with positive feedback from the public; in fact, the public's support for prior traffic signal LED technology was one of the main drivers to proceed with the LED streetlighting pilot. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the process involved from the identification of the most appropriate LED technology through to the implementation and commissioning of over 12,000 LED streetlight luminaires throughout the City. (A) For the covering abstract of this conference see ITRD record number 201309RT334E.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 12:58:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Handbuch fuer Beleuchtung (Stand: Dezember 2011)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1225334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Das Handbuch fuer Beleuchtung ist ein Ratgeber fuer Lichtplaner, beratende Ingenieure und Innenraumgestalter, Betriebsleiter und Facility Manager industrieller und oeffentlicher Unternehmen, Sicherheitsingenieure, Elektrogrosshaendler, Verkehrsfachleute und andere. Das als Ordner gestaltete Handbuch gibt Praxisinformationen von A wie Akzentbeleuchtung bis Z wie Zuendgeraet, Tipps fuer die Planungsarbeit und ausgewaehltes Grundlagenwissen fuer die Aus- und Weiterbildung. So wird dieses Werk fuer jeden, der mit Beleuchtung zu tun hat, unentbehrlich. Das Handbuch behandelt unter anderem Grundbegriffe und Einheiten, Lampen, Leuchten, Betriebsgeraete, Messtechnik, Planung und Wartung, Beleuchtung in Innenraeumen, Verkehrsbeleuchtung, Vorschriften und enthaelt Overhead-Folien. Eine CD enthaelt ausgewaehlte Kapitel. (A) Loseblattsammlung.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2012 09:27:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1225334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A manual of road lighting in developing countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1211648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2012 10:37:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1211648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The development of quality standards and impact model for use in highway maintenance management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1210927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 25 Aug 2012 01:06:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1210927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The photometric requirements of vehicular traffic signal lanterns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1210026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper summarises research done in Australia and overseas to determine the photometric requirements of vehicular traffic signal lanterns necessary for satisfactory driver response.  Recommendations are made on the distribution of light intensity, chromaticity and the limitation of sun phantom for roundel signals.  The performance of current equipment is compared with these recommendations.  The effect of special factors such as abnormal colour vision, tinted glasses and adverse environment on the effectiveness of signals is discussed (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 25 Aug 2012 00:03:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1210026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The reduction of specular reflections from traffic signs used on lighted roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Specular reflections of street lighting lanterns from overhead traffic signs on a lighted expressway have been observed.  These reflections reduce the contrast between the sign legend and its background and decrease sign legibility.  One method of reducing these troublesome reflections is to use materials having reflecting properties of a matt surface.  This paper describes testing techniques and results which can be used in the choice of suitable background materials for road signs used on lighted roads (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 23:51:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A photometric study of street lighting installations to the SAA street lighting code</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photometric measurements have been made in fourteen street lighting installations which are to the standard laid down in the Standards Association of Australia street lighting code.  The overall picture is that the design objects of the code are being achieved at least as far as pavement luminance is concerned, which is its main preoccupation.  However: (a) the use of mounting heights greater than 25 ft should be encouraged, for although average pavement luminances may not be as high as predicted, uniformity is enhanced and the minimum luminance is not depressed.  More light falls on the surrounds which should be beneficial since the luminance of backgrounds is often low and visibility could be affected by glare; (b) more consideration should be given to visibility in road surrounds and the most efficient use of light not directed towards the pavement; (c) attention is drawn to the importance of lantern design and servicing to combat deterioration; (d) it is suggested that a single classification for lanterns with semi cut off light distributions should be used instead of the two as at present.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 23:50:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The interaction between fixed lighting and vehicle headlights</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Probable levels of contrast in both silhouette and reverse silhouette of objects on a road as seen by drivers are calculated.  These are assessed in terms of necessary values of object reflection factor so that contrast would be high enough for the driver's attention to be drawn to the object. The conditions studied are those likely on a suburban traffic route with fixed lighting to the standard of the current Australian code of practice for street lighting.  Account is taken of the probable range of values of road pavement luminance, of object illumination due to fixed lighting and headlights, and of disability glare due to lanterns and the lights of a stream of oncoming vehicles.  It is shown that the use of headlights may be disadvantageous in these circumstances but that the direct illumination effects of the lanterns in a fixed lighting installation should be further studied.  Better control of the aim and maintenance of vehicle headlights is discussed, together with the possibility of use of the 'high' beam on suburban traffic routes not lighted to Australian code standards.  Several investigations related to these matters are proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 23:49:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of glare from street lighting lanterns on the visibility of objects for drivers of different ages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although methods of evaluating the effect of glare on the ability of an observer to detect objects in terms of an equivalent veiling luminance were developed by holladay and stiles prior to 1930, their results have usually been interpreted in Britain as indicating that disability glare is negligible in lighted streets.  A reexamination of this question indicates that disability glare is important, and that erroneous conclusions may be reached if disability glare is neglected when calculating revealing power. For example, the revealing power of non cut off and semi cut off lighting installations may be rated higher than that of cut off installations, though the opposite is usually the case in the critical darker regions of the installations.  New work has shown that the equivalent veiling luminance is markedly dependent on the age of the observer, and has indicated a need for further work to obtain more precise knowledge of the way the equivalent veiling luminance varies with changes in the position of the glare source in relation to the observer's point of regard over the range of conditions important in the street lighting problem (A).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 23:43:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1209286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design of street lighting installations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1208084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 22:54:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1208084</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Glare and road way lighting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1207799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current practices in the definition, computation and specification of control of glare, both disability and discomfort are discussed.  Australian practice, as detailed in as1158 part 1 (1973), is simple and leads to modest glare control.  The viability of such practice, in which control is specified in terms of lantern classification, is being questioned.  There is a complex relationship between visibility and comfort, all light technical parameters and lantern and installation parameters.  However since the most sophisticated lighting performance specifications need to be finally translated into practice which can be easily engineered and administered, there is continued interest in upgrading lantern classification.  (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 22:46:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1207799</guid>
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