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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Ferrymen in the Storm: mobility resilience of gig workers during extreme rainfall</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Extreme weather increasingly affects human activities, yet the resilience of gig workers—who sustain vital services—remains poorly understood. Leveraging mobile signaling data from a rainstorm in Guangzhou, this multi-scale study compares the urban resilience of Food Delivery Riders, Ride-hailing Drivers and regular citizens, and identifies a clear resilience hierarchy: Ride-hailing Drivers exhibit the strongest resilience, followed by Food Delivery Riders, and then regular citizens. Meso-scale analysis uncovers divergent network strategies: Riders rely on stable and modular structures, whereas Drivers maintain function through structurally fragile yet operationally robust networks. At the micro scale, gig workers display a higher prevalence of the “Inverse Bathtub” mobility pattern, reflecting economic incentives. Together, these findings reveal the ”Ferrymen’s Paradox”: the exceptional mobility resilience of gig workers is sustained by heightened personal risk. This paradox underscores urgent social and ethical imperatives for platform governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673105</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tax progressivity and mobility costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines how mobility costs influence the effectiveness and desirability of tax progressivity using a general equilibrium spatial model. A key feature of the model is that workers’ idiosyncratic productivity depends on location. The interaction of amenities, idiosyncratic shocks and moving costs implies that progressive taxation distorts location choices by reducing incentives for agents to relocate to their most productive areas. Using a quantitative framework, I find that the negative effect of tax progressivity on output is weakest when mobility costs are either relatively low or high. The optimal degree of tax progressivity balances the costs of spatial tax distortions against the benefits of enhanced insurance, leading to relatively high optimal progressivity at both extremes of mobility costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 17:15:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572006</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Imputing informal workers for transportation modeling in Latin America by the use of machine learning techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The informal economy plays a critical role in the Global South, particularly in large urban areas such as Mexico City, where over 50 % of jobs belong to this segment. It is crucial to understand the travel behavior of informal workers and effectively integrate these patterns into advanced transportation models, such as activity-based models (ABMs). This study proposes a unique approach for identifying informal workers across distinct economic sectors in Mexico’s Monterrey metropolitan area, by utilizing an Origin-Destination survey and the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE). Machine learning models, trained on the ENOE dataset and applied to the OD survey, first classified workers as formal or informal, and subsequently reassigned informal laborers who had initially been classified under “Other" to the construction or commerce categories. The use of the Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT) classifier emerged as the optimal method, yielding accuracies of 78.0 % and 70.7 % for the two stages. Differences between predicted results and observed values fall within an acceptable range, especially in sectors with high informal worker rates. The resulting estimate and characterization of informal workers can potentially be integrated into ABMs, thereby providing a foundation for assessing the responses of informal workers to infrastructure policy interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:57:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548033</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact of high-speed rail on wage premiums for migrant workers in: China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2420371</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The extensive high-speed rail (HSR) network in China has significantly enhanced regional population mobility, yet its impact on the well-being of migrant workers remains underexplored. Utilizing data from the China Migrant Dynamic Survey (CMDS) from 2014 to 2018, this study investigates the influence of HSR on wage premiums for migrant workers and identifies the factors driving these premiums using the non-parametric nearest neighbor matching method. The findings reveal that HSR confers a significant wage premium of 13.1% for migrant workers in cities with HSR infrastructure compared to cities without it. This wage premium effect is particularly pronounced in less developed western China and in cities with larger populations and a higher proportion of tertiary sector economy. The study finds a 10.54% increase in wage premiums for intra-province migrant workers due to HSR, while the effect remains negligible for inter-province migrant workers. Moreover, the wage premium effect is stronger for higher-skilled labor and for migrant workers aged 16 to 45. It is particularly significant for professionals, administrative staff, and workers in the service industry. The HSR wage premium effect is multifaceted, exhibiting both level and growth effects, with the latter intensifying over time after HSR introduction. Overall, the findings suggest that HSR deployment positively influences migrant worker wages by enhancing travel convenience, improving market access, fostering knowledge spillovers, and facilitating industry transfers. However, these impacts vary by location, skill level, and industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Aug 2024 21:07:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2420371</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development of Effectiveness Index for Electronic Ticketing in Highway Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic construction (e-Construction) is gaining popularity in the highway construction industry due to worker shortages and resource limitations. Adoption of e-Construction technologies can improve the productivity and efficiency of resurfacing operations. Poor performance quality occasionally noticed in highway construction has a detrimental effect on service life and needs urgent attention. Despite the fact that e-Construction technologies, such as e-Ticketing, have helped enhance quality and performance in various other industries, the construction sector largely depends on and inclines toward old and traditional paper-based methods. To increase the use of digital material delivery in highway and bridge construction, stakeholders must have access to complete data and decision-supporting tools. The study considers the critical effectiveness indicators of e-Ticketing implementation and provides a fuzzy index–based approach to ranking the importance of adopting this new system. An extensive review of the current literature was performed followed by a survey of qualified highway construction professionals in the United States. The findings reveal that the ticketing process and organizational and technological factors have relatively equivalent impacts on the effectiveness model. The outcomes of the study will provide practitioners with a tool for evaluating the priority levels of e-Ticketing technology implementation. The e-Ticketing effectiveness index (EEI) model can provide state DOTs and general contractors with a decision-making assessment tool that will facilitate widespread adoption of e-Ticketing technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jun 2023 16:58:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145032</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Improving processes and ergonomics at air freight handling agents: a case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2156267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The air freight supply chain consists of several agents. Among them are truckers, who ship freight between customers and airports, and airlines, who transport the freight in-between airports. Handling agents link the two: they receive freight from truckers, consolidate it and forward it to the airlines and vice versa. They need to organise and execute processes efficiently. Digitalisation offers great potential in this context. Furthermore, handling agents’ workers handle most of the freight manually. The resulting elevated levels of physical strain make workers prone to muscular-skeletal disorders. Based on a case study at two handling agents, we first investigate the handling agents’ process chain from an economic perspective. We identify shortcomings and present countermeasures with an emphasis on digitalisation. Second, we analyse the physical strain on the workers and evaluate devices that could improve ergonomics. The paper concludes with a discussion of recommended means for economic and ergonomic improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 May 2023 16:58:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2156267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chatbot for training and assisting operators in inspecting containers in seaports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the chatbot applicability for the health and safety of workers in the container transportation context. Starting from a literature review of risks and hazardous activities in sea container terminals, the paper underlines the need of innovative systems to ensure the lowest level of risks for laborers. An analysis of the 4.0 technologies solutions in sea container terminals shows the lack of empirical application of chatbots in such a context. Focus is given to the current chatbot applications, and on the conceptual methodology for the chatbot design, defining five models and presenting a taxonomy for the chatbot feature definition. A case study shows the possible application of the conceptual methodology and the taxonomy, introducing the Popeye chatbot, consisting of a voice service, spoken language understanding component and an image processing app, to cope with the hazards in the process of examining freight and containers in dock areas. The main application of Popeye is the training of new employees involved in container safety-critical quality inspection and controls operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 2023 16:53:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of high-speed rail on high-skilled labor mobility in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2102395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the impact and mechanism of the opening of High-Speed Rail (HSR) on the mobility of high-skilled labor in China. Using the data of 287 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2020, this study provides, for the first time, an in-depth assessment of this issue using the PSM-SDID model, combining propensity score matching and spatial difference-in-differences. The least-cost path method is adopted to solve the endogenous problem caused by the non-randomness of HSR. The research results show that HSR has a significant effect on promoting the mobility of high-skilled labor. The effect of HSR on the mobility of high-skilled urban labor is spatially heterogeneous, which is related to the geographical location and scale of the city. From the perspective of urban location, the HSR has a more significant effect on the mobility of high-skilled labor in the cities in the eastern region than that in the central, western and northeast regions. In terms of the urban scale, compared with small and medium-sized cities, HSR is more conducive to the mobility of high-skilled labor in major cities. The results show that HSR can increase the number and scale of enterprises by expanding the scale of the market and attracting the mobility of high-skilled labor. Overall, the research findings provide critical evidence for future infrastructure planning and investment to achieve sustainable and high-quality development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2023 08:51:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2102395</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Addressing forced labor in supply chains in California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2082765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation plays a key role in combating human trafficking and California is monumental in understanding this role. This paper presents one element of research undertaken for United States Department of Transportation for understanding the role of transportation in combating human trafficking in California through a survey of multi-disciplinary anti-trafficking practitioners followed by a semi-structured interview. This paper focuses on forced labor and supply chain management. It presents general knowledge on forced labor issues in California and globally, the intersection with transportation, efforts to combat forced labor in the supply chains, and experts’ suggestions on how to address forced labor. The study also supplements expert input with labor violation and transportation accessibility analysis. Experts state that in order the combat forced labor the underlying reason for forced labor, which is economic incentives, should be understood first for a shift to demand reduction. Experts urge for pricing studies, mapping and technology to understand the vulnerabilities, hot spots, legal operating price and detect anomalies in the supply chain. Second, experts suggest awareness and responsibility of all levels for achieving transparency in supply chains. Reexamination of California Transparency in Supply Chains Act and enforcement of other policies was also commonly suggested. Monitors, public private partnership and technology was recommended for ensuring sustainability of the efforts and capacity management. Labor violation and transit accessibility analysis supports the expert input for focusing on farm workers and garment industry and potential transportation accessibility solutions to address some of the vulnerabilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2022 11:04:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2082765</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The job of public transport, ride-hailing and delivery drivers: conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for a post-pandemic future</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transport workers were among the most affected by the COVID-19 crisis. In several countries, public transport and delivery drivers were considered essential workers during the pandemic, while the demand changed dramatically. In this context, little is known about the actual effects of the pandemic on the lives of drivers, and whether those effects depend on the type and formality of the corresponding job. In this paper, the authors analyse the impact of the pandemic on the daily jobs of public transport, ride-hailing, and delivery app drivers: they study changes on working time and income, pandemic-related concerns, and deterioration of job satisfaction, through a survey applied to drivers during the first peak of the pandemic in Santiago, Chile. Probit regressions on job satisfaction identify the main COVID-related experiences that explain variations in subjective perceptions. The authors then discuss the implications for post-pandemic job relationships, drivers’ working conditions and urban mobility. They show that the unstable characteristics of app-based jobs sharpened during the pandemic: Public transport drivers have kept their jobs, with a similar income as in the pre-pandemic situation and keep their social security, whereas ride-hailing and delivery app drivers do not have social security. Several ride-hailing drivers lost their jobs without any compensation, while delivery drivers earn less money per hour, are more exhausted, and express the greatest concerns and largest decrease in their job satisfaction. The COVID-19 crisis has emphasized that the sustainability of post-pandemic passenger and delivery on-demand services needs to rely on formal job regulation and worker protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2022 16:57:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The operation of labour charter flights during the COVID-19 pandemic in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1905370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[China was the first market badly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper explores how Chinese airlines started and involved in labour charter operations, and tanalyse the evolutionary patterns of the charter route network. Flying charter flights for migrant workers is a unique phenomenon in China, especially during the Wuhan lockdown period. The main results are three: (1) private airlines were more active in charter operations during the earlier period, (2) labour charter operation is a newly appeared aviation-government-industry cooperative business model, and (3) there was a spread, change and shift of both charter flows and charter passengers during the four-week period of the study. This case study not only produces useful insights about the important role of charter flights in China during the Covid-19 pandemic period, but also contributes to the theory and practice related to aviation resilience. Also, it contributes to the discussion about aviation policies in China, taking labour charter operation as a window time to predicate future airline dynamics in a more deregulated environment. The results can help airlines, and airports adjust routes, distribute capacity, and adjust layouts for Spring Festival labour transport in normal or post-pandemic times.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2022 17:27:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1905370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Task coalition formation for Mobile CrowdSensing based on workers' routes preferences</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1855582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors address the problem of task allocation in Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) by means of forming tasks publisher coalition taking into consideration workers' route preferences. In prior research works, only one of the MCS components (either task publishers, contributors or platform) dominates the task allocation process. Currently, other approaches have investigated tasks coalition based on their geographical locations. In this paper, the authors address the aforementioned problem by proposing a new scheme taking into accounts the interest of all the participating parties. To this end, the authors' approach provides (1) strategies for selecting the best routes for workers with better long-term earnings and (2) task publishers' coalition formation based on worker's routes selection and preferences regardless of the order of individual execution of tasks. The authors proposed two models for the coalition formation: i) a centralized approach to solve the problem of the coalition formation together with the route selection, and ii) a simplified heuristic version that first determines disjoint tasks' coalitions based on the preferred routes selected by workers, then, MCS platform sorts the coalitions with best quality of information and selects the best routes for each ordered coalition. Simulation results with real data-set shows that the coalition of task publishers together with the distributed route selection per worker does guarantee the quality of information satisfaction of the sensing tasks while enhancing the worker payment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:25:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1855582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evidence of inconsistent results using current eye tracking glance and visit analysis standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1878353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eye tracking glance analyses have been used to study the behavior of motor vehicle drivers for at least two decades and eye tracking is now emerging as an experimental protocol in construction research. Previous studies have identified relationships between driver glance behavior and performance, so existing motor vehicle driver glance analysis methods were applied to search for analogous relationships with construction craftworkers during a model assembly task. Eye tracking analysis software vendors have yet to adopt standardized eye tracking event detection algorithms, and researchers have historically reported insufficient details to render most eye tracking analyses reproducible. As a result, the purpose of the present work is to address the gap in knowledge in understanding the challenges encountered as a result of a lack of standardization. The methodology applied existing glance analysis methods to a study incorporating mobile eye tracking glasses, which made the experimental environment less controlled than a typical glance analysis study using a screen-based eye tracking system, such as a motor vehicle driver behavior study. A new noise filtering parameter, maximum off-stimulus fixations, was also introduced. The results show that the absence of standardized eye tracking parameters, such as minimum fixation duration, can lead to different statistical results. The study's primary contribution to the body of knowledge is that is identifies the need for standardization of eye tracking analyses to better ensure that future eye tracking studies be more consistent and reproducible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 2021 11:45:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1878353</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A copula-based approach to accommodate intra-household interaction in workers’ daily maintenance activity stop generation modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new stop frequency model was developed to predict the daily number of maintenance activity stops made by individual household heads during a typical weekday. This new model was based on the modification of a conventional multivariate ordered probit (MOP) model by maintaining the probit assumption for the marginal distributions while introducing non-normal dependence among the error terms using copula functions. Therefore, the copula-based MOP model would relieve the restriction of imposing joint normality on the error terms in the conventional MOP model. The new MOP model would not only account for the intra-household interactions in stop-making decisions, but also allow the best functional form to be determined for representing dependencies among household heads. Using the New York Metropolitan Transportation Council's 2010/2011 regional household travel survey data, the copula-based MOP model was employed to examine stop-making behavior for individual household heads residing in New York City and its adjacent counties in Mid-Hudson Valley and New Jersey. Empirical results provided useful insights into the observed effects of socio-demographics, land use density, transportation service, and work schedule together with potential unobserved common effects on the inter-relatedness of spousal stop-making decisions at the household level. The results show that the MOP model with a Clayton copula structure provides the best data fits and there is a very strong positive dependence among error terms of stop-making equations. Furthermore, the dependence among the maintenance activity propensities of household heads is asymmetric, with a stronger tendency of household heads to simultaneously have low maintenance activity levels than to simultaneously have high maintenance activity levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2021 14:56:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868221</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pedestrianised streets in the global neoliberal city: A battleground between hegemonic strategies of commodification and informal tactics of commoning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747697</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrianisation, the conversion of a vehicular street for pedestrian use, is increasingly being proposed worldwide as a sustainable measure by hegemonic powers. Pedestrianisation can bolster uneven urban development patterns, however social tensions can magnify on the pedestrianised street, where deprived social groups claim the right to the city. This study employs a mixed method approach to examine, within a de Certeausian theoretical framework, the relationship between the governmental strategies promoting pedestrianisation and the tactics of pedestrianised space informal appropriation. Within this context Hong Kong emerges as a revelatory case, it is a city where the extreme scarcity of public open space exacerbates the conflict between social groups interested in this resource. The analysis provides evidence of a discrepancy between expected and actual uses of the pedestrianised streets. Furthermore, this study highlights the need in the context of the global neoliberal city for discussing the theoretical dichotomy of strategies and tactics. This paper argues for pedestrian planning which includes stationary use as a main pedestrianisation objective, as well as for responsive urban design that carefully considers the association between behavioural patterns and spatial features of the pedestrianised street.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2020 11:15:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747697</guid>
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