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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Rethinking job dimensions: The value of riders and gig economy workers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In today's rapidly changing business environment, organisations must adapt quickly, particularly in the context of the growing gig economy—a subset of the collaborative economy characterised by flexible and temporary jobs often involving bogus self-employment. This paper adopts a comprehensive and systematic approach to investigating the working conditions of riders within the gig economy and their relationships with platforms. By distinguishing riders from other gig economy workers, this study offers a detailed examination of riders' unique challenges, particularly regarding job precarity and algorithmic control. Using the Digital Labour Platforms in the EU: Mapping and Business Model, which analyses platforms across the EU-27, this qualitative comparative analysis reveals that riders face distinct working conditions compared to other gig economy workers. The study further explores riders' work, employment, and social dimensions, providing new insights into the complex dynamics that define their roles within the gig economy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:04:52 GMT</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>‘Don’t be afraid of the bosses, they should be afraid of us’ – a power resource analysis of a successful union organising on local trains in Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608533</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 2000s, in Sweden, as in other European countries, the transport sector that once was public owned has been subjected to neoliberal privatisation. The involvement of private actors in public transport entails changes in industrial relations, which have impact in the workplace. In this paper, though a power recourse lens, we discuss a multifaceted labour dispute that occurred 2018 to 2021 between Arriva (now VR Sverige), the private company that runs the regional train service in the Swedish southern region of Skåne, and the local trade union club Klubb Pågatåg, affiliated with the blue-collar trade union federation Seko (Service- och Kommunikationsfacket). Started in conjunction with the negotiations for renewing the local collective agreement initially set for April 2020, the dispute became sharper following the decision of the company to implement a business plan contemplating the redefinition of individual terms of employment for all employees and, later, the attempt to fire the local trade union health and safety representative appointed by Klubb Pågatågwho confronted that decision. By relying on interviews, observations, online material as well as legal documents analysis, we discuss the significance of the 2020–2021 Pågatågand the capacity of a local trade union to successfully engage in a dispute by mobilising associational power resources even against institutional constraints. In line with global trends, our paper shows the strength of logistics workers (broadly conceived) in attempting to change power relations on the labour market through local union organising.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 08:31:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608533</guid>
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      <title>Contested power structures in global logistics networks: Insights from the 2023 truck driver protests in Germany</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concept of labour agency has so far lacked an approach that comprehensively integrates both the structural conditions and outcomes of labour actions – for example, institutional frameworks in global supply chains, which are currently undergoing rapid change. By combining the concept of labour agency with the global production networks (GPN) approach and using the case of the 2023 truck driver protests in Gräfenhausen, Germany, the paper addresses the existing gap and examines the extent to which labour actions can alter power structures within global logistics networks. The study draws on a qualitative approach, in which primarily interviews have been conducted with various actors involved in logistics networks. The findings show that the protests in Gräfenhausen contested existing power structures in global production networks through the utilisation of both collective as well as institutional power. However, they neither resulted in the formation of new nor a mere maintenance of existing structures. Instead, the results indicate that labour actions in the case of Gräfenhausen led to a recalibration, specifically a behavioural adjustment among actors within global logistics networks. The study demonstrates that labour actions can yield multi-layered and even contradictory effects on their broader structural context. Thus, the paper argues for a nuanced understanding of labour agency outcomes and structure-agency dynamics in global production networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2025 08:25:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573643</guid>
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      <title>COVID-19 Phobia and Organizational Effectiveness: What is the Role of Organizational Support?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406950</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the sphere of labor relations in Russia in the transport industry, the impact of restrictive measures on organizational efficiency, which in this context is reflected by a complex of economic and operational indicators that are largely dependent on productivity, employee motivation, and therefore on the measures taken in this area in the context of COVID-19. The paper is focused on the study of support systems as an element of organizational management in crisis conditions, which, in the authors' opinion, determine organizational effectiveness. The study was carried out on the basis of processing 250 questionnaires of employees of transport enterprises in Russia in the POST-COVID-19 STABILITY RESEARCH program. The level of efficiency of an organization in a pandemic is considered in the context of the influence of the following fears and the occurrence of phobias associated with coronavirus among workers: psychological phobia (fears, fear of death, uncertainty), psychosomatics (diseases), economic aspects (welfare), social consequences (interaction with other people). The logic of the analysis consisted in assessing the employer's support systems for employees, taking into account the specified parameters. In addition, the study took into account gender, age, work experience of employees of transport companies and their level of education. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the obtained model of the dependence of organizational efficiency on measures to support employees is adequate, it reflects well the studied dependence on the given parameters against the background of support systems from employers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 11:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406950</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of COVID-19 Phobia on Business Climate in the Transportation Sector: Evidence from Russia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the results of studies on the Covid-2019 pandemic influence on the transport business and the business climate in the industry in 2020–2021. The data were obtained on the basis of a study by the authors of statistical reports on the business climate in the transport industry in Russia. The research results are based on the results of mathematical processing of questionnaire data. The authors studied in detail the influence of various phobias of transport workers on the parameters of the transport services market, which forms the environment for the functioning of transport companies and determines the business climate in the industry, its market dynamics. To conduct their own research, the authors created a conceptual model for studying the business climate from the input parameters. Symptomatic, psychological and social phobia are taken as factors describing the inputs of the built structures. The business climate of the transport industry in Russia was chosen as the effective parameter of the model. The research results should be used in the development of special programs for managing the transport business in conditions of instability and crises.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 11:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406944</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relationships between paratransit passenger satisfaction and driver labour conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Labour conditions for paratransit workers in Sub-Saharan African cities are typically exploitative, precarious, and stressful. These conditions inevitably contribute to dangerous driving behaviour and poor quality-of-service. The aim of this paper is to explore whether improving driver labour conditions can improve quality-of-service, from a passenger perspective. It investigates the nature and strength of relationships between paratransit driver labour relations and quality-of-service. Data from a (𝓃 = 7407) paratransit passenger survey, administered in five case cities (Accra, Cape Town, Freetown, Kumasi, and Maputo), takes the form of ordinal Likert scale ratings of paratransit service attributes. Descriptive statistical analysis found that drivers remunerated through a daily ‘target’ system without representation in collective industry organisations, provide less satisfactory services than drivers remunerated through variations of ‘commission’ and part-salary systems with collective representation. An ordinal logistic regression model estimated that the odds of passengers being more satisfied (instead of very dissatisfied) with the overall quality-of-service provided by a driver remunerated under a part-salary and ‘commission’ system, are 3.99 and 2.11 times that of service provided by driver remunerated under a ‘target system’, respectively. It is concluded that better treated drivers provide better quality services. Paratransit improvement strategies should therefore include interventions that improve vehicle crew working conditions and labour relations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548151</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quality-aware bus-driver scheduling for intelligent transportation system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driver scheduling is an integral component of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It improves travel efficiency by reducing traffic bottlenecks, irregularities, and accidents and enhancing passenger safety, and driver quality in public transport systems. The scheduling and maintenance of effective timetables are the biggest challenges in developing nations. Furthermore, competent and skilled drivers are not compensated extra for their work. To solve this problem, the authors proposed a bus transportation system that included a journey schedule and driver scheduling algorithm. Drivers are ranked based on their skill sets and standards. The schedule incorporates peak-hour passenger volume and schedules a set number of trips and lines. The drivers are selected based on their skills and attributes, encouraging them to improve and follow traffic laws, making the trip safe and secure. The authors' Quality-Aware Optimal Solution (QAOS) allocates the best drivers to complete journeys following labor rules. An alternative Quality-Aware Greedy Solution (QAGS) can complete the same number of trips in less time with more drivers due to the problem’s NP-hardness. Experimental results from a real-world case study reveal that the authors' approach eliminates bus driver laborers, regulates labor limitations, maintains rest hours, and assigns qualified drivers to trips.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Representativeness of the European Social Partner Organisations: Road Transport Sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511175</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound’s studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in the EU Member States. The methodology of this study is based on the representativeness criteria specified in European Commission Decision 98/500/EC. The study also aims to identify opportunities for capacity building and provide guidance for decision-making regarding the request for a separate European sectoral social dialogue committee for urban public transport activities. This study identified the representative social partners as the European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF), representing workers in road transport and urban public transport; IRU Europe, the European section of the International Road Transport Union, representing employers in road transport and urban public transport; and UITP Europe, the European section of the International Association of Public Transport, representing employers in urban public transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Apr 2025 09:35:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2511175</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trends in the Development of Corporate Ethics in the Company “DHL” and JSC “Russian Railways” in the Current Socio-Economic Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scientific article is devoted to the development of corporate ethics in the largest domestic and foreign companies. Compliance with the norms of corporate ethics contributes to the moral cohesion of the workforce, awareness of responsibility for the results of work, willingness to sacrifice personal interests for the sake of the common cause and, as a result, the stable development of the company, which is proved by the comparative analysis conducted by the authors. It is note that the analysis of corporate ethics in the context of labor relations is a new direction in economic science. The object of the study was the Russian JSC “Russian Railways”. The basic ethical principles that guide the company “RZD” are list. The interrelation between the values of the brand “Russian Railways” and the competencies of their employees. The system of motivation in the DHL Company is present. The internal communications of the Moscow representative office of DHL and the system of internal communications of Russian Railways are investigate. The comparative analysis is carry out and features of system of internal and external communications in the DHL and JSC Russian Railways are reveal. It is conclude that in any national corporate ethics objective and subjective factors are closely intertwine, universal features are combine with the national characteristics of the system of labor relations and the specifics of the regional mentality, the industry of the company.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 2024 08:50:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972918</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Labor issues from the perspective of drivers on the Uber and Lyft apps and the impact on riders who use wheelchairs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2423398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wheelchair accessibility of transportation service hailed using Uber and Lyft is fraught with contention. In this research, the author interviews 12 drivers on the apps who work in Washington, DC to understand their experience and perception about issues surrounding service to wheelchair users. Some drivers experience transporting wheelchair users as markedly different from service to non-wheelchair users due to the uncompensated labor they perform when assisting wheelchair users and the additional time required. They perceive service decline by drivers to possibly stem from lack of compensation for their time and work. One solution to address the problem could be to use app-technology to keep a record of ride requests by wheelchair users who volunteer to disclose disability status and incentivize drivers for completed rides. The overarching purpose of the study is to create knowledge that can contribute to overcoming potential barriers to full inclusion of disabled riders in the app-hailed transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Sep 2024 08:53:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2423398</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ramp-up in the air: Impairing or repairing aviation crews’ working conditions? A mixed-methods survey study on working conditions, health, and safety among cabin crew and pilots in Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2404179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Organizational changes, such as downsizing, can have profound implications for organizations, working conditions, and individual well-being. Similarly, rapid expansion also carries potential risks to individual health. During the Covid-19 pandemic, airlines experienced substantial organizational changes, such as downsizing and furloughs, followed by rapid expansion during the ramp-up phase of flying, posing risks to the health and safety of aviation personnel in the new post-pandemic aviation landscape. This cross-sectional and mixed-method survey study aimed to identify what post-pandemic challenges pilots (N = 6379) and cabin crew (N = 2679) face regarding working conditions, health, and flight safety. The results indicate deteriorated working conditions, health, and perceived safety among crew in the new aviation landscape. One in two cabin crew and one in three pilots report a decline in mental health. Whilst most pilots and cabin crew report no change in overall safety, 29% of cabin crew and 36% of surveyed pilots state that safety has deteriorated since the onset of the pandemic. This development is connected to an increased sense of industry instability, job insecurity, imbalanced job design, and management distrust among aviation crew. Furthermore, the uncertainties surrounding the industry have not only impacted job security and induced job-related worry but have also intensified operational pressures, with perceived impacts on flight and passenger safety. The organizational framework, e.g., financial pressures, may have an effect on safety, either directly or indirectly by financial worry impeding crew performance. Hence, safety cannot be examined in isolation from employee health but must be understood in relation to the complex dynamics and competing objectives within aviation. Further, crew experiences across Europe are largely homogeneous, suggesting that identified risks may not be airline specific. Therefore, it is important to further examine the industry framework for inherent risk factors that could impact employee health and flight safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2024 15:58:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2404179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adjustment of Work-Rest Hours Records in the Shipping Industry: A Systematic Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Introduction: The International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have established work-rest hours standards to regulate working time in shipping. However, research suggests that records maintained to demonstrate compliance with these standards are often falsified, undermining regulatory significance. To assess the scope and nature of the issue and to inform future research, previous studies have been reviewed. Methods: The systematic review synthesised 12 primary literature sources on the adjustment of work-rest hours records in the shipping industry. Using a four-step approach, the analysis focused on the included studies’ design, sample, methodology and thematic characteristics. Results: The review highlights a widespread adjustment of work-rest hours records in the shipping industry. Persistent policy neglect has led to the development of advanced adjustment skills. Inadequate crewing levels, unenforceable recording systems and weak enforcement contribute to adjustment. Demonstrating regulatory compliance through adjustment has become an integral aspect of shipping culture. Seafarers resort to adjustment to cope with associated negative psychological experiences. Additionally, the review suggests the prevalence of qualitative research but notes a lack of input from shipping companies and enforcement agencies. Furthermore, inconsistent use of terminology to describe the phenomenon hampers effective interventions. Conclusion: Quantitative research on recording practices as well as inputs from shipping companies and enforcement agencies is required to capture more facets of this issue. Furthermore, this review calls for regulatory interventions that address crewing levels, recording systems and enforcement concerns. Finally, it proposes a cultural shift in the industry’s approach to tackling deeply ingrained malpractice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jan 2024 10:46:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2294347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Representativeness of the European Social Partner Organisations: Civil Aviation Sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2149839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements. The aim of Eurofound’s studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national and European social partner organisations in the field of industrial relations in the EU Member States. This study identifies ETF, ECA and ATCEUC – representing employees – and ENAA, A4D, AIRE, ERA, CANSO, ACI Europe and ASA – representing employers – as the representative European-level social partner organisations in the civil aviation sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:56:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2149839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Influence of Industrial Relations on Commercial Flight Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The global aviation industry is a cost-intensive and highly competitive business environment where there is constant pressure on airline managers to reduce costs and maximize profits. This is juxtaposed with the self-interests of organized labor union groups which can lead to poor industrial relations. This conflict can have adverse consequences as it has been shown that some workplace accidents can come from low morale along with friction between management and employees. The researchers first use the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) as forensic tool to analyze a previous accident where the HFACS was not used. This analysis proved that industrial relations between management and the pilots’ union was a possible contributing factor to the accident. Results from a survey of four major international airlines indicated that poor industrial relations between management and pilots are reflected in pilots’ general workplace motivation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2023 09:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Turbulent skies ahead? Pandemic related workforce issues in air transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2061246</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This short topical issues paper focuses on the workforce issues facing the air transport industry in the post-pandemic landscape. The authors consider the extent of vaccine mandates and whether these mandates will introduce workforce issues for the global air transportation industry. Then they explore the extent of virus exposure and associated workforce disruptions due to sick calls and associated quarantine guidelines. They argue that vaccine mandates will have a limited impact on air transport in the near term but do not likely have an impact on the long-term workforce shortages expected in the industry. Conversely, employee illness will have a more significant impact in the near and long-term as variants spread and airline scheduling adjusts both tactically and operationally. As aviation rebounds after the pandemic, there have been additional challenges due to workforce shortages. These shortages affect aircrew as well as ground handlers, security agents and other airport workers. Ultimately, policymakers and airlines around the globe should carefully consider the impact of policies and the mechanisms to encourage employees to protect themselves against the COVID-19 virus and future variants, with consideration of the impacts during recovery as well as during the pandemic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:58:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2061246</guid>
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